Impaired gut health: the root of systemic disorders in cattle

Transcription

1 Impaired gut health: the root of systemic disorders in cattle Qendrim Zebeli An inside outside approach to dairy cow health University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Gut and disease

2 Diet for health and performance Low productivity Welfare, ethical issues 1. Supporting high milk yields (feed efficiency) 1. Avoid nutrient defficiencies/health risks related to diet (support health/welfare) High the performance, higher the demands! g protein/day MJ NEL/day kg milk/day

3 Diet balancing becomes increasingly difficult Gut health! Ruminating time (min/d) Less saliva Less bufering Impaired gut health: Baseline the root of systemic disorders SARA 1in cattle Dr Zebeli SARA 2 Forage feeding 65% Concentrate 5 Sugars in silages and hays in AUT Sugar contents g/kg DM DM content (g/kg fresh matter) Grassilage 1. Schnitt Grassilage Folgeaufwuchs Heu 1. Schnitt Heu Folgeaufwuchs Futtermittellabor Rosenau (217)

4 Rumen fermentation load Lactate SCFA High grain diets 12 mol short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (6-7 kg/daily): 7-75% of energy requirements High fermentation load acidifies the rumen

5 Rumen ph drop Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) H Rumen ph PhD work P Pourazad, Vetmeduni Vienna Rumen ph SARA thresholds If longer than 5-6 h/day (Zebeli et al. 28 J Dairy Sci) If longer than 3 h/day (Plaizier et al. 28 Vet J) How common is SARA? Limited information surveys with rumenocentesis based on rumen ph (5.5 threshold) Wisconsin, USA 19% (early) and 26% (mid lactation) (Garrett et al., 1997), 2.1% in early and peak lactation (Oetzel et al., 1999) The Netherlands 13.8% ( 38% on farms) (Kleen et al., 29) Germany 2% (Kleen et al., 213) Italy 33% (Morgante et al., 27)

6 SARA diagnosis via ruminal ph SARA threshold: ph<5.8 Spot sampling Stomach tubes, Rumenocentesis, Rumen cannula Location: Rumen Diurnal ph- changes! Wireless ph-boli In non-fistulated cows Herd level Continuous measurement Location: Reticulum! Sensorex, Stanton, CA LRCpH system, Dascor, Escondido, CA 11 Reticular vs. ruminal ph Particles of rumen mat (Digesta) Particle-associatedrumen liquid (PARL) Ventral sac: Free rumen liquid (FRL)

7 ph at different locations ph 7,2 7, 68 6,8 6,6 6,4 6,2 6, 5,8 5,6 5,4 PARL FRL Bolus * * * * Baseline 65% Concentrate SARA I 1 week 65% Concentrate SARA II 2 week * * Neubauer et al 218 J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr Timepoint of sampling (h relative to morning feeding) *P<.5 13 Reticular vs. ruminal ph during high-concentrate feeding SARA threshold FRL: ph < 5.8 for > 5-6 h/d SARA threshold reticulum: ph < 6. for > 5-6 h/d Prediction equation for SARA phases: ph FRL = 1.59 ph BOLUS.5441 Rumen mat ph 5.4 Reticular ph 6. Ventral sac ph

8 Luminal SCFA absorption and ph regulation Time ph < 5.8 (m min/d) Continuous adapt. Interrupted adapt. 6% grain 6% grain Time (d) a b ph drop/scfa make GIT leaky Dr G Penner (Univ. Saskatchewan)

9 Hindgut acidosis Too much fermentable substrates escaping the rumen!! the rumen!! 17 Hingut acidosis vs. Rumen acidosis Quantitatively, the fermentation is less intensive in the hingut

10 Microbiota in the rumen and colon due to SARA * * Metzler-Zebeli et al. 213 Anaerobe Grain feeding affects bacterial diversity and community structure Index Baseline SARA wk2 SARA wk4 SEM P -value observed OTU's 1623 a 1439 b 1389 b 3.6 <.1 Chao1 (richness estimator) 2787 a 242 b 2381 b 51.8 <.1 Shannon (count, abundance) 8.88 a 8.21 b 8.2 b.7 <.1 Simpson (abundance).993 a.982 b.984 b.1 <.1 Baseline SARAwk2 SARAwk4 Diversity, richness Neubauer et al Journal of Dairy Science 11(3) DOI: /jds

11 Feeding affects bacterial community in hindgut realitve abundance 9,% 8,% 7,% 6,% 5,% 4,% 3,% 2,% 1,%,% Ruminococcaceae (62% rel.ab.) Baseline SARAwk2 SARAwk4 Feeding phase Neubauer et al Journal of Dairy Science 11(3) DOI: /jds Acetobacteraceae 25,% Campylobacteraceae Fusobacteriaceae 2,% Peptococcaceae Coriobacteriaceae Christensenellaceae 15,% Succinivibrionaceae Anaeroplasmataceae Alcaligenaceae 1,% Victivallaceae Prevotellaceae 5,% Porphyromonadaceae RF16 Rikenellaceae,% Baseline SARAwk2 SARAwk4 Bacteroidaceae Feeding phase Lachnospiraceae P <.5 21 SARA depletes rumen epithelia protective factors

12 SARA depletes rumen epithelia protective factors Ruminal ph < 6. (min/d) during 2 SARA ph < 6. (min/d) SARA threshold 7 SARA 1 SARA 2 ruminal ph 6 % Concentrate DM Baseline Day of exp Co oncentrates in the diet (DM%) Neubauer et al Journal of Dairy Science 11(3) DOI: /jds

13 SARA and rumen metabolomic changes Main pro-inflammatory agents in the rumen Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Endotoxin) LPS 2 EU/mL Baseline SARA 1 SARA 2 Histamine 15 1 Humer et al 218 J Dairy Sci 5 Baseline SARA 1 SARA

14 Proposed mechanism for SARA induced inflammation AY and PHY affect ruminal Histamine Histamine (mg/kg) a b CON PHY YEAST b Baseline SARA 1 SARA

15 Systemic effects Meena Arif Memon et al. 219 Microbial Pathogenesis 128, Udder health MAA (µg/ml) After LPS/PLA Infusion (Hours) Prolonged udder inflammation due to SARA a b c a a b

16 Supplementing a clay-based mineral product improves health CM = Diet intervention 31 Fix the cause or treat the symptoms? Dietary target Diet target Diet/Drug target Drug target Diet/Drug target Zebeli & Metzler-Zebeli 212. Res. Vet. Sci. doi:1.116/j.rvsc