Seafood Safety and Nutritional Facts. Amund Maage, Head of Research, Contaminants & Biohazards Professor, food chemistry

Transcription

1 Seafood Safety and Nutritional Facts Amund Maage, Head of Research, Contaminants & Biohazards Professor, food chemistry

2 Main aim To be the most important research institute within fish nutrition, seafood safety, and health effects of eating seafood, both nationally and internationally Role in society Supply credible and neutral research based knowledge for use by government, consumers and industry Have an open and active communication of our research and expertise Contribute to higher education within nutrition Scientifically independent

3 Organization of the food area Minister of health and care services Minister of agriculture and food Minister of fisheries Risk asessment

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6 Surveillance: farmed fish and wild catches Regulated by EU (Directive 96/23) Funded and sampled by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority Motivated by EU s upper limit. Norge is responsible not to export seafood exceeding the limits Funded by the government and by the industry Analysed by NIFES Analysed by NIFES

7 Seafood database Sampling by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) 30+ species, 4500 individual samples collected Spot checks Frequency of monitoring depending on species

8 Baseline - status 6 W 5 W 4 W 3 W 2 W 1 W 0 E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 5 E 6 E 7 E 8 E 9 E 10 E 11 E 12 E 13 E 14 E 15 E 16 E 17 E 18 E 19 E 20 E 21 E 22 E 23 E 24 E 25 E 26 E 27 E 28 E 29 E 30 E 31 E 32 E 33 E 34 E 35 E 36 E 37 E 38 E 39 E 40 E 41 E 42 E Following species: Herring: Greenland halibut: 76 N 75 N 74 N 73 N 72 N 71 N 70 N 69 N Cod: 68 N 67 N 66 N 65 N Mackerel: Saithe: 64 N 63 N 62 N 61 N 60 N 59 N 58 N 57 N

9 New species where surveillance has started: Tusk Haddock Ling Red-fish Halibut

10 Baseline study of Norwegian spring spawning herring (NSS herring) Largest fish stock 13 mill. tons in mill. ton captured Fillet samples 800 individual herring from 29 positions in the Norwegian Sea Analysed for Heavy metals and other elements Dioxins and dl-pcbs Norwegian Sea PCB 7 PBDEs

11 Low levels of contaminants in NSS herring X 800 Heavy metals in fillet (mg/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit Norwegian Sea Lead < Cadmium < Mercury < POPs in fillet (ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit Dioxins+ dl-pcb PCB PBDE

12 Mackerel X 850 North Sea Age and weight Average Min Max Age (year) Length (cm) Prø vetakingsmåned mars april juni august september oktober november Weight (g) Fat content (g/100 g) Heavy metals in fillet (mg/kg ww) Median/ Average Min Max EU limit Lead <0.02 < Cadmium < Mercury 0.04 <

13 Low levels of POPs in Mackerel X Dioxins+ dl-pcb POPs in fillet (ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww) Average Min Max EU limit PCB Prø vetakingsmåned mars april juni august september oktober november Norwegian Sea PBDE Generally low levels of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs North Sea

14 Undesirables in som pelagic species: Dioxin and dioxinlike PCB ng TEQ/kg Mercury, mg/kg Brominated flameretardants µ g/kg DDT, µ g/kg Kolmule Blue whiting Lodde Capelin Ø yepål Norway pout Tobis Sand eel Polartorsk Polar cod Hestmakrell Horse mackerel n.a. = not analysed 0,6 0,04 0,5 2,9 0,5 0,01 0,1 5 n.a. 0,02 1,1 2,0 n.a 0,01 1,2 2,5 0,3 0,01 0,04 n.a 1,1 0,18 4 7

15 Monitoring Base line studies: Follow up on baseline studies Spot samples

16 Surveillance program - fish feed Microbiology Heavy metals PCBs Pesticides (DDT, endosulphane toxaphene etc) Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs Polybrominated flame retardants (BFR) Synthetical antioxidants Mycotoxins Selected vitamins and trace elements Increased sampling the last years Check levels against EUs maximum limits Few samples exceed the maximum limits

17 Food legislation Food of animal origin EU s directive 96/23 (prohibited substances and undesirable substances) Fruit and vegetables: Regulations EC 396/2005 (pesticides) and EC 333/2007 (heavy metals) Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, medical residues, pesticides, etc Norway as all EEA countries

18 Surveillance of farmed fish Undesirable substances in farmed fish Report: The Norwegian Food safety authority

19 ng TEQ/kg 1.6 Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB in farmed salmon

20 TEQ ng/kg 8 Dioxin and dioxinlike PCBs in oily fish Dioksin and dioksinliknende PCB and data other fra food 7 EU s upper limit 6, Mackerel NSS herring North sea herring Farmed Atlantic salmon Wild Atlantic salmon Farmed trout Cod Eggs Dairy products Meat Nifes.no and Perelló et al, 2012

21 Pesticides Endosulfan EU s upper limit: Meat: 0,1 Tomato: 0,5 Salmon: no limit 0.06 Endosulfan, mg/kg 0,05 EU s upper limit (apples) Apples Carrots Eggs Oranges Tomatoes Rice Salmon EFSA Journal 2013; 11(3):3130, pp 153 and 567

22 Coctail effect: sum of the seafood Seafood safety = Prerequisite Nutrients Health effects + + = 7? Increased + + Intake = 2?? + + =?

23 Nutrients in seafood Omega-3 Vitamin D Iodine Protein More Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Selenium Foto: NIFES

24 What is known about seafood and human health? Established knowledge: Protect against development of heart disease Less established knowledge: Mental illness, brain development, behaviour, depression, diabetes? Uncertain: Cancer, obesity, osteoporosis etc?

25 g per 100 g Marine omega-3 in seafood 8 7 EPA and DHA in 100 g EFSA 2010

26 European and Asian herring and mackerel

27 New data herring & mackerell Total fat and EPA+DHA

28 Vitamin D Dietary recommendation 10 µ g/day Prevention of : Cancer Multiple sclerosis Obesity Diabetes type II Vitamin D Improve: Learning Mental health Bone and teeth

29 µ g per 100 g fillet (wet weight) Fish as a dietary source of vitamin D Vitamin D in 100 g Recommended Reccommended daily intake daily intake 10 µg 5 0 nifes.no

30 Herring is a particularly good vitamin D source Norwegian herring Pacific herring North-Atlantic mackerel Japanese mackerel (n=196) (n=109) (n=345) (n=103)

31 Depresjon Post 3 partum måneder epression etter fø dselen Survey among pregnant women outside Bergen Highest depression score among the mothers with lowest omega-3 index Marine omega-3 index during pregnancy (Markhus et al PlosOne 2013)

32 Fatty fish improved vitamin D status better sleep! Decreased actual wake time Improved sleep efficiency Improved daily functioning 32 Hansen et al, J Clin Sleep Med 2014 May;10(5):567-75

33 FINS (Fish intervention studies) Two main topics: Obesity/metabolic syndrom Learning, cognitive function Mainly funded by:

34 Cross-section studies Obesity og type 2 diabetes «High energy» food Pommes frites Red meat Processed meat Sugar Soft drinks Vegetables Beans and peas Fruit Full grain cereals Fish and other seafood

35 Most studied single component: Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids may protect against obesity Many welldesigned rodent studies Few human studies

36 ? + Marine omega-3 Vitamin D Proteins Selenium Iodine Dioxins PCB DDT HBCD Cd Hg Pb Nutrients and undesirables

37 Report from WHO/FAO (2011) emphasize the net neurodevelopmental benefits to offspring of fish consumption by women of childbearing age, particularly pregnant women and nursing mothers, and the neurodevelopmental risks of not consuming fish to offspring of such women; Agree

38 In contrast to the cited conclusion of 2006, VKM concludes in this report that there is no reason for specific dietary limitations on fatty fish consumption for pregnant women.

39 Conclusion: + Marine omega 3 Vitamin D Selenium Iodine Dioxins Lead PCB DDT FAO/WHO 2011 Sweeden 2007 USA 2006 Norway 2006/2014 EFSA 2005 UK 2004 Denmark 2003 Eat more seafood, including farmed species and wild catches

40 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION