Recent Trend and Future Problem in Safety Assessment of Toxic Elements

Transcription

1 December Recent Trend and Future Problem in Safety Assessment of Toxic Elements Tamio M6>I6C> School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka: Yada 521, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan Key words: toxic element; safety assessment; PTWI; cadmium; inorganic mercury; methylmercury; lead; inorganic arsenic; aluminium; speciation Cd Hg X 1) Hg 2)5) ICP-AES ICP-MS 6) FAO/WHO (JECFA) 2. (PTWI) (ADI) (TDI) 1 JECFA PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) 1 1 JECFA PTWI Hg 1. JECFA PTWI Cd Pb Hg Hg As Al 25 g/kg / g/kg / PTWI g/kg / g/kg / 2010 Hg 5 g/kg / 1.6 g/kg / g/kg / g/kg / 1 mg/kg / mg/kg /

2 326 Hg Hg As As As JECFA PTWI Pb, As, Al 3. Cd Cd (MT) MT Cd Cd b 2 - Cd Cd 7) JECFA 1989 Cd PTWI 7 g/kg / 2003 Cd 73 JECFA Cd (PTMI) 25 g/kg / 8) (EFSA: European Food Safety Authority) the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) Cd (Scientific Opinion) 2.5 g/kg / (TWI) 9) JECFA PTWI TWI 7 g/kg / Cd 2 Cd (IARC; International Agency for Research on Cancer) Cd Group 1 Cd 1.0 ppm 0.4 ppm 1.0 ppm 0.4 ppm (CCFAC) 0.2 ppm 0.4 ppm 2006 Vol. 51, No ppm 2007 Cd 4 Cd Cd EU Cd, Pb, Hg 6 RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) (European Chemicals Agency) 4. Hg, Hg Hg Hg JECFA Hg PTWI 5 g/kg / Hg 4 g/kg / Hg PTWI g/kg / 1.6 g/kg / Hg 2000 National Research Council (NRC) Hg 0.1 g/kg / 0.7 g/kg / Hg 6 Hg 10) Hg EFSA 2004 CONTAM JECFA PTWI PTWI NRC 11) ) (1) (2)TWI Hg 2.0 g/kg / Hg

3 December TWI JECFA Q&A 13) Hg PTWI 72 JECFA Hg 5 g/kg / Hg Hg 14) Hg NRC FDA (Health Canada) (FSA) ) Hg 0.5 mg/kg mg/kg Hg Hg 0.4 ppm Hg 0.3 ppm Hg Pb JECFA 73 Pb PTWI 25 g/kg / 1993 IQ health protective PTWI 8) EFSA CONTAM Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food 16) JECFA PTWI 25 g/kg / Pb Pb Pb Pb IARC 2006 Pb Group 2A 2004 Pb Pb Pb Pb 2008 Pb Pb 5. Pb Pb Pb Pb IQ 6. As, As As JECFA As PTWI As 15 g/kg / ) EFSA CONTAM ) JECFA PTWI EFSA

4 328 (speciation) TWI As As IARC As As 1 As As 3 DNA As As 1970 As As(V) FSA As 18) 1) FSA 4.7 g 33 g PTWI 2) As 3) As 19) 7. Al Al Vol. 51, No. 6 3 Al Al PTWI JECFA mg/kg / 7 mg/kg / 20) Al LOEL 5075 mg/kg / 50 mg/kg / Al Al Al PTWI mg g EFSA Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC) Al 21) TWI JECFA PTWI 1 mg/kg / Al IARC Al 1 Al 22) Al Al Al 10 g/l Al 2. As As As, mg/kg As 22)

5 December ICP (speciation) Hg Hg Hg As As (FSANZ) As As 2 mg/kg 1 mg/kg As 2 As As As 23) As Hg Al 4. Al Al Al As 5. Cd Pb Hg 6. JECFA Al PTWI Al 7. PTWI Al PTWI TDI PTWI 1) X 1, 4761 (1960). 2) Inoue, T., Kawamura, T., Kamijo, M. Colorimetric method of microdetermining boron by curcumin. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 2, 6771 (1961). 3) Uchiyama, H., Amano, K. Examination of boric acid illegally added to fish jelly products. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 2, 8285 (1961). 4) Inoue, T., Kawamura, T., Kamijo, M. Simplified method for the determination of boron in foods. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 3, (1962). 5) Tomiyasu, Y., Enomoto, N. On boric acid added in foods. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 4, (1963). 6) Nagaoka, M. H., Matsuda, R., Maitani, T. Development and evaluation of determination methods for boric acid in agar using ICP-AES and ICP-MS. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan, 49, (2008). 7) QA ( html). 8) Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Seventy-third Meeting Summary and Conclusion (2010). ( 20Summary20Report20 Final.pdf). 9) EFSA. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Scientific opinion, cadmium in food. EFSA J., 980, (2009). ( 10) Committee on the Toxicological E#ects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council. Toxicological E#ects of Methylmercury, The National Academies Press (2000). (ISBN ). 11) EFSA. The Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J., 34, 114 (2004).

6 330 Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 12) (2005). ( mercury.pdf). 13) QA (2005). ( html). 14) Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Seventy-second meeting Summary and Conclusions (2010). ( Summary%20Version%2016%20%20Mar%20FINAL%20 rev%20(2).pdf) 15) (2005). (http: / / www. mhlw. go. jp / topics / bukyoku / iyaku / syoku-anzen/suigin/dl/index-a.pdf). 16) EFSA. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific opinion on lead in food. EFSA J., 8, 1570 (147pp.) (2010). ( 17) EFSA. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA J., 7: 1351 (199pp.) (2009). ( 18) QA (2004). ( html). 19) Nishimura, T., Hamano-Nagaoka, M., Sakakibara, N., Abe, T., Maekawa, Y., Maitani, T. Determination method for total arsenic and partial-digestion method with nitric acid for inorganic arsenic speciation in several varieties of rice. Food Hygiene and Safety Science, 51, (2010). 20) WHO. Aluminium, WHO Technical Report Series 940 Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, p (2007). 21) EFSA. The Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials. Safety of aluminium from dietary intake. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC). EFSA J., 754, 134 (2008). ( afcej754aluminiumopen,0.pdf). 22) IPCS INCHEM. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Summaries & Evaluations Aluminium Production, Supplement 7, p. 89 (1987). (http: / / www. inchem. org / documents / iarc / suppl 7 / aluminiumproduction.html). 23) (2010). (http: / / www. mhlw. go. jp / topics / bukyoku / iyaku / syoku-anzen/jigyousya/taichu/index.html).