UTICAJ Ni NA KONCENTRACIJU I RASPODELU NEOPHODNIH ELEMENATA U BILJKAMA GRAŠKA
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1 Letopis nau nih radova Godina 29 (2005), broj 1, strana UDK: : Originalni nau ni rad Original scientific paper UTICAJ Ni NA KONCENTRACIJU I RASPODELU NEOPHODNIH ELEMENATA U BILJKAMA GRAŠKA Petrovi, N 1., Maksimovi Ivana 1, Kevrešan, Ž. 2 REZIME Putem mikro ogleda ispitan je uticaj 5 doza Ni: 0 (kontrola), 20, 40, 80 i 120 g Ni/ha na hemijski sastav biljaka graška, sorte Moravac. Nikal je pre setve inkorporiran u zemljište. Biljke su gajene do faze tehnološke zrelosti. Utvr en je posebno hemijski sastav korena, stabla, listova, mahuna i zrna. Uo eno je da su primenjene doze Ni zna ajno uticale na nakupljanje i distribuciju ispitivanih neophodnih elemenata. Smanjenje i/ili pove anje udela ili transporta mineralnih elemenata iz korena u nadzemne delove je bilo specifi no, i zna ajno je zavisilo od koncentracije pristupa nog Ni u zemljištu i konkretnog neophodnog elementa. Klju ne re i: grašak, organ biljke, doze nikla, koncentracija, distribucija, neophodni elementi UVOD Neophodnost Ni za bakterije, biljke, životinje i oveka uo eno je od strane brojnih autora (Eskew et al., 1983; Klucas et al., 1983; Solomons, 1984; Brown et al., 1987). Zna aj Ni kod viših biljaka naro ito se isti e pri njihovom gajenju u prisustvu uree (Gerendas et al., 1999), i/ili kod leguminoznih vrsta (Walker et al., 1985). Biljke kod kojih je azot primenjen u obliku uree, na primer, kod soje, duvana i paradajza zahtevaju prisustvo Ni u hranljivom supstratu, pošto je Ni neophodna komponenta enzima ureaze (Polacco et al., 1977a; Polacco, 1977b; Shimada i Ando, 1980). U slu aju nedostatka Ni u hranljivom supstratu pove ava se koncentracija uree do nivoa koji esto remeti biljni metabolizam, a ne retko dolazi do nakupljanja uree u tkivima, u toksi nim koncentracijama (Eskew et al., 1983; Eskew et al., 1984). Na neophodnost Ni, posebno kod leguminoza ukazuje injenica da se azot kod ovih biljaka u najve oj meri transportuje u obliku ureida (alantion i alantionska kiselina 1 Dr Novica Petrovi, red. prof., dr Ivana Maksimovi, van. prof., Poljoprivredni fakultet i Nau ni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad 2 Mr Žarko Kevrešan, asist., Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad 31
2 (Walker et al., 1985). Istovremeno treba imati u vidu i uticaj Ni na obrazovanje kvržica i aktivnost enzima nitrogenaze (Cammack, 1995). Brojna ispitivanja, tako e, ukazuju da Ni može da ima vidnu ulogu u sintezi fitoaleksina, ime uti e na otpornost biljaka prema bolestima (Graham i Webb, 1991). U uslovima nedostatka Ni kod nekih vrsta smanjuje se aktivnost malat-dehidrogenaze, seme brže sazreva i biljke prinudno stare (Brown et al., 1987; 1990). Niže koncentracije Ni kod nekih biljaka, na primer, kod žita, podsti u proces klijanja semena (Dalton et al., 1985; Brown et al., 1990; Krogmeier et al., 1991). Raspon kocentracija Ni nedostatka i suviška je kod ve ine vrsta relativno širok, za razliku od drugih mikroelemenata, na primer Cu (Thiel i Finck, 1973; Hodenberg i Finck, 1975). Kod životinja i oveka nedostatak Ni uti e na strukturu i funkciju membrana (Welch, 1981), menja metabolizam Fe (Nielson, 1984), te aktivnost enzima ciklusa Krebsa (Stangl i Kirchegssnesr, 1996). Suvišak Ni je sli no drugim teškim metalima, toksi an za biljke (Bingham et al., 1986), životinje i oveka (Hammondi Foulkes, 1986; Nieboer i Nriagu, 1992). Kod biljaka Ni u suvišku remeti procese fotosinteze i disanja (Yang et al., 1996), mineralnu ishranu (Barceló i Poscenreider, 1990), zatim funkciju membrana (Pandolfini et al., 1992), usporava usvajanje vode (Pandolfini et al., 1992), sintezu hlorofila (Braune i Dietz, 1995), a time i rastenje i razvi e biljaka (Bingham et al., 1986). Imaju i navedeno u vidu smatralo se da je od interesa da se ispita uticaj nižih koncentracija Ni na nakupljanje i raspodelu neophodnih elemenata kod graška, sorte Moravac. MATERIJAL I METOD RADA Ispitivanja su obavljena na oglednom polju Nau nog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na Rimskim Šan evima, u toku i godine. Ogledi su postavljeni u 4 ponavljanja, sa veli inom osnovne parcele 25 m 2. Ispitano je 5 doza nikla 0, 20, 40, 80 i 120 g Ni/ha. Nikal je dodat u obliku NiSO 4 x 6H 2 O putem inkorporacije u zemljište pre setve graška, sorte Moravac. Tokom rastenja i razvi a biljaka primenjivane su uobi ajene agrotehni ke mere koje se koriste za ovu vrstu biljaka. U fazi tehnološke zrelosti sa svake parcele uzeto je po 20 biljaka za analizu. Biljke su nakon toga deljene na: koren, stablo, listove, mahune i zrno. Koren je pran prvo vodovodnom vodom, a zatim ispran destilovanom vodom. Uzorci su osušeni u sušnici, na temperaturi od 70 0 C, do konstantne mase, a potom je odre enja masa suve materije. Ukupan azot odre en je metodom Kleldahl-a, sadržaj nitrata spektrofotometrijski koriš enjem fenol-disulfonske kiseline. Koncentracija fosfora odre ena je amoniummolibdat-vanadat metodom, a udeo kalijuma plamenfotometrijski. Koncentracija kalcijuma, magnezijuma, gvož a, mangana, cinka, bakra i nikla utvr ena je standardnom atomskom apsorcionom spektrofotometrijom. Dobijeni rezultati statisti ki su obra eni analizom varijanse, i izra unavanjem najmanje zna ajnih razlika izme u aritmeti kih sredina (LSD) za verovatno u od 5%. 32
3 REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA Nikal prisutan u hranljivom supstratu u pristupa nom obliku za biljke, može da inhibira ili podsti e usvajanje i nakupljanje neophodnih mineralnih elementa (Sela et al., 1988). Uticaj se naj eš e zasniva na antagonizmu ili sinergizmu izme u jona Ni i jona drugih elemenata. Smanjenje i/ili pove anje intenziteta usvajanja i transporta neophodnih mineralnih elemenata, iz korena u nadzemne delove, zavisi od brojnih spoljašnjih i unutrašnjih inilaca. Od egzogenih faktora posebno se isti e obezbe enost hranljivog supstrata neophodnim mineralnim elementima, temperatura i vlažnost zemljišta, a od endogenih biljnih vrsta, genotip i dr. (Yang et al., 1996). Ispitivane doze Ni kod biljaka graška, sorte Moravac su zna ajno uticale na koncentraciju i distribuciju NO 3 iako nisu zna ajno uticale na kocentraciju i raspodelu ukupnog N (Sl. 1). Prou avane doze Ni razli ito su uticale na koncentraciju NO 3 u ispitivanim organima. Tako na primer, pri dozi Ni od 40, ili 80 g/ha uo eno je intenzivnije nakupljanje NO 3 u korenu, pri nivou od 20, ili 40 g/ha u listovima, dok je pri najve oj ispitivanoj dozi Ni (120 g Ni/ha) utvr eno zna ajno smanjenje sadržaja NO 3 u reproduktivnim organima. Istovremeno je uo eno da su doze Ni specifi no uticale na distribuciju NO 3 u ispitivanim organima, a time i na njegov metabolizam. Ve i broj autora je ukazao na ulogu Ni u metabolizmu N kod biljaka (Brown et al., 1990; Krogmeier et al., 1991). Kod biljaka paradajza je utvr eno da akumulacija i distribucija N zna ajno zavisi od obezbe enosti biljaka Ni. Sa pove anjem koncentracije Ni u hranljivom supstratu pove ao se udeo N u korenu i stablu, a smanjio u listovima (Palacios et al., 1998). Sli ni rezultati su dobijeni kod crvene deteline (Abdel-Sabour, 1991), dok je kod je ma uo eno zna ajno smanjenje sadržaja NO 3 u prisustvu Ni (Brown et al., 1990). Primenjene niže doze Ni, 20 ili 40 g Ni/ha, podstakle su nakupljanje P u korenu, a najve a doza (120 g Ni/ha ) je smanjila koncentraciju P u listu i mahuni (Sl. 1). Efekat Ni na nakupljanje i raspodelu P ne zavisi samo od koncentracija Ni u hranljivom supstratu, ve i od gajene biljne vrste. Tako na primer, Ni kod paradajza umanjuje, a kod engleskog ljulja podsti e usvajanje i transport P iz korena u nadzemne delove, dok kod kupusa, kukuruza i bele deteline primenjene koncentracije Ni nisu zna ajno uticale na sadržaj P (Yang et al., 1996; Palacios et al., 1998). Ispitivane doze Ni nisu zna ajno uticale na koncentraciju K u korenu, stablu i listovima, dok se udeo K u reproduktivnim organima biljaka graška zna ajno smanjio posebno pod uticajem najve e ispitivane koncentracije Ni (Sl. 1). Doze Ni zna ajno su uticale na distribuciju K. Naime, pri koncentraciji Ni od 40 ili 80 g/ha uo eno je intenzivnije nakupljanje K u listovima, a smanjen sadržaj u reproduktivnim organima. Yang et al. (1996) isti u povoljan uticaj nižih koncentracija Ni na absorpciju K u korenu kupusa, engleskog ljulja, bele deteline, kukuruza, pšenice (Pandolfini et al., 1996). Palacios et al. (1998) isti u da je Ni kod paradajza pove ao absorpciju i udeo K u korenu, a smanjio u stablu i granama. Sli ne vrednosti su dobijene kod genotipa pšenice tolerantnog prema suši (Pandolfini et al., 1996). Ve i broj autora ukazuje da Ni na koncentraciju K u korenu biljaka prvenstveno uti e preko promene permeabilnosti plazma membrane (De Vos et al., 1989). Ve i broj autora, kod razli itih biljnih vrsta, je uo io da Ni, može zna ajno da uti e na dinamiku sadržaja i metabolizam neophodnih elemenata, posebno Ca (Gyôri et al., 33
4 Sl. 1. Uticaj Ni na koncentraciju i distribuciju N, NO 3, P, K, Ca i Mg u razli itim tkivima graška ( koren, stablo, list, mahuna, zrno), izraženo u % u suvoj materiji. Vertikalne linije predstavljaju LSD za α=0.05. Fig. 1. Effect of Ni on concentration and distribution of N, NO 3, P, K, Ca and Mg in different pea tissues ( root, stem, leaf, pod, seed), expressed in % in dry matter. Bars represent LSD for α=
5 1996). Tako Palacios et al. (1998) su utvrdili da Ni kod paradajza zna ajno smanjuje nakupljanje Ca u nadzemnom delu, a posebno u korenu. Dobijeni rezultati u ovim ispitivanjima ukazuju da niže koncentracije Ni u hranljivom supstratu nisu zna ajno uticale na koncentraciju i distribuciju Ca kod graška (Sl. 1). S tim u vezi ve i broj autora ukazuju da dobijeni rezultati esto mogu da budu protivre ni i da dobijene vrednosti osim od doze Ni i biljne vrste, zavise od brojnih drugih inilaca, na primer, genotipa, koncentracije Ni u hranljivom supstratu, vrste ispitivanog elementa (Yang et al., 1996). Ispitivane doze Ni zna ajno su uticale na nakupljanje i distribuciju Mg kod graška (Sl. 1). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da izme u ispitivanih doza Ni u hranljivom supstratu i koncentracije Mg u korenu postoji pozitivna, a u listu negativna korelacija. Koncentracija Mg u stablu, mahunama, a posebno u zrnu nije zna ajno zavisila od primenjenih koncentracija Ni. Me utim, Palacios et al. (1998) su utvrdili zna ajno smanjenje koncentracije Mg kako u korenu tako i u nadzemnim delovima paradajza tretiranog niklom, a Chamel i Heuman (1987) i Tang i Miller (1991) isti u da Ni može kompetativno da inhibira usvajanje Mg. U prisustvu viška Ni u hranljivom supstratu kod ovsa, je ma i paradajza uo eno je smanjenje koncentracije ukupnog Fe. Sli ni rezultati su utvr eni i kod kupusa (Yang et al., 1996). S tim u vezi ve i broj autora ukazuje da Ni u suvišku kod brojnih vrsta može da izazove nedostatak Fe (Bingham et al., 1986). Prepostavlja se da Ni u suvišku indukuje hlorozu prvenstveno inhibicijom translokacije Fe iz korena u nadzemne delove (Aller et al., 1990). Palacios et al. (1998) su utvrdili da kod paradajza sa pove anjem koncentracije Ni u hranljivom supstratu, udeo Fe zna ajno opada. Sli ne vrednosti su dobijene i kod kupusa (Yang et al., 1996). Niže doze Ni povoljno uti u na nakupljanje Fe u grašku (Sl. 2). Doze od 20 do 80 g Ni/ha izazvale su pove anje koncentracije ukupnog Fe u korenu, stablu, listovima i mahunama. Osim u zrnu, doza od 120 g Ni/ha nije zna ajnije uticala na koncentraciju Fe. Ispitivane doze Ni su me utim, uticale na distribuciju Fe. Na primer, pri primeni 20 do 80 g Ni/ha uo eno je zna ajno smanjenje koncentracije Fe u listovima. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaklju iti da je nakupljanje Fe u reproduktivnim organima bilo najmanje pri najve oj ispitivanoj dozi Ni. Nikal, posebno u suvišku, uti e na koncentraciju i distribuciju Mn iz korena u nadzemne delove brojnih vrsta biljaka (Palacios et al., 1998; Brune i Dietz, 1995; Yang et al., 1996). Stoga ve i broj autora smatra, da za odre ene uslove gajenja biljaka, koncentracija Mn u biljkama može da se koristi kao pouzdan pokazatelj suviška Ni u hranljivom supstratu (Reuter i Robinson, 1986; Jones et al., 1991). Gajenjem graška pri nižim dozama Ni u hranljivom supstratu uo en je njegov suprotan efekat na koncentraciju i distribuciju Mn (Sl. 2). Naime, u ovim ispitivanjima je potvr en povoljan efekat doze Ni od 20 do 80 g Ni/ha na udeo Mn u korenu, stablu i listu. Istovremeno ispitivanja ukazuje da su prou avane doze Ni u najve oj meri podstakle nakupljanje Mn u korenu, a da nisu zna ajno uticale na njegovu distribuciju iz korena u nadzemne delove biljaka, posebno u reproduktivne organe. U brojnih vrsta absorpcija, nakupljanje i distribucija Cu, a posebno Zn zna ajno zavisi od pristupa nih koncentracija Ni za biljke. Tako e, potrebno je da se usvajanje Ni u najve oj meri odvija istim putevima kao i usvajanje Zn i Cu (Mortvedt et al., 1991; Dang et al., 1990). Kompeticija pri usvajanju izme u pomenutih jona je uo ena kod 35
6 razli itih vrsta (Bagatto et al., 1993; Yang et al., 1996), a antagonizam pri usvajanju Zn i Ni, i/ili Cu i Ni je uo en u brojnim ispitivanjima, naro ito pri prou avanju ve ih koncentracija Ni. Sl. 2. Uticaj Ni na koncentraciju i distribuciju Fe, Mn, Zn i Cu u razli itim tkivima graška ( koren, stablo, list, mahuna, zrno), izraženo u mg kg -1 suve materije. Vertikalne linije predstavljaju LSD za α=0.05. Fig. 2. Effect of Ni on concentration and distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in different pea tissues ( root, stem, leaf, pod, seed), expressed in mg kg -1 of dry matter. Bars represent LSD for α=
7 Koncentracija i distribucija Zn kod graška tako e je zavisila od primenjenih doza Ni u hranljivom supstratu (Sl. 2). Prou avane doze Ni pove ale su koncentraciju Zn u korenu i stablu, dok nisu zna ajnije uticale na koncentraciju Zn u listu, mahunama ili zrnu. Ispitivane doze Ni, posebno 40 i 80 g/ha zna ajno su uticale na raspodelu Zn u ispitivanim organima, pove avši njegov sadržaj u stablu, smanjuju i ga u mahunama i zrnu. Ispitivane doze Ni, sli no njihovom uticaju na status Zn, uticale su i na nakupljanje, a posebno na distribuciju Cu (Sl. 2). Naime, primenjene doze Ni u korenu i stablu su pove ale, a u mahunama i zrnu smanjile koncentraciju Cu. Sli no koncentraciji, ispitivane doze Ni uticale su i na raspodelu Cu, smanjuju i transport Cu iz korena u nadzemne delove, posebno u reproduktivne organe. Kod pasulja Ni pri koncentraciji od 1,0 do 2,0 µg/l pove ao je udeo Fe, dok nije zna ajno uticao na akumulaciju Ca, Mg, Mn i Zn (Piccini i Malavolta, 1992). Me utim kod je ma ispitivane koncentracije Ni nisu zna ajno uticale na translokaciju Fe iz korena u nadzemne delove, dok su znatno umanjile premeštanje Cu, Zn, Mn i Co (Agarwala et al., 1977). Kona no treba imati u vidu da suvišak Fe, Cu, Co i/ili Zn u hranljivom supstratu u brojnih vrsta može da inhibira absorpciju i nakupljanje Ni, na primer kod soje (Cataldo et al., 1978). ZAKLJU AK Ispitivane doze Ni nisu zna ajno uticale na koncentraciju i distribuciju ukupnog N. Udeo i raspodela NO 3 zavisila je od koli ine Ni u hranljivom supstratu. Nakupljanje P u ispitivanim organima graška zna ajno je zavisilo od koli ine Ni u podlozi. Pri nižim dozama Ni udeo P pove ao se u korenu, a pri najve oj zna ajno smanjio u listu i mahuni. Ispitivane doze Ni nisu zna ajno uticale na koncentraciju K i Ca u korenu, stablu i listovima, dok su udeo K u reproduktivnim organima zna ajno smanjile, posebno najve a primenjena doza Ni. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da izme u primenjenih doza Ni i koncentracije Mg u korenu postoji pozitivna, a u listu negativna korelacija. Koncentracija Mg u stablu, mahunama i zrnu nije zna ajno zavisila od doze Ni. Niže doze Ni povoljno su uticale na nakupljanje i raspodelu Fe. Najmanje nakupljanje Fe u reproduktivnim organima utvr eno je pri najve em sadržaju Ni u supstratu. Nikal je u najve oj meri podstakao nakupljanje Mn u korenu, a nije zna ajno uticao na njegovu translokaciju iz korena u nadzemne delove biljaka. Primenjene doze Ni pove ale su koncentraciju Zn u korenu i stablu, dok nisu zna ajno uticale na njegov udeo u listu, mahunama i zrnu. U korenu i stablu Ni je pove ao, a u mahunama i zrnu smanjio koncentraciju Cu. Prisustvo Ni u hranljivom supstratu umanjilo je transport Cu iz korena u nadzemne delove, posebno u reproduktivne organe. 37
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9 23. Jones, Jr., J.B., Wolf, B., Mills, H. (1991): Plant Analysis Handbook. MicroMacro Publishing, Inc., Athens, GA. 24. Klucas, R.V., Hanus, F.J., Russell, S.A. and Evans, H.J. (1983): Nickel A micronutrient elements for hydrogen-dependent growth of Rhizobium japonicum and for expression of urease activity in soybean leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, Krogmeier, M.J., McCarry, G.W., Shogren, D.R. and Bremner, J.M. (1991): Effect of nickel deficiency in soybean on the phytotoxicity of foliar-applied urea. Plant and Soil. 135, Mortvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M., Welch, R.M. (1991): Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. Soil Science Society of America Book Series, Madison, WI. 27. Nieboer, E., Nriagu, J.O. (1992): Nickel and Human Healt: Current Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 28. Nielson, F.H., (1984): Ultratrace elements in nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 4, Palacios, G., Gómez, I. Carbonell-Barrachina, J. Navarro Pedreno, Mataix, J. (1998): Effect of Nickel Concentration on Tomato Plant Nutrition and Dry Matter Yield. Joutnal of Plant Nutrition, 21, (10), Pandolfini, T., Gabbrielli, R., Compavini, C. (1992): Nickel toxicity and peroxidase activity in seedlings in Triticum aestivum L. Plant Cell Environ. 15, Pandolfini, T., Gabbrielli, R.,Ciscato, M. (1996): Nickel toxicity in two durum wheat cultivars differing in drought sensitivity. J. Plant Nutr. 19, Piccini, D.F., Malavolta, E. (1992): Effect of nickel on two common bean cultivars. J. Plant Nutr., 15, Polacco, J.C. (1977a): Nitrogen metabols in soybean tissue culture: II Urea utilization and urease synthesis require Ni 2+. Plant Physiol. 59, Polacco, J.C. (1997b): Is nickel a universal component of plant urease? Plant Sci. Lett. 10, Reuter, D.J., Robison, J.B. (1986): Plant Analysis. An Interpretation Manual. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Australia. 36. Sela, M., Tel-Or, E., Fritz, E., Huterman, A. (1988): Localization and toxic effects of cadmium, copper, nickel and uranium in Azzolla. Plant Physiol. 88, Shimada, N., Ando, T. (1980): Role of Nickel in Plant Nutrition (2). Effect of nickel on the assimilation of urea by plants. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 51, Solomons, N.W. (1984): The other trace minerals: manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, silicon, and arsenic. Curr. Top. Nutr. Diss., 12, Stangl, G., Kirchgessner, M. (1996): Effect of nickel deficiency on various metabolic parametars of rats. J. Animal Physiol. Animal Nutr. 75, Tang, T., Miler, M.D. (1991): Growth and tissue composition of rice growth in soil treated with inorganic copper, nickel, and arsenic. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 22, Thiel, H., Finck, A. (1973): Ermittlung von Grenzwerten optimaler Kupferversorgung für Hafer Sommergerste. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 134, Walker, C.D., Graham, R.D., Madison, J.T., Cary, E.E., Welch, R.M. (1985): Effects of nickel deficiency on some nitrogen metabolites in cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Plant Physiol. 79, Welch, R. M. (1981): The biological significance of Ni. J. Plant Nutr. 3, Yang, X., Baligar, V.C., Martens, D.C., Clark, R.B. (1996): Plant tolerance to nickel toxicity: II Nickel effects on influx and transport of mineral nutrients in four plant species. J. Plant Nutr., 19, (2),
10 THE EFFECT OF Ni ON CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN PEA by Petrovi, N., Maksimovi Ivana, Kevrešan Ž. SUMMARY The effect of five Ni doses [0 (control), 20, 40, 80 and 120 g NiSO 4 ha -1 ] on the concentration and distribution of some essential macro- and microelements in pea, cultivar Moravac, was investigated under field conditions. Analyses were done at technological maturity, in roots, stems, leaves, pods and seeds. Concentration and distribution of N, NO 3, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in different plant parts depended on the applied Ni dose and of the particular element. In roots, lower Ni doses induced significant increase in the content of NO 3, P and especially of microelements Fe, Mn, Mn, Zn and Cu. In stems and leaves, content of NO 3, P, Fe, Mn, Mn, Zn and Cu depended strongly on the applied Ni dose. In pods and seeds NO 3 and Fe concentration increased with the increase in the applied Ni dose, Mg concentration declined, while concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mn and Zn did not change significantly upon treatments. Nickel had the smallest effect on total N, K and Ca concentrations in pea. Doses of 40 and/or 80 g NiSO 4 ha -1 had the most beneficial effect on pea chemical composition. Key words: pea, plant organ, nickel dose, concentration, distribution, essential elements. Primljeno: Prihva eno:
Ni and N sources (Urea and ammonium sulphate) affecting growth, yield and quality in maize plant (Zea mays)
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