Nutrient Concentrations and Balance in Corn Tissue Under Field Conditions

Transcription

1 Nutrient Concentrations and Balance in Corn Tissue Under Field Conditions Jim Schepers University of Nebraska (emeriti) 2014 Fluid Forum February 17-19, 2014

2 Rationale Modern high yielding corn hybrids need more nutrients corn yields have increased 100 % in 20 years Different nutrient needs across growth stages can nutrient supply keep up with crop needs Location / area specific soil organic matter and mineral differences Hybrid differences? Are nutrient adequacy guidelines appropriate?

3 Year 1 (2012) Demonstrated that ear-leaf concentrations were the most likely to indicate deficiency Some indication of hybrid and location differences Most ear-leaf nutrient concentrations appeared to be dependent on leaf N status Year 2 (2013) - - New Observations - -

4 Concentration (%) Effect of Growth Stage Shelton N K V3-4 V8 VT

5 Concentration (%) Effect of Growth Stage Shelton V3-4 V8 VT P S Ca Mg

6 Concentration (ppm) Effect of Growth Stage Shelton V3-4 V8 VT 50 0 Zn Fe Mn Cu

7 Tissue Testing Results

8 Sufficiency Level Delineation Range Yield Symptoms Deficient <80 % deficiency present Low % hidden hunger Sufficient % normal yield High 100 % down to 70 % excessive / toxic deficient % low sufficient high 95% 100% Corn Ear Leaf Mg Concentration (%)

9 Effect of ph on Nutrient Availability Balance NO 3 NH 4 N fixation

10 Nutrient Mobility in Plants Very Mobile N P K Mg Deficiency Symptoms - Older leaves first Moderately Mobile S Cu Fe Mo Mn Zn Deficiency Symptoms - New growth first Immobile Ca B Deficiency Symptoms - Stunted development

11 Relative Nutrient Uptake (average five corn hybrids) Pounds / Acre Primary N P K Secondary Mg Ca S Micro Fe Mn Zn Cu B - <0.1 Other Cl Yield bu/acre

12 All Locations VT

13 P1690 HR P1168 YXR P1266 YHR P1768 AMX P0365 YHR P0591 XR P1151 HR 33D47 P1508 CHR P0876 HR P1498 HR 32T84 P0987 HR P2088 AM Shelton 2013 low sufficient Ear Leaf Silking (%)

14 Effects of Location and Hybrid Location Hybrid Mg (%) Ca (%) Ca : Mg Illinois P33D P Iowa P33D P York P33D P Shelton P33D53 P

15 Yield (bu/a) P33D critical level York Iowa Illinois Ear-Leaf N (%)

16 Yield (bu/a) P critical level Nebraska Iowa Illinois Ear-Leaf N (%)

17 Yield (bu/a) 180 Iowa D53 P N Rate (lb/a)

18 Ear-Leaf (%) 0.6 Iowa Ca Mg Mg - P33D53 Mg - P1498 Ca - P33D53 Ca - P Ear-Leaf N (%)

19 Ear-Leaf (ppm) 25 Iowa Zn Cu Zn - P33D53 Zn - P1498 Cu - P33D53 Cu - P Ear-Leaf N (%)

20 Ear-Leaf (ppm) 120 Iowa Fe Mn Fe - P33D53 Fe - P1498 Mn - P33D53 Mn - P Ear-Leaf N (%)

21 Ear-Leaf Fe silking) 140 P33D critical level Nebraska Iowa Illinois Ear-Leaf N silking)

22 Interpretation Did N uptake enhance uptake of other nutrients NO K Ca Mg Zn Mn Cu Fe Co NH 4 NH P S Cl B Mo NO 3 Perhaps organic acids and root exudates are involved

23 Interactions Mn K Ca Fe Cu P Mg B N Zn Mo

24 Antagonisms Mn K Ca Fe Cu P Mg B N Zn Mo

25 What is DRIS? Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Tool to identify relative abundance and shortage of nutrients in plant tissue B A L A N C E

26 How DRIS Works Calculates nutrient concentrations relative to a reference value - i.e. Norm Sample Conc. Reference Conc. = < > 1.0 What is the appropriate Reference Concentration?

27 DRIS Relationships N N / P N / K N / Ca N / Mg N / S P P / K P / Ca P / Mg P / S K K / Ca K / Mg K / S Ca Ca / Mg Ca / S Mg Mg / S S More relationships that include micro-nutrients

28 Example of DRIS Norm Values Ear-leaf N (%) 3.29 P (%) K (%) 2.40 Ca (%) Mg (%) S (%) N / P 9.96 N / K 1.50 N / S Ca / Mg 2.59 P : Zn Fe : Mn Fe : Cu Others Source: Walworth and Sumner, 1987 Published norms are crop specific and vary by climatic areas

29 How DRIS Works Calculates nutrient concentrations relative to a reference value - i.e. Norm Tissue N 2.95 = = N norm 3.29 N : K 1.16 = = N : K norm 1.50 N : S = = N : S norm Difference from Ideal Sum

30 DRIS Excel Spread Sheet Informe InSeason Santiago MN #N/A #N/A 7/2/2012 CR2 Sampling date Analysis date Date #N/A Jim Schepers #N/A 5 Silty Loam 1250 #N/A Farmer Field Sub-field Samples Soil Type Bulk density Kg/m3 Deep m P #N/A #N/A #VALUE! #N/A #N/A 2.60% 4.00% #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Hybrid Expected Yield Stage Uso NO3 prom N disp Imb Fact %M.O Min Rate N min SPAD SI N Needed NH3 UREA NV30 Kg/Ton grn ppm Kg N/Ha Kg N/Ha Kg N actual/ha Kg/Ha de la Fuente Seleccionada Sample Tissue testign data and DRIS Analysis Santiago MN Soil Nitrogen Elemento N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B ppm #N/A Lab data N-NO3 Kg/Ha #N/A Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1 lect #N/A CDRIS SPAD ref 48 I DRIS IB DRIS #VALUE! Nitrogeno Elemento N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B ppm #VALUE! DATOS N-NO3 Kg/Ha #N/A Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 2 lect CDRIS SPAD ref 48 I DRIS IB DRIS #VALUE! Nitrogeno Elemento N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B ppm #VALUE! DATOS N-NO3 Kg/Ha #N/A Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 3 lect CDRIS SPAD ref 48 I DRIS IB DRIS #VALUE! Nitrogeno Elemento N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B ppm Datos N-NO3 Kg/Ha #N/A Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 25 #N/A #N/A #N/A 4 lect CDRIS SPAD ref 48 I DRIS IB DRIS #VALUE! Nitrogeno Elemento N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B ppm DATOS N-NO3 Kg/Ha #N/A Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 5 lect CDRIS SPAD ref 48 I DRIS IB DRIS

31 Element N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu B DATA Ref EF #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A CDRIS IB DRIS I DRIS Most Limiting Most Abundant -5 Adequate +5

32 Radial Graph of DRIS Analysis Cu, Mn, and Zn tissue concentrations were well above the norms established for corn in Nebraska. Cu B N P K Mn Ca Zn S Fe Mg

33 Role of Nutrients in Photosynthesis N - Major component of chlorophyll P - Energy transfer K - Helps cells maintain internal pressure Mg - Only mineral constituent of chlorophyll molecule S - Needed for chlorophyll formation Ca - Aids in cell division and elongation Fe - Necessary for the formation of chlorophyll Zn - Necessary for the formation of chlorophyll Mn - Essential for chlorophyll production and photosynthesis Cu - Required for chlorophyll production B - Role in cell division, translocation of Ca, hormone formation Mo - Co-factor in nitrate-reductase enzyme

34 Role of Nutrients in Photosynthesis N - Major component of chlorophyll P - Energy transfer K - Helps cells maintain internal pressure Mg - Only mineral constituent of chlorophyll molecule S - Needed for chlorophyll formation Ca - Aids in cell division and elongation Fe - Necessary for the formation of chlorophyll Zn - Necessary for the formation of chlorophyll Mn - Essential for chlorophyll production and photosynthesis Cu - Required for chlorophyll production B - Role in cell division, translocation of Ca, hormone formation Mo - Co-factor in nitrate-reductase enzyme Chlorophyll molecules capture solar energy

35 Interrogate ear-leaf tissue testing results from several key labs Criteria : IF - leaf N concentration is adequate? Irrigated Rainfed Consider Categories by soil type and climatic region More appropriate nutrient norms

36 Jim Schepers Special Thanks to: A & L Great Lakes Lab for tissue analyses - Randall Warden -