Gorgeous photos by Lennart Nilsson of Nova fame! BI 358 Lecture 6
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1 BI 358 Lecture 6 Gorgeous photos by Lennart Nilsson of Nova fame! I. Announcements Quiz 2 on Tuesday covers Lectures 4 & 5, GI Physiology & Nutrition. Discussion then white blood cell differential lab! Please read p articles sent by ! Nutrition reports to Aleesa aleesas@uoregon.edu or Precious precious@uoregon.edu by 5 pm Tuesday. Outline update? Q? II. Nutrition Connections Why plant-based?...exercise?...coconut? III.Blood + Body Resistance to Infection I G&H ch 32, 33, LS, Stuart Fox, Daniel Chiras (DC), Basiro Davey A. Blood: cell + fragments vs liquid (plasma vs serum) LS B. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, Demo? LS, DC C. Red blood cell production, hemoglobin G&H pp G&H fig 32-1 thru , Fox D. Pathogen? Microbe that causes disease, Davey pp 5-6 E. Barriers to infection Davey fig 2.1 p 12, fig 2.2 p 13 F. National Geographic, The Wars Within, Lennart Nilsson G. WBC effectors: Innate & adaptive immunity G&H pp G&H fig Davey fig 2.2 p 13, fig 3.4 p 24, fig 3.12 p 36 H. Medical Physiology News Handwashing to prevent infection! US Centers for Disease Control
2 Why More Fruits, Vegetables Whole Grains & Beans?
3 Potential regulators of health! 10s of thousands! 1 Anti-oxidants protect DNA from oxidative damage 2 Protein synthesis regulation/control 3 Hormone-like action endocrine mimicry 4 Blood effects modify blood chemistry Phytochemicals Plant chemicals aroma, color, taste
4 Broccoli sprouts may contain ~ 10,000 unique phytochemicals! Sizer & Whitney 2011 p 66
5 American Institute for Cancer Research
6 American Institute for Cancer Research Foods that Fight Cancer Beans fiber, saponins, protease inhibitors, phytic acid. Berries fiber, vitamin C, ellagic acid, flavonoids Cruciferous Vegetables glucosinolates: glucoraphin sulphoraphane, crambene, indole-3-carbinol & isothiocyanates Dark Green Leafy Vegetables fiber, folate, carotenoids: 1 0 lutein & zeaxanthin; saponins, flavonoids Flaxseed lignans (a phyto-e), α-linolenic acid (an Ω-3) organosulfurs: allicin, alliin, allyl sulfides; quercetin,... Garlic Grapes and Grape Juice resveratrol (a polyphenol) Green Tea catechins (class of flavonoids), polyphenols Soy isoflavones, saponins, phenolic acids, phytic acid, phytosterols, protein kinase inhibitors Tomatoes lycopene Whole Grain fiber, vitamins, minerals, 100s of phytochemicals: antioxidants, phenols, lignans (a phyto-e), saponins
7 5 tomato-containing meals per week may protect from cancers of the esophagus, stomach & prostate! p. 65
8 ...but, the phytochemical candidate, lycopene with anti-oxidant activity is also in guava, papaya, pink grapefruit & watermelon!
9 Sizer & Whitney 2011 Table C2-3 p 64
10 Antioxidant Capacity Depends Upon Seasons, Storage, Testing Methods, Variety S&W 2014 fig C2-1 p 66
11 Environmental Working Group Suggestions 12 Most Contaminated Buy These Organic Apples Bell Peppers Celery Cherries Imported Grapes Nectarines Peaches Pears Potatoes Red Raspberries Spinach Strawberries 12 Least Contaminated Not as Much Concern Asparagus Avocados Bananas Broccoli Cauliflower Corn (sweet) Kiwi Mangos Onions Papaya Pineapples Peas (sweet)
12 Resveratrol, a flavonoid in purple grape juice & red wine may lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases. NB:...but typical serving amounts may be too small to benefit human health!...alcoholism? p. 65
13 High doses of soy phytoestrogens may lower blood cholesterol Life is all about balance: too much? too little? NB:...but low doses of the phytoestrogen, genistein promotes breast cancer cell division (in lab cultures & mice). p. 64
14 Preventing Cancer: Strategies That Can Reduce Your Risk UC Berkeley Wellness Reports, Don't smoke or use any tobacco product. 2. Keep the weight off. 3. Get off the couch. 4. Eat a healthy diet. 5. Drink less alcohol. 6. Limit high-heat cooking. 7. Limit sun exposure. 8. Limit radiation from medical imaging tests. 9. Test your home for radon. 10. Test your water for arsenic. 11. Decrease workplace exposure to carcinogens. 12. Limit your exposure to air pollution (outdoors & indoors).
15 Diet & Lifestyle Recommendations 1. Use up at least as many calories as you take in! 2. Eat a variety of nutritious foods from all food groups. 3. Eat less of the nutrient-poor foods. 4. Don t smoke tobacco and stay away from tobacco smoke. HealthyDietGoals/Dictionary-of-Nutrition_UCM_305855_Article.jsp
16 Daily Food Choice Recommendations 1. Choose lean meats & poultry without skin & prepare them without added saturated & trans fat. 2. Select fat-free,1 percent fat & low-fat dairy products. 3. Cut back on foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils to reduce trans fat. 4. Cut back on foods high in dietary cholesterol. Aim to eat less than 300 milligrams of cholesterol each day. 5. Cut back on beverages and foods with added sugars. 6. Choose and prepare foods with little or no salt. Aim to eat less than 1,500 milligrams of sodium per day. 7. If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. 1 drink/day if you re a woman & 2 drinks/day if you re a man. 8. Follow AHA recommendations when you eat out & keep an eye on portion sizes.
17 Why exercise?
18 SOURCE: SN Blair & associates, JAMA, 1989, 263(15),
19 Exercise is a must based on its insulin-like effect! Sizer & Whitney 2011 p 135
20 100s of other reasons! Exercise lean body mass, cardiac output, myocardial contractility, central & peripheral blood flow, fibrinolytic activity, HDL cholesterol, work capacity, sleep quality, % body fat, TOT & LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, CVD risk,...
21 Guidelines: Healthy Adults < 65 yr Do moderately intense aerobic exercise 30 min/d, 5 d/wk OR Do vigorously intense aerobic exercise 20 min/d, 3 d/wk AND Do 8-10 strength-training exercises 8-12 repetitions/each exercise, 2 d/wk
22 Federal exercise guidelines include strength training for all Adults: Moderate to Vigorous Exercise > 30 min, 5 d/wk Children: Moderate to Vigorous Exercise > 60 min, 5 d/wk
23 S&W 2014 fig 5-5 p 162
24
25 Many claims with little scientific, peer-reviewed, research support videos/surprising-healthbenefits-coconut-oil
26 Coconut Oil Nutritional Wonder? Claims? Review articles, last 5 yr (1) on health benefits? +oil+health+benefits Other articles? The bottom line? Health_Letter/2011/May/coconut-oil
27 What's in Blood? Plasma & Blood Cells LS 2012 fig 11-1
28
29 2000 x GMBH, Nat Geog 1986 Jun p 714
30 Dermal bone production of red blood cells G&H 2011 fig 32-1 p 414
31 Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell Lines G&H 2011 fig 32-2 p 414
32 Red Blood Cell Genesis G&H 2011 fig 32-3 p 415
33 Erythropoietin Regulates RBC Production G&H 2011 fig 32-4 p 416
34 Hemoglobin Formation Citric Acid Cycle G&H 2011 fig 32-5 p 417
35 Heme Structure NB: CO carbon monoxide binds w/~200-fold > affinity than O 2 G&H 2011 fig 32-6 p 418
36 L Sherwood 2011 fig 11-2 Hemoglobin Structure
37 S&W 2011 fig 6-5 p 194
38 SI Fox 1987 p 376
39 Megakaryocyte Platelets/Thrombocytes D Chiras. Human Biology 7 th ed, 2012, fig 7-8 p 144.
40 Immune Response 1. Detect invader or ID toxic product. 2. Communicate to network. 3. Recruit coordinated, multi-pronged attack. 4. Amplify & if yes to success, then 5. Suppress Limit Destroy Davey 1990 p 6
41 Pathogen? Microbes that cause disease! Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protozoa Davey 1990 p 5 + Multicellular Parasites, e.g., ticks & lice
42 Pathogens & Parasites Cause: % of deaths in less developed countries 2. Tens of millions of deaths due to infectious diseases 3. > 20 million childhood deaths per year in Asia, Africa & Latin America due to diarrheal infections alone 4. Yet < 2% deaths in modern, industrialized countries! Davey 1990 p 5 World Health Organization 2011 Statistics +
43 Why such striking differences across the world? 1. Poor sanitation 2. Contaminated water supply 3. Contaminated food supply 4. Malnutrition 5. Existing infections 6. Patchy, inadequately-funded vaccinations 7. AIDS superimposed on top of 1-6! Davey 1990 p 5
44 Davey 1990 p 12
45 Good phagocytes! Davey 1990 p 13
46 G&H 2011
47 10,000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
48 4000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
49 7000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
50 3000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
51 10,000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
52 7000 x GMBH Nat Geog 1986
53 NB: Happy Birthday Song sec!!!
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