LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES VETERINARY ACADEMY LIETUVOS SVEIKATOS MOKSLŲ UNIVERSITETO VETERINARIJOS AKADEMIJA. Audrius Korsukovas

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1 LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES VETERINARY ACADEMY LIETUVOS SVEIKATOS MOKSLŲ UNIVERSITETO VETERINARIJOS AKADEMIJA Audrius Korsukovas Audrius Korsukovas AN INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE ON CATTLE MEAT CHARACTERISTICS AND MEAT QUALITY GENOTIPO ĮTAKA GALVIJŲ MöSINöMS SAVYBöMS IR MöSOS KOKYBEI Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Agricultural sciences, Zootechny (03 A) Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika (03 A) Kaunas, 2011 Kaunas, 2011

2 Disertacija rengta metais Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijoje. Mokslinis vadovas prof. dr. Vigilijus Jukna (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto, Veterinarijos akademija, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A). Mokslin konsultant prof. habil. dr. Kerstin Lundström (Švedijos žem s ūkio mokslų universitetas, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika - 03 A). Disertacija ginama Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijos Zootechnikos mokslo krypties taryboje: Pirminink Prof. dr. Ilona Teodora Miceikien (Lietuvos sveikatos moklsų universiteto, Veterinarijos akademija, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A). Nariai: Dr. Nijol Pečiulaitien (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A); Prof. habil. dr. Aniolas Sruoga (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai, biologija, 01 B); Doc. dr. Antanas Šarkinas (Kauno technologijos universiteto Maisto institutas, technologijos mokslai, chemijos inžinerija, 05 T); Dr. Virginijus Uchockis (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, Gyvulininkyst s institutas, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A). Oponentai: Prof. habil. dr. Ramutis Klimas (Šiaulių universitetas, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A); Prof. dr. Almantas Šimkus (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, žem s ūkio mokslai, zootechnika, 03 A). Disertacija bus ginama viešame Zootechnikos mokslo krypties tarybos pos dyje 2011 m. lapkričio 18 d. 14 val. Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos Akademijoje, Dr. Stasio Jankausko auditorijoje. Adresas: Tilž s 18, LT 47181, Kaunas, Lietuva. Disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2011 m. spalio 18. d. pagal patvirtintą adresų sąrašą. Disertaciją galima peržiūr ti Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijos bibliotekoje. The dissertation has been prepared at the Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences during the period of Scientific Supervisor Prof. Dr. Vigilijus Jukna (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Agricultural Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A). Scientific consultant Prof. Habil. Dr. Kerstin Lundström (Sweedish University of Agricultural Science, Agricultural Science, Zootechny - 03 A). The Dissertation is to be defended at the Zootechny Research Council of the Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences: Chairman Prof. dr. Ilona Teodora Miceikien (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Agricultural Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A). Members: Dr. Nijol Pečiulaitien (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Agricultural Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A); Prof. Habil. Dr. Aniolas Sruoga (Vytautas Magnus University, Biomedical Sciences, Biology, 01 B); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Antanas Šarkinas (Food Institute of Kaunas University of Technology, Technological Sciences, Chemical Engineering, 05 T); Dr. Virginijus Uchockis (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A). Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Ramutis Klimas (Šiauliai University, Biomedical Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A); Prof. Dr. Almantas Šimkus (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Agricultural Sciences, Zootechny, 03 A). Public defence of the doctoral dissertation in Zootechny Science Council will take place at the Lithuanian university of health sciences Veterinary Academy, Dr. Stasys Jankauskas auditorium 14 p.m. on 18 of November The abstract of doctoral dissertation has been sent on 18 of October 2011 according to confirmed address list. The dissertation is available for review in the libraries of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. 6

3 INTRODUCTION Recently the quality of production is a subject of particular attention in Lithuania as well as in many member states of the European Union. Beef meat is an important food in human nutrition. It contains a lot of valuable proteins, fats, minerals, nitrogen containing substances of nonprotein origin such as vitamins, hormones, flavouring substances as well as biologically active peptides. Beef meat is highly digestible; nutrients contained in the meat are easily assimilated. The yield and quality of meat depends on different factors, such as heredity, physiological and morphological properties, conditions of cattle breeding and feeding. Beef production in practice is grouped according to the quantitative and qualitative indicators. The production of cattle meat is determined by growth intensity, forage input for overweight unit, carcass yield, morphological composition of carcass, physical chemical properties of meat and meat quality. Growing market competition and increasing demands on meat quality force to look for new solutions how to enhance efficacy of cattle meat production and improve the quality using available breeds of dairy cows. One of the most effective methods is a cross-breeding of dairy cows of lower breeding value with beef cattle bulls. The point of cross-breeding is the use of heterosis effect. The crossbreeds are growing faster, they better assimilate forage allowing to get larger and higher quality carcass as well as meat of higher quality. Object of research to evaluate the influence of different bovine breeds on the production and quality of Lithuanian-black-and-white (LBW) cattle meat. Task of the research: 1. To assess the growth and development dynamics of the bulls with different genotypes. 2. To evaluate the influence of genotype on digestibility of forage nutrients and feed input for the obtained overweight. 3. To assess the influence of genotype on the yield, quality and morphological composition of carcass as well as physical properties and chemical composition of meat. 4. To perform dispersive analysis and statistical processing of the study data. 5 Novelty of the study. For the first time in Lithuania comparative efficacy evaluation of crossing Lithuanian-black-and-white cows with the popular beef breeds was performed under standardised conditions. The influence of a bull and a breed on the production and quality of Lithuanianblack-and-white cattle meat was established applying dispersion analysis method. The influence of genotype on digestibility of forage nutrients was assessed. Practical significance of the study. Data obtained in the study will lead to more effective use of Lithuanian-black-and-white cows for high quality beef meat production. Disclosure of bull and breed impact on the offspring's meat quality is of great practical importance for a breed and an individual breeder selection for crossing. STUDY MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in the Animal Meat Characteristics and Quality Assessment Laboratory of the Stock-breeding Department of the Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences aiming to evaluate the influence of genotype on beef meat features and meat quality. The control cattle breeding took place in UAB "Šilut s veislininkyst ". The following groups of offspring bulls of thoroughbred Lithuanianblack-and-white (LBW) cattle and cross-breeds of beef cattle bulls with Lithuanian-black-and-white cows were composed for the study: thoroughbred Lithuanian-black-and-white (LBW); Lithuanian-black-andwhite x limousine (LBW x LI), Lithuanian-black-and-white x simmental (LBW x SI), Lithuanian-black-and-white x charolais (LBW x CH), Lithuanian-black-and-white x angus (LBW x AN) and Lithuanian-blackand-white x aubrac (LBW x AU). There were bulls in each group. The groups consisted of the offspring of two bulls. The study was carried out with the bulls from 120 to 500 days of age. The non castrated bulls were held in leash and precise accounting of consumed forage was in place during the study period. The animals got green corps forage to satiety and composite forage was supplied in the amount of 1 kg per 100 kg animal's body mass. The amount of consumed green corps forage was measured by control weighting of forage and forage residues once per fortnight, for 2 consecutive days. The body measurements during the growing period of bulls were taken at 9, 12 months and 500 days of age. Muscularity was assessed visually and the following main body measurements were taken: the height at the crest, (from a ground to the highest point of crest) using Lidtin's stick, the 6

4 height at aitch-bone, (from a ground to the highest point of aitch-bone) using Lidtin's stick, the oblique truncal length, (from the top of a shoulder scapula joint to the top of ischial bone) using a measuring tape, the straight truncal length, (from a crest to a tail) using measuring tape, chest circumference below the scapulae, (at the narrowest part of a chest) using measurement tape, spiral ham dimension, (oblique ham circumference, from the lower part of ilium to an ischial bone) using measuring tape. Forage ration digestibility tests were conducted with the test bulls reaching months of age. Six bulls were selected from each group. The digestibility of nutrients of each bull was determined using indicator TiO 2, according to the concentration of the latter in forage and faeces. Each bull received 0.2 per cent of indicator, percentage of the amount of dry substances contained in forage, mixed with composite forage. Duration of the digestibility test was 10 days: 4-days preparatory period (feeding with forage containing TiO 2 indicator, faeces were not collected) and 6-days study period (feeding with forage containing TiO 2 indicator, faeces were collected). Average samples for laboratory tests were composed from the forage and faeces samples collected. Based on the data of chemical analysis of forage and faeces, the digestibility coefficient was calculated according to the equation: DC = T x T DC digestibility coefficient; T amount of titanium oxide (%); N nutrients (%) 7 forage M x faeces M faeces forage The following indicators were measured in forage and faeces: total nitrogen, nitrogen of protein and non-protein origin by Kjeldahl's method; amount of dry substances by drying at the temperature of º C; ash by the ash weight after forage and faeces incineration at the temperature of º C; raw fat by Soxhlet's method and raw fibres by Kiursner's method. When the bulls were 500 days old, 8 individuals from each group, best meeting the average indicators, were selected for control slaughter to establish a morphological composition of the hock-femoral part. The control slaughter took place after fastening for 24 hours. No water was given 3 hours before slaughter. Animal mass and weight of warm carcass was measured by weighting during the control slaughter after 24 hours of fasting period. Muscularity and fat class was established by a carcass assessor, and the weight of left-sided hock-femoral part, soft tissues and bones was measured by weighting. Yield of soft tissues and of hock-femoral part in percentage was calculated. Samples of the longest back muscle (musculus longissimus dorsi) at the 9 11 ribs were taken for meat quality evaluation. Chemical composition and physical chemical properties of the muscle were established. The amount of dry substances was measured by drying the sample up to the steady mass using automatic scale for humidity assessment, the protein content was measured by Kjeldahl's method, fat content by Soxhlet s method (Soxtern SE 416 macro (ISO 1443:1973 Meat and meat products determination of total fat content), ash by incinerating the organic substance of meet at the temperature of C (ISO 936:1998 Meat and meat products determination of total ash), meat tenderness was determined by Warner Bratzler's method, water binding capacity by Grau and Hamm's method, ph was measured using Inolab-3 ph-meter (ISO 2917:1999 Meat and meat products measurement of ph), colour using Minolta Chroma Meter 410 according to CIE LAB method and meat lightness (L * ), pinkness (a * ) and yellowish colour (b * ), cooking loss was calculated cooking the meat in a circulating water bath for 30 min. based on meat mass changes before and after cooking, meat wateriness was assessed according to sample mass reduction within 24 hours, keeping meat hanging in the special net bags at the temperature of +4º C. The data were processed using "R" statistical software package, version Data analysis tools of Excel spreadsheet were also used for statistical analysis. The influence of genetic factors (in per cents) was calculated using the dispersion analysis method (ANOVA). Correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. The obtained values were considered statistically significant at p < STUDY RESULTS The influence of genotype on an exterior. The height at a crest of all cross-breed bulls at 9 months of age was by or % bigger (p < 0.05 p < 0.001) than of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The longest oblique truncal measurement was found in LBW x CH, LBW x AN and LBW x AU cross-breed bulls. It was by or % longer than in control group (p < 0.001). The biggest chest circumference was observed in LBW x CH, LBW x AN and LBW x AU cross-breed bulls. It was by or % bigger than of control group bulls (p < 0.001). The straight truncal length of LBW x CH cross-breed bulls was by 4.8 8

5 or 4.22 % (p < 0.01) bigger than of control LBW bulls. Spiral ham dimension in all cross-breed bulls was bigger (p < 0.05 p < 0.001) to compare with the individuals of the control group. The height at a crest of the LBW x CH bulls was superior by 3.7 or 3.11% (p < 0.001) to compare with thoroughbred LBW bulls. The biggest height at aitch-bone was found in LBW x CH cross-breed bulls, which was by 3.2 or 2.54 per cent superior to compare with the control group of LBW bulls (p < 0.05). The oblique truncal length of cross-breed bulls in all groups was bigger (p < 0.05 p < 0.001) to compare with thoroughbred LBW bulls. The biggest chest circumference was observed in the groups of LBW x CH, LBW x LI and LBW x SI cross-breed bulls (p < 0.05 p < 0.001). The straight truncal measurement in all groups of cross-breed bulls was bigger than in control group (p < 0.05 p < 0.01). The spiral ham dimension of all cross-breed bulls was bigger (p < 0.05 p < 0.001) to compare with the control group. The height at a crest of the thoroughbred LBW bulls was higher than in all groups of cross-breed bulls (p < 0.05). The longest oblique truncal measurement was found in the group of cross-breed LBW x CH and LBW x AU bulls, i.e. by 6.8 or 4.30 per cent (p < 0.01) longer to compare with the control group. The biggest chest circumference was discovered in the group of LBW x CH bulls it was superior by 7.9 or 4.20 per cent (p < 0.05). The straight truncal length of all tested cross-breed bulls was bigger by or per cent (p < 0.05 p < 0.01) to compare with the control group, and the spiral ham dimension of cross-breed bulls was by , or per cent (p < 0.001) bigger than in the group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. Results of the control breeding The biggest weight was discovered in the group of LBW x CH bulls. There body mass was by 53 kg or 10.8 per cent bigger to compare with the thoroughbred LBW individuals of the same age. The greatest overweight was characteristic for the LBW x CH bulls.their diurnal overweight was by 143 g or 14.9 per cent bigger to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls (p < 0.001). The diurnal overweight of other cross-breed bulls were also bigger than in the control group of LBW bulls, i.e., of LBW x LI cross-breed bulls by 101 g or 10.5 % (p < 0.001), of LBW x AU and LBW x SI by 47 g or 4.9%, (p < 0.05 p < 0.01), and of LBW x AN by 40 g or 4.1 % (p < 0.05) (figure 1) Mass. Kg. at 500 days of age Diurnal overweight, from 120 to 500 days of age, kg LBW LBW x LI LBW x SI LBW x CH LBW x AN LBW x AU Figure 1. The overweight during the control breeding period and the mass of 500 days old bulls The lowest forage input was detected in the group of cross-breed LBW x CH bulls. It was by 6.5 MJ/ME (megajaules / metabolism energy) or 8.4 per cent lower to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls. Forage input in other cross-breed groups LBW x LI and LBW x AU was lower by 4.4 MJ/ME or 5.6 per cent, in the LBW x SI offspring by 2.4 MJ/ME or 3.1 per cent lower and the LBW x AN offspring by 1.3 MJ/ME or 1.6 per cent lower than in the control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (figure 2). 9 10

6 LBW x AU LBW x AN LBW x CH LBW x SI LBW x LI LBW 70, ,1 76, MJ/AE Figure 2. Forage input for 1 kg overweight, MJ/ME 77,4 Digestibility of forage nutrients. The highest digestibility rate of dry substances was observed in the LBW x CH cross-breed bulls. Their digestibility rate was by 3.03 per cent higher than in the control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The best protein digestibility rate was observed among the LBW x CH cross-breed bulls, i.e. by 9.76 per cent higher to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls. The best fat digestibility rate was observed among the LBW x CH cross-breed bulls, i.e. even by 6.7 per cent higher than in the group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The best rate of fibres digestion was stated in the group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (Table 1). Table 1. Digestibility of forage nutrients by the test bulls, (%) Indicators Dry substances Proteins Fibres Fats LBW ± ± ± ± 3.06 LBW x LI ± ± ± ± 5.18 Genotype LBW x SI 71.0 ± ± ± ± 3.96 LBW x CH ± ± ± ± 4.46 LBW x AN ± ± ± ± 4.50 LBW x AU ± ± ± ± 4.23 The influence of genotype on carcass mass, yield and morphological composition of hock femoral part. The biggest carcass mass was found in the group of cross-breed LBW x CH bulls. Their carcass mass was by 51.5 kg or 19.0 per cent (p < 0.001) bigger, and carcass mass of LBW x LI crossbreed individuals was by 35.8 kg or 13.2 per cent bigger (p < 0.01) than in control group of LBW bulls. The biggest carcass yield was found in the group of LBW x SI crossbreed bulls, i.e., even by 5.4 per cent bigger to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls (p < 0.001). The carcass yield in other cross-breed groups were: in the offspring of LBW x LI by 5.4 per cent (p < 0.001), in the offspring of LBW x AU by 3.7 % (p < 0.001), in the offspring of LBW x CH by 3.2 % (p < 0.01), and in the offspring of LBW x AN by 3.5 % (p < 0.05) higher than in control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (Table 2). Table 2. The influence of genotype on quantitative indicators of carcass Breed Animal mass before slaughter, kg Carcass mass, kg 12 Carcass yield, % Category of carcass muscularity Category of carcass fatness LBW ± ± 4, ± 0,43 O 3 LBW x LI 570 ± ± 7.65** 53.8 ± 0.63*** R 2/3. LBW x SI ± ± 9, ± 1,59*** R 2/3 LBW x CH ± 13.06** ± 9,76*** 52.5 ± 0.64** U/R 2/3 LBW x AN ± ± 10, ± 1,34* R 3 LBW x AU ± ± 6.51* 53.0 ± 0.82** R 3 The mass of hock femoral part in the group of LBW x CH cross-breed group was by 10.2 kg or 24.2 per cent higher (p < 0.001), in the LBW x LI group by 8.8 kg or 20.9 % (p < 0.001) than in the control group of LBW bulls. The biggest yield of hock-femoral part was found in the group of LBW x LI cross-breed bulls. It was by 2.1 per cent bigger to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls (p < 0.01). The biggest bone mass was discovered in the group of LBW x AU bulls it was superior by 1.5 kg or

7 17.44 per cent (p < 0.01). The biggest mass of soft tissues was found in the group of LBW x CH bulls exceeding by 8.6 kg or per cent (p < 0.001) the soft tissue mass of the control group. The mass of soft tissue in other cross-breed groups were LBW x LI by 8.0 kg or per cent (p < 0.001), LBW x AN by 4.8 kg or % (p < 0.01) and LBW x AU by 3.3 kg or 9.8%, (p < 0.05) higher than in the control group (Table 3). Table 3. The influence of genotype on morphological composition of hock femoral part Breed Mass, kg Yield, %. Bone mass, kg Soft tissue mass, kg Soft tissue yield, %. LBW 42.1 ± ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,82 LBW x 50.9 ± LI 1.26*** 33.2 ± 0.33** 9.2 ± 0, ± 1,16*** 81.9 ± 0,61* LBW x 42.9 ± LI ± 1, ± 0, ± 1, ± 0,55* LBW x 52.3 ± CH 1.12*** 32.6 ± 0,6* 9.8 ± 0,22* 42.2 ± 1,05*** 81.2 ± 0,45 LBW x 44.5 ± AN ± 0, ± 0, ± 0.54** 81.2 ± 1,68 LBW x 47.0 ± AU ± 0,58* 10.1 ± 0.38** 36.9 ± 1,45* 78.4 ± 0,52 The influence of genotype on physical properties of meat The lightest meat was obtained from the LBW x AU cross-breed bulls. It was lighter by 4.91 units or 14.1 per cent (p < 0.001), and in LBW x LI cross-breed bulls by 3.9 units or 11.2 per cent (p < 0.01) than in control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The yellowish colour was the most characteristic for the meat of LBW x LI cross-breed bulls. It was more intensive by 2.44 units or per cent (p < 0.01) in this group and in the group of LBW x AU cross-breed bulls by 1.5 units or per cent (p < 0.05) to compare with the meat of control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (Table 4). It was established that the meat of LBW x AU cross-breed bulls had the highest meat wateriness. The value of this indicator in the group was by 3.8 per cent higher (p < 0.001), and in LBW x LI cross-breed bulls by 2.7 per cent (p < 0.01) higher than in the control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The tenderest meat was obtained from LBW x LI bulls, i.e. exceeding the value of this indicator by 1.28 units or by per cent (p < 0.05) to compare with the control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (Table 5). Table 4. The influence of genotype on meat acidity and colour Breed ph Colour L* a* b* LBW 6.43 ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,53 LBW x LI 5.83 ± ± 1.13** ± 0, ± 0.39** LBW x LI 6.44 ± 0, ± 1, ± 0, ± 0,46 LBW x CH 6.3 ± ± 1, ± 1, ± 1,04 LBW x AN 6.15 ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,33 LBW x AU 5.87 ± 0, ± 1,52*** ± 0, ± 0,93* The influence of genotype on chemical composition of meat The highest protein content was found in the meat of LBW x AN cross-breeds. The protein content in this group was by 3.7 per cent (p < 0.01) higher than in control thoroughbred LBW bulls. The highest fat content was found in the meat of LBW x AN cross-breeds. The fat amount was by 1.24 per cent (p < 0.01) higher than in control thoroughbred LBW bulls. Ash amount in all groups of cross-breed bulls tested was less than in the control group of thoroughbred LBW bulls (p < 0.001) (Table 6). Table 5. The influence of genotype on meat wateriness, water binding capacity, cooking loss and tenderness Breed Wateriness, % Water binding capacity, mg/% Cooking loss, % Tenderness, kg/ 2 LBW 1.62 ± 0, ± 2, ± 1, ± 0,23 LBW x LI 4.41 ± 0.84** ± 1, ± 2.14** 3.07 ± 0,4* LBW x LI 2.25 ± 0, ± 3, ± 4, ± 0,29 LBW x CH 2.33 ± 0, ± 0, ± 1, ± 0,19 LBW x AN 2.27 ± 0, ± 2, ± 2,85* 2.43 ± 0,43 LBW x AU 5.51 ± 0.88*** ± 1, ± 2.57** 2.47 ± 0,

8 Table 6. The influence of genotype on chemical composition of meat (musculus longissimus dorsi) Breed Chemical composition, % Dry substances Proteins Fats Ash LBW 24.8 ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,04 LBW x LI ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,02*** LBW x LI ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,03*** LBW x CH ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,04*** LBW x AN 26.2 ± 0, ± 0.35** 2.8 ± 0.47** 1.00 ± 0,01*** LBW x AU ± 0, ± 0, ± 0, ± 0,05*** DATA OF DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF STUDY RESULTS The impact of breed and bull on body measurements. A breed had the greatest influence on bulls' body growth intensity, which was the most distinguishable at the age of 9 12 months (p < 0.01). The significant impact of breed on a chest circumference, a straight truncal measurement and a spiral ham dimension has remained at the age of 500 days (p < 0.001). The influence of a bull at the age of 9 12 months was insignificant. The influence on a spiral ham dimension has reached %. (p < 0.05). The influence of bull on a chest circumference (p < 0.05), a straight truncal measurement and a spiral ham dimension (p < 0.001) became visible at 500 days of age (Tables 7, 8 and 9). Table 7. The impact of breed and bull on the body measurements at 9 months of age, % Characteri stic. Height at the crest, Height at the aitch bone, Oblique truncal length, Chest circumfere nce, The straight truncal length, Spiral ham dimension, Breed 26.6** 30.3** 48.1*** 42.1*** 33.9*** 44.2*** Bull * Table 8. The impact of breed and bull on the body measurements at 12 months of age, % Charact eristic Height at the crest, Height at the aitch bone, Oblique truncal length, Chest circumf erence, The straight truncal length, Spiral ham dimension, Breed 27.1** 51.4*** 36.2*** 51.6*** 22.2* 50.3*** Bull * Table 9. The impact of breed and bull on the body measurements at 500 days of age, % Charact eristic Height at the crest, Height at the aitch bone, Oblique truncal length, Chest circumfe rence, The straight truncal length, Spiral ham dimension, Breed ** 37.8*** 68.8*** 48.6*** Bull * 19.4*** 23.3*** The influence of breed and bull on carcass indicators The breed had the highest influence on carcass mass, carcass yield and animal mass before slaughter (p < 0.001). The highest influence of bull was observed on animal mass before slaughter (p < 0.05) (Table 10). Table 10. The influence of breed and bull on a carcass mass and yield, (%) Characteristic Animal mass before Carcass mass, Carcass yield, slaughter, kg kg % Breed 60.2*** 74.2*** 67.5*** Bull 18.3*

9 The influence of breed and bull on a morphological composition of hock femoral part of carcass. The highest influence of breed on the soft tissue mass, mass of hock-femoral part of carcass and bone mass has been demonstrated (p < 0.001). The influence of breed on the yield of soft tissues was slightly less (p < 0.05). The most significant influence of bull was observed on yield (p < 0.05) (Table 11). Table 11. The influence of breed and bull on morphological composition of the hock femoral part of carcass, % Characteristic Mass Yield 17 Bone mass Mass of soft tissues Yield of soft tissues Breed 79.7*** 37.5** 46.6*** 81.5*** 33.3* Bull * Dispersion analysis data on the influence of breed and bull on the meat acidity and colour are presented in the Table 12. Based in these data it can be concluded that the breed had higher influence on meat lightness* and pinkness a* (p < 0.05). The influence of breed and bull on other indicators was negligible and statistically insignificant. Table 12. The influence of breed and bull on acidity and colour of meat, (%) Factor ph Colour L* a* b* Breed * 25.4* 18.7 Bull The influence of breed and bull on physical properties of meat. The breed had higher influence on meat lightness* and pinkness a* (p < 0.05). The impact of breed on meat wateriness (p < 0.001) and cooking loss (p < 0.05). The highest influence of bull was observed on meat cooking loss (p < 0.05) (Table 13). Table 13. The influence of breed and bull on meat wateriness, water binding capacity, cooking loss and tenderness, % Factor Wateriness Water binding capacity 18 Cooking loss Meat tenderness Breed 46.3*** * 25.3 Bull * 18.7 The influence of breed and bull on chemical composition of meat. The breed had high influence on the amount of proteins and ash (p < 0.001), however was less important for fat amount (p < 0.05). The most significant impact of bull on chemical composition of meet was demonstrated based on the amount of ash (p < 0.001) and fat (p < 0.05) (Table 14). Table 14. The influence of breed and bull on chemical composition of meat, (%) Factor Dry substances Proteins Fats Ash Breed *** 24.2* 52.3*** Bull * 41.3*** CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS OF MEAT PRODUCTION AND MEAT Animal mass correlated significantly with the carcass mass, bone mass of hock-femoral part and soft tissue mass (p < 0.01). Strong correlation between the mass of hock-femoral part and the yield as well as soft tissue mass of hock-femoral part and the yield of soft tissues (p < 0.01) was established. The mass of hock-femoral bones and meat was also found to be in strong correlation (p < 0.01). Moderate negative correlation between meat ph and the mass of hockfemoral part, yield as well as bone and soft tissue mass was discovered (r = ; p < 0.01). The mass of hock-femoral part and soft tissues positively correlated with the meat lightness and pinkness (p < 0.01). The

10 strong positive coherence was discovered between the wateriness of meat and carcass mass as well as yield (r = and r = respectively) and the mass of hock-femoral part and yield (r = and r = respectively) (p < 0.01). Correlation was established between physical properties and chemical properties of meat. There was a strong positive correlation between the amount of dry substances and protein as well as fat content (p < 0.01). Strong and moderate negative correlation was discovered between meat ph and it's lightness, pinkness and yellowish colour (r = ; r = ; r = -424 respectively; p < 0.01). Meat ph value also strongly negatively correlated with meat cooking loss and meat tenderness (p < 0.01). Weak negative coherence was established between the meat water binding capacity and cooking loss, r = , and tenderness, r = -341 (p < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was discovered between the meat cooking loss and tenderness (r = 0.732; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS 1. The crossing of Lithuanian-black-and-white cows with the bulls of charolais, limousine, simmental, aubrac and angus breeds has revealed variable growth dynamics of different body parts in the offspring of different breeds. Tubular bones of all cross-breed individuals were growing faster up to the age of 9 months to compare with Lithuanian-black-and white cattle. Therefore their height at a crest and at an aitch-bone was bigger. Later, reaching the age of 12 months or 360 days and 17 months or 500 days the thoroughbred Lithuanian-black-and white cattle left behind the crossbreed individuals by height measurements, however had inferior measurements of chest circumference, the oblique truncal length and spiral ham dimension. 2. The mass of 500 days old bulls of various genotypes was different. The biggest weight was discovered in the group of LBW x CH cross-breeds. Their body mass was by 53.0 kg or 10.8 per cent bigger to compare with the thoroughbred LBW bulls (p < 0.001). The weight of LBW x LI cross-breed bulls was superior by 36 kg or 7.3%. LBW x AU by 18 kg or 3.6% (p < 0.001), of LBW x AN and LBW x SI cross breed bulls by 11 kg or 2.2%, (p < 0.05) to compare with the control thoroughbred LBW bulls. 3. The higher growth intensity was characteristic for all cross-breed bulls. The overweight of the above mentioned bulls at the age of days was higher by grams or by per cent than of LBW bulls. 4. Digestibility of forage nutrients also varied among the bulls of 19 different genotypes. The better digestion rates of dry substances, proteins and fats were discovered in the cross-breed groups, whereas fibres digestion rates were superior in the group of thoroughbred LBW bulls. The crossbreed LBW x CH offspring were characterised by the highest digestion rate of all forage nutrients, except the fibres. 5. Consumption of forage energy for 1 kg of overweight among all groups of cross-breeds was by MJ/ME lower to compare with LBW bulls. The lowest forage input for the overweight unit was observed in the group of LBW x CH cross-breeds. 6. The carcass yield in all cross-breed groups was by per cent bigger than in the group of LBW bulls (p > 0.05 p < 0.001). The biggest carcass yield was obtained from the LBW x SI cross-breeds, the carcass muscularity category was also higher in this group. 7. The cross-breed groups were characterised by better developed muscles of the hock-femoral part, therefore the yield of soft tissues in these groups was higher to compare with LBW bulls. 8. Dispersion analysis has revealed that the meat of all cross-breeds except the LBW x AN individuals was lighter to compare with LBW bulls (p > 0.05 < 0.001). Difference of other meat quality indicators varied depending on the breed. Protein content of the meat was predetermined by 52.2 per cent by the breed and by 6 per cent by a bull. Fat content was predetermined by 24.2 per cent by the breed and by 35.3 per cent by a bull. 9. Dispersion analysis has demonstrated that carcass yield, meat colour L*, meat wateriness and protein content was mostly predetermined by a breed. Other indicators were similarly determined by both a breed and a bull. It was discovered that a bull has had the least influence on the carcass yield, yield of soft tissue of hock-femoral part, meat wateriness and protein content. PROPOSALS: 1. Crossing of Lithuanian-black-and-white dairy cows of lower breeding value with beef cattle bulls is purposeful aiming to enhance the efficacy of production and improve the quality 2. Only the sperm of bulls assessed in the offspring should be used for crossing. 3. The success of crossing depends on the compatibility of breeds. It is 20

11 advisable for the insemination of smaller cows to use the beef cattle individuals producing smaller offspring. PUBLICATIONS Česlovas Jukna, Vigilijus Jukna, Vilma Valaitien, Audrius Korsukovas. Skirtingų rūšių gyvūnų m sos kokyb s palyginamasis įvertinimas. Veterinarija ir zootechnika (Vet Med Zoot). T. 37 (59) p Česlovas Jukna, Vigilijus Jukna, Audrius Korsukovas, Nijol Pečiulaitien. M sinių veislių bulių įtaka Lietuvos juodmargių m sos produkcijai ir kokybei. Veterinarija ir zootechnika (Vet Med Zoot). T. 49 (71) p Vigilijus Jukna, Česlovas Jukna, Nijol Pečiulaitien, Vita Riškevičien, Audrius Korsukovas. Bulių genotipo įtaka augimo intensyvumui ir m sos kokybei. Veterinarija ir zootechnika (Vet Med Zoot). T. 50 (72) p REZIUMö Pastaruoju metu Lietuvoje, kaip ir daugelyje Europos Sąjungos šalių, ypatingas d mesys kreipiamas į gaminamos produkcijos kokybę. Jautiena svarbi maistin žaliava žmogaus mitybos racione. Jautienoje yra daugyb vertingų baltymų, riebalų, mineralinių medžiagų, nebaltyminių azoto turinčių medžiagų tokių kaip: vitaminų, hormonų, skonį bei aromatą suteikiančių medžiagų, biologiškai aktyvių peptidų. Jautiena yra labai gerai virškinama, joje esančios maistin s medžiagos gerai įsisavinamos. Gaunamos m sos išeiga ir jos kokyb priklauso nuo veiksnių, paveldimumo, fiziologinių ir morfologinių savybių, gyvulio auginimo bei š rimo sąlygų.praktikoje jautienos produkcija skirstoma pagal kiekybinius ir kokybinius rodiklius. Galvijų m sos produkciją nulemia augimo sparta, pašarų sąnaudos priesvorio vienetui, skerdenos išeiga, skerdenos morfologin sud tis, m sos fizin s-chemin s savyb s ir m sos kokyb. Rinkoje did janti konkurencija ir kylantys reikalavimai m sos kokybei verčia ieškoti sprendimų, kaip turimų pieninių veislių galvijais padidinti galvijienos gamybos efektyvumą ir pagerinti jos kokybę. Vienas iš veiksmingiausių būdų yra mažesn s veislin s vert s pieninių veislių karvių kryžminimas su m sinių veislių buliais. Kryžminimo esm yra heteroz s efekto panaudojimas. Mišrūnai geriau auga, geriau panaudoja pašarus, iš jų gaunamos stambesn s, kokybiškesn s skerdenos ir geresn s kokyb s m sa. Darbo tikslas Ištirti skirtingų m sinių galvijų veislių bulių įtaką Lietuvos juodmargių (LJ) m sos produkcijai ir kokybei. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti skirtingų genotipų buliukų augimo ir vystymosi dinamiką 2. Ištirti genotipo įtaką buliukų pašarų maisto medžiagų virškinamumui, bei pašarų sąnaudoms priesvoriui 3. Ištirti genotipo įtaką skerdenos išeigai, kokybei, morfologinei sud čiai bei m sos fizin ms savyb ms ir cheminei sud čiai 4. Atlikti bandymo duomenų dispersinę analizę ir statistinį apdorojimą Darbo naujumas. Pirmą kartą suvienodintose sąlygose atliktas Lietuvos juodmargių galvijų kryžminimo su populiariausiomis m sin ms veisl ms efektyvumo palyginamasis įvertinimas. Dispersin s analiz s metodu nustatyta buliaus ir veisl s įtaka Lietuvos juodmargių galvijų m sos produkcijai ir kokybei. Nustatyta genotipo įtaka raciono maisto medžiagų virškinamumui

12 Praktin darbo reikšm : Tyrimuose gauti duomenys sąlygos efektyvesnį Lietuvos juodmargių galvijų panaudojimą kokybiškos galvijienos gamybai. Veisl s ir buliaus įtakos palikuonių m sos kokybei išaiškinimas turi didelę praktinę reikšmę parenkant kryžminimui veisles ir atskirus reproduktorius. TYRIMŲ MEDŽIAGA IR METODAI Siekiant nustatyti genotipo įtaką galvijų m sin ms savyb ms ir m sos kokybei moksliniai tyrimai buvo vykdomi metais, Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universiteto Veterinarijos Akademijos Gyvulininkyst s katedros Gyvulių m sinių savybių ir m sos kokyb s vertinimo laboratorijoje. Kontrolinis galvijų auginimas buvo atliekamas UAB Šilut s veislininkyst. Bandymams buvo sudarytos grynaveislių Lietuvos juodmargių (LJ) bei m sinių galvijų veislių ir Lietuvos juodmargių mišrūnų buliukų grup s: grynaveislių Lietuvos juodmargių (LJ), Lietuvos juodmargių x limuzinų (LJxLI), Lietuvos juodmargių x simentalių (LJxSI), Lietuvos juodmargių x šarol (LJxŠA), Lietuvos juodmargių x angusų (LJxAN), Lietuvos juodmargių x aubrakų (LJxAU). Kiekvienoje grup je buvo buliukų. Grupes sudar dviejų bulių palikuonys. Tyrimai buvo atliekami su buliukais nuo 120 iki 500 dienų amžiaus. Buliukai buvo laikomi pririšti, nekastruoti, o bandymo laikotarpiu buvo vykdoma tiksli su stų pašarų apskaita. Žolinių pašarų gyvuliai gavo iki soties, o kombinuotųjų pašarų po 1 kg 100 kg gyvulio mas s. Su stų žolinių pašarų kiekis buvo nustatomas atliekant kontrolinius pašaro ir nesu stų pašaro likučių sv rimus vieną kartą per 2 savaites 2 dienas iš eil s. Bandyminio buliukų auginimo laikotarpiu buvo atliekami kūno matavimai 9, 12, m n. ir 500 d. amžiuje. Buvo vizualiai įvertinamas jų raumeningumas ir nustatomi pagrindiniai kūno matmenys: aukštis ties ketera, (nuo žem s iki aukščiausio keteros taško) Lidtino lazda, aukštis ties kryžiumi, (nuo žem s iki aukščiausio kryžkaulio taško) Lidtino lazda, įstrižas liemens ilgis, (nuo peties ment s sąnario viršūn s iki s dynkaulio viršūn s) matavimo juostele, tiesusis liemens ilgis, (nuo keteros iki uodegos šaknies) matavimo juostele, krūtin s apimtis už menčių, (siauriausioje krūtin s vietoje) matavimo juostele, spiralinis kumpio matmuo, (kryžmai apjuosiant kumpį, nuo klubikaulio apačios iki s dynkaulio) matavimo juostele. Bandomiesiems buliukams pasiekus m nesių, buvo atlikti raciono pašarų virškinamumo tyrimai. Iš kiekvienos grup s buvo atrinkta po 6 buliukus. Kiekvieno buliuko maisto medžiagų virškinamumas nustatytas 23 naudojant TiO2 indikatorių, pagal jo koncentracijos kiekį pašaruose ir išmatose. Kiekvienas buliukus gavo 0,2 proc. indikatorių, nuo raciono sausosios medžiagos, sumaišytų su koncentruotais pašarais. Virškinamumo bandymas truko 10 dienų: 4 dienos paruošiamasis laikotarpis (šeriamas TiO2 indikatorius, išmatos nerenkamos) ir 6 dienos tiriamasis laikotarpis (šeriamas TiO2 indikatorius ir renkamos išmatos). Iš tyrimams paimtų pašarų ir išmatų m ginių sudaryti vidutiniai m giniai laboratoriniams tyrimams. Remiantis pašarų ir išmatų chemin s analiz s duomenimis, virškinamumo koeficientai apskaičiuoti pagal formulę: VK = T x T VK virškinamumo koeficientas, T titano oksido kiekis proc., M maisto medžiagos proc., 24 pašaro M _ išmatų x išmatų M _ pašaro Pašaruose ir išmatose nustatyta: bendras azoto kiekis, baltyminis bei nebaltyminis azotas Kjeldalio metodu, sausosios medžiagos kiekis džiovinant ºC temperatūroje, pelenai pašaro ir išmatų organin s medžiagos deginimas ºC temperatūroje, žalieji riebalai Soksleto metodu, žalioji ląsteliena Kiuršnerio metodu. Pasiekus 500 dienų amžių, iš kiekvienos grup s buvo atrinkta po 8 labiausiai atitinkančius vidurkį gyvulius kontroliniam skerdimui, klubo šlaunies dalies morfologinei sud čiai nustatyti. Kontrolinis skerdimas atliktas po 24 valandų alkinimo. Likus 3 val. iki skerdimo gerti buvo neduodama. Po 24 valandų alkinimo, kontrolinio skerdimo metu buvo nustatoma gyvulio mas sveriant, šiltos skerdenos mas irgi sveriant. Raumeningumo ir riebalingumo klasę nustat skerdenų vertintojas, kair s pusel s klubo šlaunies dalies, minkštųjų dalių, kaulų mas sveriant. Buvo apskaičiuota minkštųjų dalių išeiga proc., klubo-šlaunies dalies išeiga proc.. M sos kokybei įvertinti buvo paimtas bandinys iš ilgiausiojo nugaros raumens (musculus longissimus dorsi) ties 9 11 šonkauliais. Nustatoma raumens chemin sud tis ir fizin s-chemin s savyb s. Sausosios medžiagos buvo nustatomos m sos m ginius džiovinant iki pastovios mas s automatin mis sausųjų medžiagų svarstykl mis, baltymų kiekis nustatytas Kjeldalio metodu, riebalų kiekis Soksleto metodu naudojant Soxtern SE 416 macro (ISO 1443:1973 Meat and meat products determination of total fat content), pelenai sudeginant m sos organinę medžiagą C

13 temperatūroje (ISO 936:1998 Meat and meat products determination of total ash), m sos kietumas buvo nustatomas Warner Bratzler metodu, vandens rišlumas Grau ir Hammo metodu, ph matuotas naudojant Inolab-3 phmetrą (ISO 2917:1999 Meat and meat products measurement of ph), spalvingumas naudojant Minolta Chroma Meter 410 pagal CIE LAB metodą, matuojant m sos šviesumą (L * ), rausvumą (a * ) ir gelsvumą (b * ), virimo nuostoliai buvo nustatomi m są verdant cirkuliacin je vandens vonel je 30 min. pagal m ginio mas s pasvertos prieš verdant ir išvirtą pokyčius, vandeningumas pagal m ginio mas s sumaž jimą per 24 val., laikant m są pakabintą specialiose tinkliniuose maišeliuose +4 ºC temperatūroje. Duomenys buvo apdoroti R statistiniu paketu versija Taip pat statistinei analizei buvo naudoti skaičiuokl s Exel duomenų analiz s įrankiai. Genetinių veiksnių įtaka (procentais) skaičiuota dispersin s analiz s (ANOVA) metodu. Buvo apskaičiuotas koreliacijos koeficientas (r). Rezultatai laikyti patikimais, kai p<0,05. TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI Genotipo įtaka eksterjerui. 9 m nesių amžiuje visų veislių mišrūnų buliukų aukštis ties ketera buvo 3,4 5,8 arba 3,2 6,3 proc. didesnis (p<0,05 p<0,001) lyginant su grynaveisliais LJ buliukais. Didžiausias liemens įstrižas ilgis buvo LJxŠA, LJxAN ir LJxAU mišrūnų. Jis buvo 9,4 9,9 arba 7,3 7,7 proc. didesnis negu kontrolin s grup s buliukų (p<0,001). Didžiausia krūtin s apimtis buvo LJxŠA, LJxAN ir LJxAU mišrūnų. Ji buvo 12,8 11,5 arba 8,8 11,5 proc. didesn negu kontrolin s grup s buliukų (p<0,001). Tiesusis liemens ilgis LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų buvo 4,8 arba 4,22 proc. (p<0,01) ilgesnis negu grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Spiralinis kumpio matmuo visų mišrūnų veislių buliukų buvo didesnis (p<0,05 p<0,001) negu kontrolin s grup s. 12 m nesių amžiuje aukštis ties ketera LJxŠA, mišrūnų buliukų buvo, 3,7 arba 3,11 proc. (p<0,001) didesnis negu kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Didžiausias aukštis ties kryžiumi buvo LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų 3,2, arba 2,54 proc. didesnis už LJ kontrolin s grup s buliukų (p<0,05). Visų grupių mišrūnų buliukų įstrižas liemens ilgis didesnis (p<0,05 p<0,001) negu grynaveislių LJ. Didžiausia krūtin s apimtis buvo LJxŠA, LJxLI ir LJxSI mišrūnų (p<0,05 p<0,001). Visų grupių mišrūnų buliukų tiesusis liemens ilgis buvo didesnis lyginant su kontroline grupe (p<0,05 p<0,01). Spiralinis kumpio matmuo visų mišrūnų buliukų buvo didesnis (p<0,05 p<0,001) negu kontrolin s grup s. 500 dienų amžiuje grynaveislių LJ buliukų aukštis ties ketera buvo 25 didesnis už visų mišrūnų buliukų grupių (p<0,05). Didžiausias įstrižas liemens ilgis buvo LJxŠA ir LJxAU mišrūnų buliukų 6,8, arba 4,30 proc. (p<0,01) didesnis negu kontrolin s grup s. Didžiausia krūtin s apimtis buvo LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų 7,9, arba 4,20 proc. (p<0,05), Visų tirtų mišrūnų buliukų tiesusis liemens ilgis buvo 7,0 3,0, arba 5,6 2,4 proc. (p<0,05 p<0,01) didesnis negu kontrolin s grup s, o mišrūnų buliukų spiralinis kumpio matmuo buvo 7,8 5,3, arba 5,2 3,5 proc. (p<0,01 p<0,001) didesnis negu grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Kontrolinio auginimo rezultatai. Daugiausia sv r LJxŠA buliukai. Jų mas buvo 53 kg, arba 10,8 proc. didesn nei grynaveislių LJ bendraamžių (p<0,001). Didžiausiu priesvoriu per parą pasižym jo LJxŠA buliukai. Jų paros priesvoris per parą buvo 143 g, arba 14,9 proc. didesnis nei grynaveislių LJ buliukų (p<0,001). Kitų veislių mišrūnų priesvoriai per parą irgi buvo didesni nei kontrolin s LJ grup s buliukų, LJxLI mišrūnai 101 g, arba 10,5 proc. (p<0,001), LJxAU ir LJxSI 47 g, arba 4,9 proc. (p<0,05 p<0,01), LJxAN 40 g arba 4,1 proc. (p<0,05). Mažiausios pašarų sąnaudos buvo LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų. Jos buvo 6,5 MJ/AE arba 8,4 proc. mažesn s nei grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Kitų veislių mišrūnų, LJxLI ir LJxAU 4,4 MJ/AE, arba 5,6 proc., LJxSI 2,4 MJ/AE, arba 3,1 proc., ir LJxAN 1,3 MJ/AE, arba 1,6 proc. mažesn s nei kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Pašaro maisto medžiagų virškinamumas. Sausąsias medžiagas geriausiai virškino LJxŠA mišrūnai buliukai. Jie virškino 3,03 proc. geriau nei kontrolin s grup s grynaveisliai LJ buliukai. Baltymus geriausiai virškino LJxŠA mišrūnai buliukai, 9,76 proc. geriau negu grynaveisliai LJ buliukai. Riebalus geriausiai virškino LJxŠA mišrūnai buliukai, net 6,7 proc. geriau negu grynaveisliai LJ buliukai. Ląstelieną geriausiai virškino grynaveisliai LJ buliukai. Genotipo įtaka skerdenos masei, išeigai ir klubo šlaunies dalies morfologinei sud čiai. Didžiausia skerdenos mas buvo LJxŠA buliukų. Jų skerdenos mas 51,5 kg, arba 19,0 proc. (p<0,001), LJxLI mišrūnų skedenos mas 35,8 kg, arba 13,2 proc. (p<0,01) didesn nei grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Didžiausia skerdenos išeiga buvo LJxSI buliukų, net 5,4 proc. didesn nei grynaveislių LJ buliukų (p<0,001). Kitų veislių mišrūnų grupių LJxLI 5,4 proc. (p<0,001), LJxAU 3,7 proc. (p<0,001), LJxŠA 3,2 proc. (p<0,01) ir LJxAN 3,5 proc. (p<0,05) didesn nei kontrolinių grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Klubo šlaunies dalies mas LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų buvo 10,2 kg, arba 24,2 proc. (p<0,001), LJxLI 8,8 kg, arba 20,9 proc. (p<0,001) didesn negu kontrolinių LJ buliukų. Didžiausia klubo šlaunies dalies išeiga 26

14 pasižym jo LJxLI mišrūnai buliukai. Ji buvo 2,1 proc. didesn negu grynaveislių LJ buliukų (p<0,01). Didžiausia kaulų mas buvo LJxAU mišrūnų buliukų 1,5 kg, arba 17,44 proc. (p<0,01). Didžiausia minkštų dalių mas buvo LJxŠA mišrūnų buliukų 8,6 kg, arba 25,59 proc. (p<0,001) didesn nei kontrolin s grup s. Kitų veislių mišrūnų buliukų LJxLI 8,0 kg, arba 23,80 proc. (p<0,001), LJxAN 4,8 kg, arba 14,28 proc. (p<0,01) ir LJxAU 3,3 kg, arba 9,8 proc. (p<0,05). Genotipo įtaka m sos fizin ms savyb ms. Šviesiausia m sa pasižym jo LJxAU mišrūnai buliukai. Ji buvo 4,91 vieneto šviesesn, arba 14,1 proc. (p<0,001), o LJxLI mišrūnų buliukų 3,9 vieneto, arba 11,2 proc. (p<0,01) nei kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų m sa. Gelsvumu labiausiai pasižym jo LJxLI mišrūnų buliukų m sa. Ji buvo 2,44 vieneto arba 47,37 proc. (p<0,01), o LJxAU mišrūnų buliukų m sa 1,5 vieneto arba 29,12 proc. (p<0,05) gelsvesn nei kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų m sa. M sos vandeningumu labiausiai pasižym jo LJxAU mišrūnų buliukų m sa. Ji buvo 3,8 proc. (p<0,001), o LJxLI mišrūnų buliukų 2,7 proc. (p<0,01) vandeningesn nei kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų grup s. Kiečiausia m sa buvo LJxLI buliukų 1,28 vieneto, arba 71,50 proc., (p<0,05) lyginant su kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų m sos kietumu. Genotipo įtaka m sos cheminei sud čiai. Daugiausia baltymų buvo LJxAN buliukų m soje. Jų 3,7 proc. (p<0,01) daugiau nei kontrolinių grynaveislių LJ buliukų Daugiausia riebalų buvo LJxAN mišrūnų buliukų m soje. Jų 1,24 proc. (p<0,01) daugiau nei kontrolinių grynaveislių LJ buliukų. Visų tirtų veislių mišrūnų buliukų grupių pelenų kiekis mažesnis nei kontrolin s grynaveislių LJ buliukų grup s (p<0,001). Veisl s ir buliaus įtaka kūno matmenims. Didžiausios įtakos buliukų kūno augimui tur jo veisl, kurios įtaka labiausiai išryšk jo 9 12 m n. amžiuje (p<0,01). Pasiekus 500 dienų amžių, ryški veisl s įtaka išliko krūtin s apimčiai, tiesiajam liemens ilgiui bei spiralinio kumpio matmeniui (p<0,001). Buliaus įtaka 9 12 m n. amžiuje nebuvo ryški. Spiraliniam kumpio matmeniui ji siek 9,0 12,6 proc. (p<0,05). 500 dienų amžiuje buliaus įtaka išryšk jo krūtin s apimčiai (p<0,05), tiesiajam liemens ilgiui bei spiraliniam kumpio matmeniui (p<0,001). Veisl s ir buliaus įtaka skerdenos rodikliams Veisl didžiausios įtakos tur jo skerdenos masei, skerdenos išeigai bei priešskerdiminei gyvulio masei (p<0,001). Didžiausia buliaus įtaka buvo priešskerdiminei gyvulio masei (p<0,05). Veisl s ir buliaus įtaka skerdenos klubo šlaunies dalies morfologinei sud čiai. Didžiausia veisl s įtaka buvo minkštųjų dalių masei, skerdenos klubo šlaunies dalies masei, kaulų masei (p<0,001). Šiek tiek mažesn s įtakos veisl tur jo minkštųjų dalių išeigai (p<0,05). Ryškiausia 27 buliaus įtaka buvo išeigai (p<0,05). Dispersin s analiz s duomenys apie veisl s ir buliaus įtaką m sos rūgštingumui bei spalvingumui pateikti 12 lentel je. Iš jos galima teigti, kad veisl tur jo didesnę įtaką m sos šviesumui L* bei rausvumui a* (p<0,05). Kitiems rodikliams veisl s ir buliaus įtaka buvo nežymi bei statistiškai nepatikima Veisl s ir buliaus įtaka m sos fizin ms savyb ms. veisl tur jo didesnę įtaką m sos šviesumui L* bei rausvumui a* (p<0,05). Veisl s įtaka m sos vandeningumui (p<0,001) bei virimo nuostoliams (p<0,05). Didesn buliaus įtaka matosi m sos virimo nuostoliams (p<0,05) Veisl s ir buliaus įtaka m sos cheminei sud čiai. Veisl tur jo didel s įtakos baltymų bei pelenų kiekiui (p<0,001), bet mažiau svarbi riebalų kiekiui (p<0,05). Ryškiausia buliaus įtaka m sos cheminei sud čiai labiausiai matyti pelenų (p<0,001) bei riebalų kiekiui (p<0,05). Gyvulio mas ženkliai koreliavo su skerdenos, klubo šlaunies dalies kaulų bei minkštos m sos mase (p<0,01). Klubo šlaunies dalies mas stipriai koreliavo su išeiga, klubo šlaunies dalies minkštųjų dalių mase bei minkštųjų dalių išeiga (p<0,01). Taip pat stiprus ryšys buvo nustatytas tarp klubo šlaunies dalies kaulų ir m sos mas s (p<0,01). Buvo nustatyta vidutin neigiama koreliacija tarp m sos ph ir klubo šlaunies dalies, išeigos, kaulų bei minkštųjų dalių mas s (r =-0,383 4,79 p<0,01). Klubo šlaunies dalies ir minkštųjų dalių mas teigiamai koreliavo su m sos šviesumu bei rausvumu (p<0,01). Stiprus teigiamas ryšys buvo nustatytas tarp m sos vandeningumo ir skerdenos mas s bei išeigos (r = 0,416 ir r= 0,602) ir klubo šlaunies dalies mas s bei išeigos (r= 0,501 ir r= 0,402) (p<0,01). Koreliacija nustatyta tarp m sos fizinių savybių ir chemin s sud ties. Sausųjų medžiagų kiekis teigiamai stipriai koreliavo su baltymų bei riebalų kiekiais (p<0,01). Stipri bei vidutin neigiama koreliacija nustatyta tarp m sos ph ir jos šviesumo, rausvumo ir gelsvumo (r= -0,542; r=-0,364; r= - 424; p<0,01). Taip pat m sos ph stipriai neigiamai koreliavo su m sos virimo nuostoliais bei m sos kietumu (p<0,01). Silpnas neigiamas ryšys buvo nustatytas tarp m sos vandens rišlumo ir virimo nuostolių r= -0,357 bei kietumo r= -341 (p<0,05). Stipri teigiama koreliacija buvo tarp m sos virimo nuostolių ir kietumo (r= 0,732 p<0,01). 28

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