Quality and Safety Assessment of Raw Bovine Milk in Herat Province, Afghanistan

Transcription

1 Quality and Safety Assessment of Raw Bovine Milk in Herat Province, Afghanistan MAHRUF SOFIZADA, EHSANULLAH AZIZI, NESAR AHMAD ISAQZAI ERSHAD FAQIRI, ROMA AMINI, ZAHRA RAHIMI, SHAKIB AMINI

2 Introduction Afghan annual per capita milk consumption is ~66K/yr. Large national focus on increasing milk production and consumption Much growth in both small and large milk businesses To date, there are no comprehensive studies on the quality of milk available to consumers in Herat

3 Introduction Objective: assess the quality of milk from open markets and small milk shops Measured: Total bacteria Coliforms Composition (fat%, protein%, sugar%, ash%) Presence of adulterants (e.g., water, antibiotics)

4 Procedures Microbiology Aerobic Plate Count Diluted milk samples Plated on Plate Count Agar Coliforms Diluted milk samples Plated on Violet Red Bile Agar

5 Procedures Composition Measured by ultrasound: Fat Protein Lactose Ash

6 Procedures Adulteration Measured: Added water Added starch Added CaCO 3 Antibiotics (tetracycline, penicillins, sulfa drugs) ROSA Antibiotic Strips

7 Results Age and price of milk samples used in this study. Age (% Samples) Price* Source < 6 hr hr > 24 Mixed AF Overall (n = 100) Bazar (n = 55) b Milk Shop (n = 45) a Numbers with different superscripts are significantly different at P < Comparisons are between sampling groups (bazars vs. milk shops) and within column. * = at time of collection. Milk samples were similar ages at time of collection and analysis

8 Results Composition of milk samples collected from bazars and milk shops in Herat City, Afghanistan Source Fat (%) SNF (%) Protein (%) Lactose (%) Salts (%) Overall (n = 100) Bazars (n = 55) 3.0 b 8.10 b Milk Shops (n = 45) 3.5 a 8.80 a Numbers with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05; comparisons are between sampling groups (bazars vs. milk shops) and within columns. Milk samples from bazars frequently had composition (fat) irregularities.

9 Results Percentage of milk samples with irregularities (fat or water) or adulterants (starch or antibiotic residues). Antibiotic Residues Source Fat Water Starch Betalactams Tetracyclines Sulfanomides Bazaar 34.5 a 32.7 a 25.5 a 4.0 b Milk Shop 11.1 b 15.6 b 2.2 b 19.0 a Numbers with different superscripts are significantly different at P < Comparisons are within column. Milk samples from bazars more frequently had adulterations.

10 Results Percentage Samples Bazar <10^5 10^5 10^6 10^7 10^8 Total Aerobic Bacteria (CFU/mL) Milk Shop 75 90% of all milk samples had TOTAL BACTERIA concentrations above the international standard (10 5 CFU/mL)

11 Results Percentage Samples Bazar < ^3 10^4 10^5 Coliform Concentration (CFU/mL) Shop ~90% of all milk samples had COLIFORM concentrations above the international standard (100 CFU/mL)

12 Conclusions Milk samples from bazars more frequently had irregularities (e.g., added water, starch, fat irregularities) Milk from both sources had high bacterial concentrations

13 Conclusions High bacterial concentrations indicate sanitation and hygiene issues Milk shop owners should work directly with their suppliers to make sure they are collecting, storing, and transporting milk using hygienic practices. Decreasing bacterial concentrations will increase: Shelf-life Product quality Profit