Shannon Murphy, Ph.D. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency
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1 Shannon Murphy, Ph.D. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency Delta Tributaries Mercury Council September 13, 2016
2 OEHHA mandate Hg, PCBs Chemicals of concern and health risks Health benefits of eating fish Advisory development process Recent OEHHA advisories
3 OEHHA Fish Advisory Program California Health and Safety Code Section 59009, to protect public health Section 59011, to advise local health authorities California Water Code Section , to issue health advisories
4 Hg, PCBs Chemicals of Concern and Health Risks Mining, fossil fuels, volcanoes Pictures from California Geological Survey and USGS Industrial lubricants Discharges into sewer systems and waterways Legacy pesticides Flame retardants
5 Hg, PCBs The Risks of Mercury in Fish
6 Hg, PCBs
7 Hg, PCBs Why is Mercury in Fish a Concern? Fish consumption is the major source of mercury exposure for most people Almost all fish contain some mercury
8 Hg, PCBs Mercury can change forms: Mercury can be methylated to form MeHg in certain aquatic environments Methylmercury (MeHg)* is the more toxic and most common form of mercury found in fish Hg + CH 3 (mercury + methyl) *MeHg and mercury will be used interchangeably in this presentation
9 Hg, PCBs Are mercury levels different in different fish species? Predator fish have more mercury than prey fish; Older fish have more mercury than younger fish
10 Hg, PCBs The brain is target organ of methylmercury toxicity Adults with high exposures reported: Mental confusion Loss of balance Irritability Fine tremors Numbness and tingling Changes in vision
11 Hg, PCBs The fetus is more sensitive to the effects of methylmercury than adults Passes through the placenta to the baby MeHg = methylmercury
12 Hg, PCBs Children are also more sensitive than adults The developing nervous system is more sensitive to toxins, including methylmercury, than adults Effects occur at lower exposures in the fetus and children than in adults
13 Hg, PCBs How do we determine a safe level of mercury exposure? Several large studies conducted on children in seaf00d-eating populations Faroe Islands, Seychelles Islands, New Zealand Identify lowest dose with an adverse effect
14 Hg, PCBs How is this information used to set safe exposure levels? USEPA sets something called an oral reference dose (RfD): An estimate of a how much of a chemical people can be exposed to every day over their entire lives without significant risk of getting sick as a result Includes sensitive individuals Incorporates uncertainty factors to account for incomplete data and individual variability (for MeHg, UF = 10)
15 Hg, PCBs MeHg Reference Dose (RfD) The newer RfD was set to protect the fetus and young children The original RfD was based on effects in adults and is 3 times higher (i.e., adults are 3 times less sensitive)
16 Hg, PCBs OEHHA uses the RfD: To recommend the maximum number of fish servings to eat each week at a location OEHHA uses the MeHg RfD to make fish consumption recommendations for women years and children 1-17 years OEHHA uses the original RfD to make fish consumption recommendations for women 46 years and older and men 18 years and older
17 Hg, PCBs The Risks of PCBs and other contaminants in Fish
18 Hg, PCBs Why are PCBs and Pesticides in Fish a Concern? PCBs and legacy pesticides (chlordanes, DDTs, dieldrin, toxaphene) do not break down easily Bioaccumulate in fish May effect nervous system development in fetuses or children Some of these chemicals have caused cancer in animals Emerging concern: PBDEs can be developmental and reproductive toxicants
19 Hg, PCBs Can warning people about contaminants in fish have unintended negative consequences? 2007 National Report: Seafood Choices: Balancing Benefits and Risks State fish advisory warnings can change perceptions and beliefs..but unintended effects, such as overreactions, may occur
20 The Benefits of Omega-3s in Fish
21 What are Omega-3s A specific type of polyunsaturated fat ALA shorter compound DHA and EPA longer compound Research has shown omega-3s to have beneficial effects on the heart
22 Major Dietary Omega-3s ALA (Plant-based) Flaxseed Oil Walnuts Canola DHA Fish oil Breast milk EPA Fish oil
23 Beneficial effects on the heart: Lower risk of abnormal heart beats Lower triglyceride levels Slowed growth of plaque in the arteries Slightly lower blood pressure
24 What about the benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy? Benefits the developing nervous system in the fetus Not yet well understood whether the benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy are: solely the result of omega-3s in fish or due to some combination of nutrients that may include omega-3s FDA/USEPA, 2014
25 Fish you can catch in California that have higher omega-3 levels Salmon Rainbow trout Brown trout* Steelhead Shad Bass* largemouth, smallmouth, striped *May contain high levels of MeHg check statewide or local advisories
26 Mercury PCBs, Pesticides Omega-3s What s a person to do
27
28 Altoona Mine Historic Gold and Mercury Mines in California Source for Gold and Mercury Mines data: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Availability System (MAS/MILS database). By J. Douglas Causey. USGS, Denver, CO.
29 OEHHA Fish Advisories Mercury is the primary driver in 97% of CA advisories.
30 OEHHA s Approach to Advisories Data Evaluation Evaluate and select available fish contaminant data from a water body. Ensure that data meets quality criteria and sampling plan guidelines. Select Species Determine fish species for which adequate data are available to issue advice. Calculations Calculate appropriate measure of central tendency (often weighted mean), and descriptive stats of contaminant data for chemicals of potential concern for selected species. OEHHA, 2008 and 2011
31 OEHHA s Approach to Advisories (continued) Advisory Tissue Levels (ATLs) Compare chemical concentrations with ATLs for each chemical of potential concern; evaluate Hazard Indexes for potential exposure to multiple chemicals for the sensitive population. Develop Advice Develop advice based on thorough data review and best professional judgement; consider local/cultural practices and regulations (legal fish size or take), local fishing pressure, geography/access and environmental justice factors. OEHHA, 2008 and 2011
32 Advisory Tissue Levels (ATLs) ATLs- acceptable chemical levels in fish tissue, based on chemical toxicity across a range of consumption rates Not bright lines Part of a complex process of data evaluation and interpretation Builds on Fish Contaminant Goals (FCGs-do not consider benefits) Incorporates benefits and risks Considers the sensitive population (MeHg) OEHHA, 2008 and 2011
33 Data Sources CEDEN: California Environmental Data Exchange Network USGS studies UC Davis studies SWRCB and Regional Board efforts FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Licensing bioaccumulation studies
34 3 target species Sampling Plan Criteria (Minimum) 9 individuals/species (legal/edible size) 3+ collection sites, depending on water body size Seasonal - avoid collection during spawning Collect during typical fishing season for target species OEHHA, 2005
35 Data Criteria (Minimum) Appropriate sample handling and processing chain of custody Skinless fillets or eviscerated whole bodies (prey fish) QA/QC verification and appropriate methods used Report moisture and lipid concentrations Results expressed as wet weight (preferred) OEHHA, 2005
36 New Fish Advisories Water Body Chemical Driver Species Lake Piru (Ventura County) Shadow Cliffs Lake (Alameda County) Lexington Reservoir (Santa Clara County) French Meadows Reservoir (Placer County) Hell Hole Reservoir (Placer County) Elkhorn Slough (Monterey County) Mercury Mercury, PCBs Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury, PCBs Black Bass, Brown Bullhead, Sunfish Black Bass, Carp, Catfish, Sunfish Black Bass, Inland Silverside, Rainbow Trout, Sunfish, Threadfin Shad Brown Trout, Rainbow Trout, Crayfish Brown Trout, Crayfish, Kokanee, Lake Trout Asian Clam (Corbicula), Bat Ray, Leopard Shark, Speckled Sanddab, Surfperch
37 New Fish Advisories
38 OEHHA Collaborators SWRCB and Regional Boards SWAMP BOG Delta MERP CDPH CDFW UC Davis DTMC Visit us at
39 Conclusion: MeHg, PCBs Fish* Eat Fish, Choose Wisely (higher DHA+EPA, lower MeHg and PCBs) *Fish and shellfish
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