Selected Topics in Plant Nutrition

Transcription

1 Corn Canola Soybean Selected Topics in Plant Nutrition Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University, Istanbul

2 Thanks

3 Topics Potassium and Magnesium for better stem and root growth (and stress tolerance): A new concept? Seed Nutrients for better seed vitality and better human nutrition

4 Potassium in Photosynthesis and Phloem Export H 2 O CO 2 KMg KMg O 2 Sugar KMg Phloem Transport Photosynthetic e-transport, formation of photoassimilates and phloem transport of assimilates are greatly affected by K and Mg nutrition

5 K and Mg in PHLOEM TRANSPORT K and Mg plays critical role in phloem transport of sugars Sugars KMg KMg KMg Sugars

6 Source (leaves) X Mg or K deficiency Sink (tubers, roots, seeds)

7 Relationship between sucrose and potassium concentrations in the expanded leaves of cotton plants Leaf Sucrose, mg g -1 Leaf K, mg g -1 Gerardeaux et al., 2009, Plant Soil

8 Accumulation of sugars is also well-known for K- and Mg-deficient leaves Cakmak et al., 1994b, J. Exp. Bot.

9 Effect of increasing Mg Supply on shoot and root growth of wheat Cakmak, 2013, Plant and Soil

10 Effect of K nutrition on shoot and root growth Control K Deficiency Cakmak et al., 1994 J. Exp Bot

11 Velocity of C-transport (m h -1 ) Velocity of 13 Carbon-transport from leaves in the trunk of field-grown eucalypt trees 1,0 Adequate K Low K 0,5 0,0 with irrigation without irrigation Epron et al., 2015, Tree Physiol,

12 Velocity of C-transport (m h -1 ) Velocity of 13 Carbon-transport from leaves in the trunk of field-grown eucalypt trees 1,0 Adequate K Low K Think about K or Mg to make carbon transport faster in plants 0,5 0,0 with irrigation without irrigation Epron et al., 2015, Tree Physiol,

13 Mg Deficiency in Coffee Coffea arabica cv. Murta Low Mg Adequate Mg Picture: Ceylan and Cakmak

14 Coffea arabica cv. Murta Low Mg Low Mg Adequate Mg Adequate Mg Picture: Ceylan and Cakmak

15 Coffea arabica cv. Murta Low Mg Adequate Mg Picture: Ceylan and Cakmak

16 Stem Growth

17 Changes in stem diameter of tomato plants with low and adequate K supply Stem Diameter Adequate K Low K Stem growth is highly sensitive to low K (more than photosynthesis under low K supply) Kanai et al., 2007 J Exp Bot. 2007

18 In Tomato Plants Adequate K Low K PHOTOSYNTHESIS STEM DIAMETER Kanai et al., 2007 J Exp Bot. 2007

19 In Tomato Plants Adequate K Low K Stem growth PHOTOSYNTHESIS is highly sensitive to low K STEM DIAMETER (more than photosynthesis ) Kanai et al., 2007 J Exp Bot. 2007

20 Dry mattrer allocation (%) Dry matter allocation to fruit, root, stem and leaf parts from 40 to 50 DAE depending on K treatments in cotton plants 100 FRUITS LEAF STEM 0 Low K Adequate K ROOT Gerardeaux et al 2010, Env. Exp. Bot

21 K Supply 0ppm K 5ppm K 10ppm K 20ppm K 40ppm K 80ppm K 160ppm K Growth of maize plants depending on increasing K supply Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

22 Total shoot dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply Total Shoot DW (g plant -1 ) 16 SHOOT DRY MATTER K supply (mg kg -1 soil) Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

23 Stem DW (g plant -1 ) Stem dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply K supply (mg kg -1 soil) Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

24 Grain/Fruit Filling and Yield Formation under Stress

25 from leaves stem reserves Grain filling in wheat and many other crops depends on two major sources of carbon: i) Current photosynthesis and translocation of current assimilates from leaves ii) Mobilization of stored Water Soluble Carbohytrates (WSC) from stems maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/wheat Blum et al., 1998; Cassani and Reynolds, 2012

26 WSC (water soluble carbohytrates) in stem If the current photosynthesis is impaired by stress, such as drought or heat, grain filling is more dependent on mobilization and translocation of stored WSC in stem Stem reserves maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/

27 Contribution of stem-water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to final grain yield Non-Stress Conditions Stress Conditions Drought/Heat % % Dreccer et al., 2009; Cakmak et al. 2017

28 Contribution of stem-water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to final grain yield Non-Stress Conditions Stress Conditions Drought/Heat % Remember K and Mg % Dreccer et al., 2009; Cakmak et al. 2017

29 WSC, mg Relationship between main stem dry weight and watersoluble carbohydrate content (WSC) in different wheat cultivars during grain-filling Stem Weight, mg Ehdai et al 2008, Field Crops Res.

30 Relationships between Stem-WSC concentration and grain weight or grain yield in different wheat lines. GRAIN WEIGHT GRAIN YIELD Gang-Ping Xue et al. Plant Physiol. 2008, 146:

31 Stem DW and Stem WSC (g main spike -1 ) Postanthesis changes in stem dry weight and stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in 11 wheat cultivars 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Days of anthesis Stem DW Stem WSC Ehdai et al., 2008 Field Crops Res.

32 Grain yield, Stem DW and Postanthesis changes in stem dry weight, stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and grain yield in 11 wheat cultivars Stem WSC (g main spike -1 ) 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Days of anthesis Grain yield Stem DW Stem WSC Ehdai et al., 2008 Field Crops Res.

33 Blossom without leaves? Blossom without leaves?

34 Carbohydrate Translocation from stem/trunk K, Mg Nutrition???

35 Good K (and Mg) nutrition under stress (such as drought and heat) is required for ii) phloem transport of assimilates from stems and /or leaves i) better photosynthesis during post-anthesis (for delivery to grain) iii) High pool for preanthesis reserves Carbohydrate storage capacity of stem and translocation of carbohydrates into grain significantly contribute to high yield stability under stress conditions: K Nutrition!!!! Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

36 Stem DW (g plant -1 ) Stem dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply K supply (mg kg -1 soil) Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

37 Carbohydrate (mg plant -1 ) Total amount of stem soluble sugars in 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply K supply (mg kg -1 soil) Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

38 Conclusion Novel Fertilizers Targeted Fertilization Program focusing on stem nutrition

39 Seed Nutrients

40 Yield starts with better seed nutrient density transitionleytonstone.org.uk

41 INTRODUCTION Seed reserves of nutrients represent a key factor affecting positively seed germination, seedling emergence and uniformity of the emergence in the field and final yield of plants. Well-known positive impact of larger seeds on seedling vigor and field establishment is often attributed to higher amount of seed nutrient density. Today, little attention is, however, paid to the importance of seed nutrient reserves in practical agriculture

42 Published reports indicate that plants need most of their total P requirements (up to 75 %) during their early growth stage. Very early season P supply is more critical in achievement better yields than the supply of P at later growth stages (Grant et al 2001, Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: ). These findings highlight importance of seed P- reserves

43 Effect of seed coating with increasing amount of P (from 0 to 77.5 mg P per gram seed) on shoot dry matter of pearl millet grown in a P-deficient and P-sufficient soil Seed P-Treatment Low P Soil High P Soil (mg P g -1 seed) (g plant -1 ) Karanam and Vadez, 2010, Exp. Agric. 46:

44 Shoot Dry Weight, g plant -1 Shoot dry weight of wheat plants derived from seeds which were soaked in a solution containing increasing amount of P P concentration of soaking solution (g L -1 ) Ideal P-Solution: 50 g K-phosphate per liter (0.35 M K- Phosphate solution) Sekiya and Yano, 2010, Plant Soil, 327:

45 Enrichment of legume seeds with phosphorus and molybdenum and yield Legume plants depending on biological N 2 fixation for their N supply require more P and Mo than plants receiving fertilizer N, since the reduction of atmospheric N 2 by the nitrogenase system is a very energyconsuming process, and more Mo and P are needed for symbiotic N fixation than for general plant metabolism (Israel, 1987, Plant Physiol, 84: ; Nodules act as strong sinks of Mo and P

46 Grain yield of three common bean cultivars originating from seeds with different concentrations of P and Mo. (Plants grown under field conditions in Brazil) Seed enrichment by 2x sprays of 5 kg P ha 1 and 120 g Mo ha 1 Pacheco et al. 2012, Field Crops Rs. 136:

47 N Deficiency in Legume Seedlings and Seed N Reserves Young legume plants also often suffer from obvious or hidden N deficiency when grown in acidic soils or in soils with low inorganic N and organic matter. It is very common that legumes are rarely or at very low rates fertilized with N because N2-fixation process provides sufficient N for high yields. However, N2-fixation system is fully established 4 5 weeks after germination. During this period seed N reserves might be of great importance.

48 Relationship between seed N content and seedling dry weight of 16 soybean lines after 27 days of growth without an external N supply Seed N and Seedling Growth Naegle et al 2005, Plant and Soil, 271:

49 Dry weight of isogenic soybean seedlings differing in seed N concentrations Low N: 5.5 %; Medium N: 6.3 %; High N: 7.4 % When N supply is adequate When N supply is inadequate Naegle et al 2005, Plant and Soil, 271:

50 Seed Boron

51 Distribution of B within the shoot of canola with increasing B application to the soil. Leaves Seeds Marschner, 2012 Boron

52 Grain yield (kg/ha) Effect of seed-b and soil-b status on soybean grain yield under field conditions 3000 Seed-B: 7 ppm Seed-B: 23 ppm Low B Soil Adequate B Soil Rerkasem et al., 1997, Nutr. Cyc. Agroecosystems, 48:

53 Soybean seeds with B concentrations 10 mg B kg -1 have deformed cotyledons. Seed with 7 mg B kg -1 performed poorly, with 80% failing to germinate and did not respond to soil B supply. Soybean seeds with a low concentration of B have permanently damaged seed embryos, preventing their germination or producing defective seedlings. The critical concentration of B in soybean seed for permanent damage was between 7 and 10 mg B kg- 1, and for normal seedling development in low B soils was between 14 and 20.

54 Seed Zinc

55 Staining and Localization of Zinc in Wheat Grain -Dithizone Test EMBRYO ALEURONE ENDOSPERM (White flour) ALEURONE Cakmak et al., 2010; Cereal Chemistry, 77: 10-20

56 Zinc in Germinating Wheat Seed (Red color) Coleoptile Root Staining Zn Parts emerging from seeds need very high Zn Zn Concentrations: mg Zn kg 1 Ozturk et al., 2006, Physiol. Plant. 128:

57 Newly developed radicles (roots) and coleoptile during seed germination contain up to 200 ppm Zn (Ozturk et al. 2006, Physiol. Plant.) which indicates particular roles of Zn during early seed germination and seedling development. High seed Zn in seeds acts as a starter Zn fertilizer

58 Role of Seed Zn on Growth of Wheat Plants in a Growth Medium with low Zn supply Seed-Zn: 9 ppm Seed-Zn: 20 ppm Candan and Cakmak, unpublished

59 Shoot dry matter production of 3 canola cultivars with low and high seed Zn Shoot dry matter (mg plant - 1 ) Low seed Zn High seed-zn ppm ppm Zhongyou Narendra CSIRO-I Canola Cultivars Singh and Graham,1997, Plant and Soil, 192:

60 Influence of Seed Zn Content on Growth of Bread Wheat in a Zinc-Deficient Soil in Central Anatolia 11 mg Zn kg seed mg Zn kg seed mg Zn kg seed -1 Source: Ekiz et al., 1998, J. Plant Nutr.

61 PLANT STAND RESULTS Common Bean from Brazil Standard Seeds Zn-Enriched seeds Rashid et al., 2017

62 Role of High Seed-Zn on Wheat Seedling Development in Pakistan Seed Zn: 43 ppm Seed Zn: 26 ppm Picture: A. Rashid et al. 2017

63 Seed-Nickel

64 Effect of Ni Concentrations in Barley Grain on Grain Viability/Germination Barley seeds containing negligible Ni failed to germinate adequately Welch, 1999, In: Mineral Nutrition of Crops. Fundemental Mechanisms and Implictions, Food Products Press)

65 Role of seed Ni on growth of soybean plants with and without external Ni applications Kutman et al., 2014, Plant and Soil,

66 Effect of soil and foliar Mg treatments on seed vitality and vigour

67 Low Mg Adequate Mg Ceylan et al., 2016, Plant and Soil

68 Wheat Grains from plants with low and adequate MgSO4 treatment Low Mg Adequate Mg Ceylan et al. 2016, Plant Soil

69 Wheat Grains under Different MgSO 4 Treatments Seeds from low Mg plants Seeds from Mg-Adequate plants Seeds from low Mg plants; but treated foliarly with MgSO 4 Ceylan et al. 2016, Plant Soil

70 Seeds with Low Mg Seeds with Low Mg+Foliar MgSO4 Seeds with Adequate Mg Ceylan et al., 2016, Plant Soil

71 Grain Mg Concentration and Human Health

72 Mg deficiency: A growing nutritional problem in human populations About two thirds of the world s population do not consume the daily recommended amounts of magnesium (Rosanoff, 2013). There is also a significant decline in Mg concentrations of cereal grains, mainly due to dilution as a result of particular increases in grain yield in the past years. Too much Ca intake is also involved in alterations in Mg balance of body, leading to impairment in Mg nutrition (Cakmak, 2015; Rosanof et al. 2016; Crop and Pasture Science). Low Mg in body might be responsible for sudden cardiac death, muscle dysfunction, immunodeficiency, stroke etc (Rude and Gruber 2004; Nielsen, 2015).

73 RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance Rosanoff, 2013;

74 Grain concentration and content (total uptake) of bread wheat plants grown with i) low (50 μm), ii)low + foliar-mg (50 μm + 4% MgSO 4 7H2O) or iii) adequate (500 μm) Mg under greenhouse conditions MgSO 4 Supply Grain Mg Concentration Grain Mg Content mg kg -1 mg plant -1 Low 607 a 11.3 a Low + Foliar Mg 790 b 22.3 a Adequate 1426 c 50.7c Ceylan et al., 2016, Plant Soil

75 Plant Mineral Nutrition to Fight Against Hidden Hunger Picture: M. Grace

76 Media Centre: January, million children under the age of 5 died in About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition Hidden Hunger is the major form of malnutrition

77 Iodine (I) deficiency Iodine (I) deficiency represents a particular micronutrient deficiency in human populations occurring both in welldeveloped and developing countries. It is a serious health threat and affecting around 2 billion people (WHO, 2007). Very low concentration of iodine in agricultural soils and cereal-based foods is widely believed as the major reason for iodine deficiency in humans, especially in developing world. Europe has been shown as the region with the highest percentage of iodine deficiency incidence in human populations (Zimmermann and Andersson, 2011).

78 Iodine Deficiency in School Children Based on urinary iodine data collected from the school children it has been estimated that about 1/3 of school children has insufficient iodine intake in the world (De Benosit et al, 2007; Anderson et al., 2012).

79 Inadequate iodine intake is still a growing health concern today. This is due to a number of factors, including constraints in availability of iodized salts for all households, instability of iodine during storage or cooking, lack of monitoring of iodine content in iodized salts, food manufacturers not using iodized salt in processed foods or the increasing attention to minimize the daily sodium intake. About 50 % of the human population living in rural areas of several developing countries do not use iodized salt (Zia et al., 2015).

80 Iodine deficiency is associated with various health complications including endemic goiter, intellectual and mental impairments, growth retardation, and increased infant mortality (Zimmerman, 2009; Lazarus, 2015). People with low iodine intake can become dull, listless and easily get tired Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Goitre

81 Field experiments conducted to study effect of iodine fertilization on grain iodine Effectiveness of soil- and foliar-applied iodine fertilizers on grain iodine concentrations of wheat, rice and maize grown under field conditions in Turkey, India, Thailand, Brazil and Pakistan was studied. In a short-term experiment, translocation of iodine from older into younger leaves was also studied. Additionally, the distribution of iodine within cereal grains and stability of iodine in foods were investigated

82 Grain iodine (µg kg -1 ) Changes in iodine concentration of brown rice depending on foliar KIO 3 treatment of plants grown in Brazil Brazil Collaboration with Federal University of University KIO 3 spray rate (%) Cakmak et al, 2017, Plant and Soil

83 Iodine concentration in brown and polished rice with and without foliar iodine spray in rice in Turkey Brown rice Polished rice Iodine (mg kg -1 ) Control Foliar iodine treatment Cakmak et al, 2017, Plant Soil

84 Response of wheat, maize and rice to foliar spray of iodine Wheat Maize Rice

85 Response of wheat and rice to cocktail spray of iodine, zinc, iron and selenium Foliar Plant Treatment (mg kg -1 ) (mg kg -1 ) Zn Fe Iodine Se (µg kg -1 ) (µg kg -1 ) Wheat Control Wheat Cocktail Rice Control Rice Cocktail Cakmak et al., 2017, in review

86 Iodine Biofortification of Rice Iodine bifortified rice Iodine Concentration No I-Treatment 10 ug/kg Iodine Concentration 106 ug/kg

87 Brasil: one of the largest grain exporting countries globally Grain Quality?

88 "Focus on better food, not only more food " Obrigado.