Effect of Source and Level of Vitamin D on Immune Function in Growing Broilers 1
|
|
- Clement Rodgers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2004 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effect of Source and Level of Vitamin D on Immune Function in Growing Broilers 1 C. A. Fritts, G. F. Erf, T. K. Bersi, and P. W. Waldroup 2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Veterinarians, Production Managers, Researchers SUMMARY Cholecalciferol and especially 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in various mammals. A study was conducted to evaluate source and level of vitamin D on various aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in broiler chicks. Nutritionally adequate starter (0 to 21 d) and grower (21 to 42 d) diets were fortified with either cholecalciferol (VIT-D3) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) to provide 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 IU/kg, based on the conversion of µg to 1 IU. Male birds of a commercial broiler strain were grown in litter floor pens in a house of commercial design with curtain sidewalls. Four pens of 60 birds were assigned to each dietary treatment. Various measures of innate and acquired immunity were conducted. No significant differences were observed related to source or level of vitamin D on macrophage function at 21 d and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity at 35 d. Significant differences in concentration and proportion among white blood cells were observed but followed no consistent pattern. Feeding levels of 2,000 or 4,000 IU of vitamin D, as commonly fed in the poultry industry, did not positively or negatively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. Key words: immune function, cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, broiler 2004 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 13: INTRODUCTION Previous work has demonstrated that, besides its effects on calcium and bone metabolism, cholecalciferol and especially 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D, possesses pronounced immunomodulatory effects in various mammals [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Research comparing vitamin D 3 and 1,25-(OH) 2 -D 3 in humans and mice has shown that the use of 1,25-(OH) 2 -D 3 may help treat cancer, skin and immune disorders, and help prevent graft rejection [13]. The 1,25- (OH) 2 -D 3 metabolite is also instrumental in inhibiting interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)- γ synthesis in humans and mice, thus suppressing cell-mediated immunoactivity [14]. Diets with adequate 1,25-(OH) 2 -D 3 supplementation were shown to prevent the progression of arthritis in mice compared with untreated controls [15]. Several studies have reported that the immune system of the chick, specifically monocyte and macrophage function, is negatively altered 1 Published with approval of the Director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Arkansas and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: waldroup@uark.edu.
2 264 when diets are deficient in vitamin D [16, 17, 18]. Huff et al. [19] reported that supplementing turkey diets with vitamin D 3 improved body weight and increased disease resistance, when turkeys were repeatedly injected with dexamethasone and challenged with Escherichia coli. Moreover, additional dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation completely prevented the dexamethasone-induced rise in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. However, no changes were observed in control nonchallenged birds by vitamin D 3 supplementation. Vitamin D has long been provided to poultry by supplementation of the diet with crystalline forms of cholecalciferol (VIT-D3). This metabolite must undergo additional changes in the liver to become 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH- D3) and in the kidney to become 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, considered as the active metabolite [20]. In 1995, 25-OH-D3 was given generally recognized as safe status for use as a vitamin D source in poultry diets [21]. With comparable levels of vitamin D 3, this isomer has been shown to improve body weight gain, feed efficiency, bone ash, and breast meat yield and to reduce the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia and rickets in broilers [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. However, little research has been conducted comparing the effects of these 2 sources of vitamin D on development and function of the immune system in broilers. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of cholecalciferol and 25-OH-D3 at levels ranging from slightly deficient to those commonly used in commercial broiler diets on aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. The effect of these dietary treatments on live performance and bone characteristics has been previously reported [28]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Diets and Birds The University of Arkansas Animal Care Committee approved all procedures used during the study. Corn-soybean meal based-diets were formulated for starter (0 to 21 d) and grower (21 to 42 d) periods, containing the minimum crude protein content suggested by NRC (1994) with a minimum of 110% of the suggested amino acid levels. Calcium and nonphytate phosphorus JAPR: Research Report were provided at NRC [29] suggested levels. All diets were fortified with a vitamin premix that provided adequate amounts of all vitamins except for vitamin D. A complete trace mineral mix provided all minerals in sulfate form. Composition of starter and grower diets is shown in Table 1. Using aliquots of a common mix of starter or grower diets, 12 experimental diets were prepared using a 2 6 factorial arrangement of treatments. A commercially available [30] VIT- D3 product was used to provide 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 IU/kg vitamin D. A commercial source [31] of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) was used to provide 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 µg/kg, calculated to be equal to the levels provided by the VIT-D3, based on the conversion of µg to 1 ICU [29]. Respective sources of vitamin D activity were blended with a portion of the basal diet prior to adding to the mixer to enhance distribution in the diet. All diets were pelleted with steam; starter diets were crumbled. Each of the 12 experimental treatments was assigned to 4 replicate pens of 60 male broilers. Samples of mixed feeds were retained for analysis of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D activity. One-day-old male chicks of a commercial broiler strain [32], originating from a breeder flock that was fed VIT-D3 as a source of vitamin D, were obtained from a local hatchery where they had been vaccinated in ovo for Marek s virus and had received vaccinations for Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis posthatch via a coarse spray. Birds were randomly assigned to pens in a steel truss poultry house of commercial design. The house had a 1-m sidewall curtain with 2 outside rows of 12 pens each and 2 inside rows of 12 pens each. The inside and outside rows served as blocks in the experimental design. Sixty chicks were randomly allocated to each of 48 pens (5.2 m 2 ). Previously used litter, top-dressed with new softwood shavings, served as bedding over concrete floors. Each pen was equipped with 1 automatic water fount and 2 tube-type feeders. Birds were provided ad libitum access to feed and water during the study with 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness. One 9-W fluorescent light, suspended 198 cm
3 FRITTS ET AL.: VITAMIN D SOURCE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 265 over the litter, provided supplemental light in each pen. Immune System Measurements Macrophage function (nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity) was examined to determine the effects of dietary vitamin D on aspects of innate immunity. At 3 wk of age, 3 randomly selected birds per pen were injected in the abdominal cavity with Sephadex G-50 [33] to elicit abdominal exudate cells (AEC) as described by Qureshi and Miller [34] and adapted as outlined in References and Notes [47]. To determine AEC nitric oxide production in macrophage culture supernatants, samples were assayed as described by Green et al. [36] and outlined in References and Notes [48]. The average of 4 measurements per sample was used in the final analysis. A standard curve describing the relationship between nitrite concentration and absorbance units (a.u.) of the samples was generated using various concentrations of sodium nitrite dissolved in LM Hahn medium. Nitrite concentration of the culture supernatants, and hence nitric oxide (NO) concentration, were determined using the samples a.u. and the equation of the standard curve. To measure cytotoxic killing activity in AEC culture supernatants, the RP9 tumor cell assay was used [34] as described in References and Notes [49]. The average of 4 measurements per sample was used in the final analysis. Percent cytoxicity was calculated with the following equation: (a.u. negative control) (a.u. test sample) (a.u. negative control) (a.u. positive control) 100 = % cytotoxicity where a.u. negative control = a.u. of RP9 cells cultured in LM Hahn medium (no killing); a.u. positive control = a.u. of RP9 cells cultured in LM Hahn medium with Triton-X (100% killing); a.u. sample = a.u. of RP9 cells cultured in LM Hahn medium plus supernatant from 24-h AEC cultures (with or without lipopolysaccharide LPS). Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response to phytohemagglutinin-p (PHA-P) was used to assess in vivo cell-mediated immune activity [38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. At 35 d, 8 birds per treatment received 100 µg PHA-P in 0.1 ml saline intradermally in the left wattle and an equal volume of PBS in the right wattle. Wattle thickness was measured before injection and 4, 8, 12, 20 and 24 h postinjection using a digital caliper (in 0.1 mm). The swelling response was determined by subtracting the preinjection thickness from the postinjection response for each wattle. To assess the concentrations of, and proportions among blood leukocytes at 6 wk of age, heparinized blood was collected from 12 birds per treatment. The concentrations of red blood cells, total white blood cells, and thrombocytes were determined using a Cell-Dyne 3500 System [43] automated hematology analyzer and blood smears as described in References and Notes [50]. For each blood smear, 300 leukocytes (lymphocyte, heterophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil) were identified in each slide at 1,000 magnification [44]. The proportions among differential leukocytes were expressed as the percentage of each blood leukocytes in a total of 300 cells. The concentration of differential leukocytes was calculated based on the estimated concentration of white blood cells using the automated hematology analyzer and the proportion of a leukocyte estimated by the manual method. The combination of manual and automated estimates to determine differential leukocyte concentrations has been found in our laboratory to be a more reliable estimate than differential leukocyte concentrations determined by the automated system. Statistical Analysis Individual birds were the experimental unit for immunological assays. Data were subjected to ANOVA as a factorial arrangement of treatments with vitamin D source and level and the interaction between them as the source of variation using the GLM procedure [45]. Significant differences among or between means were separated by repeated t-tests using the least squares means option of SAS software. Statements of significant probability were based on P 0.05 unless otherwise noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of the diets for vitamin D activity indicated that the diets were in reasonable
4 266 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 1. Composition (g/kg) and nutrient analysis of diets Ingredient 0 to 21 d 21 to 42 d Yellow corn Soybean meal (48% CP) Poultry oil Dicalcium phosphate Ground limestone DL-Methionine (98%) Iodized salt Coban-60 A Vitamin premix B Trace mineral mix C Choline chloride (60%) D L-Threonine L-Lysine HCl (98%) Nutrient analysis E ME, kcal/kg 3, , Crude protein, % Crude protein, % (analyzed) Calcium, % Calcium, % (analyzed) Total P, % Total P, % (analyzed) Nonphytate P, % Methionine, % Lysine, % TSAA, % A Elanco Animal Health Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN. B Provided per kilogram of diet: 8,800 IU of vitamin A; 20 IU of vitamin E; mg of vitamin B 12 ; 8 mg of riboflavin; 50 mg of niacin; 15 mg of pantothenic acid; 465 mg of choline; 2 mg of vitamin K; 1 mg of folic acid; 2 mg of thiamin; 2.5 mg of pyridoxine; 0.1 mg of D-biotin; 135 mg of ethoxyquin; 0.1 mg of Se. C Provides per kilogram of diet: Mn (from MnSO 4 H 2 0) 100 mg; Zn (from ZnSO 4 7H 2 O) 100 mg; Fe (from FeSO 4 7H 2 O) 50 mg; Cu (from CuSO 4 5H 2 0) 10 mg; I from Ca(IO 3 ) 2 H 2 0), 1 mg. D Provided 236 mg/kg supplemental choline. E Calculated from NRC (1994) adjusted to crude protein and moisture content of ingredients unless noted otherwise. TABLE 2. Calculated and analyzed levels of vitamin D in test diets A 0 to 21 d 21 to 42 d Source of Expected Found Expected Found vitamin D B (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg) VIT-D < <5 VIT-D VIT-D VIT-D VIT-D VIT-D OH-D < <2 25-OH-D OH-D OH-D OH-D OH-D A Assays were conducted by Monsanto Animal Nutrition, Naperville, IL. B VIT-D3 = cholecalciferol; 25-OH-D3 = 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
5 FRITTS ET AL.: VITAMIN D SOURCE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 267 TABLE 3. Effects of source and level of vitamin D on in vitro production of nitric oxide and in vitro cytotoxic activity by broiler microphages with and without in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in 21-d broilers Nitric oxide C (µm) Cytotoxicity D (%) Vitamin D level B Comparison A (IU/kg) Unactivated LPS-activated Unactivated LPS-activated Vitamin D source Vit-D ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± 3.6 Vitamin D level ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.2 1, ± ± ± ± 5.9 2, ± ± ± ± 6.2 4, ± ± ± ± 6.4 Vitamin D source level Vit-D ± ± ± ± 9.0 Vit-D ± ± ± ± 8.5 Vit-D ± ± ± ± 9.0 Vit-D3 1, ± ± ± ± 8.5 Vit-D3 2, ± ± ± ± 8.2 Vit-D3 4, ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± OH-D3 1, ± ± ± ± OH-D3 2, ± ± ± ± OH-D3 4, ± ± ± ± 8.5 Source of variance Probability > F Source of D Level of D Source level A Vit-D3 = cholecalciferol; 25-OH-D3 = 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. B Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were calculated to be equal to similar levels of cholecalciferol based on conversion of µg of cholecalciferol to 1 IU. C Nitric oxide production (mean ± SEM) determined in the presence or absence of 10 µg of LPS per well using a nitrite assay. D Percentage cytotoxicity (mean ± SEM); culture supernatant fluid from abdominal macrophages cultured 24 h in the presence or absence of 10 µg of LPS per well was collected and cytotoxic activity assessed using RP9 tumor cells and MTT (2 parts 2-propanol, 1 part PBS, and parts hydrochloride) assay.
6 268 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 4. Effects of source and level of vitamin D on the phytohemagglutinin-p- (PHA-P) induced wattle swelling response in 35-d broilers A [increase (mm) of PHA-Pinjected wattle increase of saline-injected wattle (mean ± SEM)] Hours postinjection with 100 µg of phytohemaglutinin per wattle Vitamin D level B Comparison A (IU/kg) 4 h 8 h 12 h 20 h 24 h Vitamin D source C Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± 0.06 Vitamin D level ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± ± 0.11 Vitamin D source level Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Vit-D3 1, ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Vit-D3 2, ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Vit-D3 4, ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± OH-D3 1, ± ± ± ± ± OH-D3 2, ± ± ± ± ± OH-D3 4, ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 Probability > F Source of variance Source of D Level of D Source level A Increase (mm) of PHA-P-injected wattle increase of saline-injected wattle (mean ± SEM). B Vit-D3 = cholecalciferol; 25-OH-D3 = 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. C Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were calculated to be equal to similar levels of cholecalciferol based on conversion of µg of cholecalciferol to 1 IU.
7 FRITTS ET AL.: VITAMIN D SOURCE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 269 TABLE 5. Effects of source and level of vitamin D on blood cell counts and heterophyl:lymphocyte ratio in 42-d broilers (mean ± SEM) Cell concentrations (10 3 /µl) Dietary treatments Heterophil: Source of Level of Red blood White blood lymphocyte vitamin D vitamin D cells cells Lymphocytes Heterophils Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Thrombocytes ratio Vit-D ± ± 0.9 b 8.49 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± 0.9 a 9.78 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.6 b 2.60 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.6 b 2.36 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.6 ab 2.92 ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± 0.6 ab 2.55 ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± 0.6 a 3.02 ± ± ± ± ± , ± ± ± ± 0.6 b 2.36 ± ± ± ± ± 0.02 Source level Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Vit-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Vit-D3 1, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Vit-D3 2, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Vit-D3 4, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± OH-D ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 V25-OH-D3 1, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 V25-OH-D3 2, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 V25-OH-D3 4, ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.03 Probability > F Source of variation Source of D Level of D Source level a,b Means with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05).
8 270 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 6. Effects of source and level of vitamin D on the proportions among white blood cells in 42-d broilers (mean ± SEM) Cell proportions (%) Dietary treatments Level of vitamin D Lymphocytes Heterophils Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Source of vitamin D Vit-D ± 0.4 b ± ± ± ± 0.07 b 25-OH-D ± 0.4 a ± ± ± ± 0.07 a ± 0.7 a ± 0.8 c 4.46 ± 0.2 b 1.34 ± 0.1 b 0.71 ± ± 0.8 b ± 0.8 ab 4.52 ± 0.2 b 0.95 ± 0.1 c 1.10 ± ± 0.7 c ± 0.8 a 4.65 ± 0.2 b 1.42 ± 0.1 b 0.89 ± 0.1 1, ± 0.8 a ± 0.8 c 4.69 ± 0.2 ab 1.35 ± 0.1 b 0.89 ± 0.1 2, ± 0.8 bc ± 0.8 b 5.30 ± 0.2 a 1.82 ± 0.1 a 0.92 ± 0.1 4, ± 0.7 ab ± 0.8 bc 4.13 ± 0.2 b 1.59 ± 0.1 ab 0.92 ± 0.1 Source level Vit-D ± 1.0 abc ± 1.1 cde 4.59 ± 0.3 cd 1.53 ± ± 0.2 d Vit-D ± 1.1 bc ± 1.1 bcd 4.55 ± 0.3 cd 0.93 ± ± 0.2 a Vit-D ± 1.0 cd ± 1.1 bc 4.80 ± 0.3 bc 1.28 ± ± 0.2 cd Vit-D3 1, ± 1.0 bc ± 1.1 cde 5.55 ± 0.3 b 1.38 ± ± 0.2 cd Vit-D3 2, ± 1.1 de ± 1.1 abc 6.56 ± 0.4 a 1.82 ± ± 0.2 bcd Vit-D3 4, ± 1.0 cd ± 1.1 bc 4.19 ± 0.3 cd 1.55 ± ± 0.2 bcd 25-OH-D ± 1.1 a ± 1.1 e 4.34 ± 0.3 cd 1.16 ± ± 0.2 bcd 25-OH-D ± 1.1 cd ± 1.1 ab 4.49 ± 0.3 cd 0.97 ± ± 0.2 bcd 25-OH-D ± 1.0 e ± 1.1 a 4.50 ± 0.3 cd 1.56 ± ± 0.2 ab 25-OH-D3 1, ± 1.1 a ± 1.2 e 3.84 ± 0.3 d 1.32 ± ± 0.2 ab 25-OH-D3 2, ± 1.1 abc ± 1.2 cde 4.05 ± 0.3 cd 1.81 ± ± 0.2 abc 25-OH-D3 4, ± 1.1 ab ± 1.1 de 4.06 ± 0.3 cd 1.63 ± ± 0.2 abc Probability > F Source of variation Source of D Level of D Source level a e Means with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05).
9 FRITTS ET AL.: VITAMIN D SOURCE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 271 agreement with calculated values (Table 2). Therefore, the results of the present study can be used with confidence in evaluating possible effects of the 2 sources of vitamin D on immune status of the broiler. Nitric oxide production at 3 wk of age, assessed as the concentration of nitrite (µm) produced in vitro by AEC, was not significantly affected by dietary source or level of vitamin D, with no interaction between source and level of vitamin D (Table 3). Nitric oxide production of AEC following in vitro stimulation of LPS was higher than that by AEC without LPS stimulation. The macrophage cytotoxic killing of RP9 tumor cells expressed as percent cytotoxicity in AEC culture supernatant fluid was not significantly affected by dietary source or level of vitamin D (Table 3). Cytotoxic activity of AEC following in vitro stimulation with LPS was higher than that by AEC without LPS stimulation. The maximum CBH swelling response in 35-d-old male broilers occurred 4 to 8 h after PHA-P injection and decreased by 12 h. Swelling response to PHA-P injection in the wattle was not significantly affected by dietary vitamin D source or level (Table 4). Red blood cell concentration and thrombocyte concentration (Table 5) were not significantly affected by source or level of vitamin D, with no interaction by source or level of vitamin D. The concentration of white blood cells (10 3 / µl of blood) was significantly higher for birds fed diets supplemented with 25-OH-D3 than for birds fed the VIT-D3 at 42 d (Table 5). Although the various types of white blood cell concentrations were within a physiological normal range for chicks fed both sources of vitamin D, statistical differences were seen in concentrations of heterophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in broilers fed various levels of vitamin D. However, no consistent pattern was seen regarding the effects of vitamin D level on white blood cell concentration. The same was true for the interaction of source and level of vitamin D on the concentration of the individual white blood cells. Similarly, the proportions of heterophils (Table 6) differed significantly when individual treatment effects were examined for each source; however, no consistent trend regarding effects of source or level on the proportions of these cells were observed. Due to significant source by level interactions, the main effects of source and level could not be assessed. Overall, the concentrations of white blood cells were within a physiological normal range (Table 5). The heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was also not significantly affected by vitamin D source or level (Table 5). The present study was conducted to evaluate both VIT-D3 and 25-OH-D3 fed at levels ranging from below NRC recommendations to those commonly fed in commercial formulations to male broilers on immune response. Feeding 2 sources and various levels of vitamin D did not demonstrate immunomodulatory effects in aspects of cell-mediated immunity of broilers. Macrophage NO production and cytotoxic activity, PHA-P induced swelling response, or the concentrations and proportions among white blood cells were not affected by vitamin D source. Although significant differences were seen in both concentration and proportions among white blood cells, nothing consistent was observed and all concentrations and proportions were within a normal physiological range [44]. Also, no differences were seen in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The ratio was within a normal range [46]. Aslam et al. [16] found broilers deficient in vitamin D had a lower CBH response to PHA-P than broilers fed a VIT-D3 diet of 800 ICU/kg. In the present study the diets were not severely deficient in vitamin D, which may explain why no differences were seen. Moreover, amounts of vitamin D in the levels often used in commercial broiler production (2,000 to 4,000 ICU/kg) did not alter the immune system in broilers within the parameters measured. The findings in this study indicate that immunocompetence of broiler chickens was not affected by source or level of vitamin D. However, feeding high levels of vitamin D, which is often done in commercial situations, does not appear to alter immunocompetence in broilers.
10 272 JAPR: Research Report CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. There were no significant differences observed when feeding low to high levels (125 to 4,000 ICU) of vitamin D to male broilers on macrophage function (nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity) at 21 d and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity at 35 d. 2. Significant differences were observed for the concentration and proportions among white blood cells, but these differences did not follow a consistent pattern. 3. Feeding levels of 2,000 or 4,000 ICU of vitamin D, which are commonly fed in commercial poultry production, did not positively or negatively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. van Etten, E., B. Decallonne, and C. Mathieu ,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol: Endocrinology meets the immune system. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 61: Kolb, E., S. Kaskous, and J. Seehawer The influence of stress on the secretion of various hormones, on the metabolism of vitamins, and on the immune system of sheep. Tierarztliche- Umschau 55: van der Stede, Y., E. Cox, and B. M. Goddeeris ,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [cholecalciferol]. Part 2. Role in the immune system. Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr. 69: Reinhardt, T. A., J. R. Stabel, and J. P. Goff ,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 3 enhances milk antibody titers in Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. 82: Dahlquist, G Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42: Snyman, J. R., K. D. Sommers, M. A. Steinmann, and D. J. Lizamore Effects of calcitrol on eosinophil activity and antibody responses in patients with schistomiasis. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 52: Hustmeyer, F. G., B. J. Nonnecke, D. C. Beitz, R. L. Horst, and T. A. Reinhardt ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 enhancement of concanavalin-a induced bovine lymphocyte proliferation: Requirement of monocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 152: Hustmeyer, F. G., D. C. Beitz, J. P. Goff, B. J. Nonnecke, R. L. Horst, and T. A. Reinhardt Effects of in vivo administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on in vitro proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 77: Nonnecke, B. J., S. T. Franklin, T. A. Reinhardt, and R. L. Horst In vitro modulation of proliferation and phenotype of resting and mitogen-stimulated bovine mononuclear leukocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 38:1 2, Nishimura, M., S. Noda, H. Nojima, and Y. Hori Effects of oral administration of 1-alpha (OH)D 3 on immunophenotypic expression of spleen lymphocytes in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Jpn. J. Parasitol. 40: Tobler, A Vitamin D as an immune haematopoietic hormone. New perspectives for a long-known substance. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 118: Tsoukas, C. D., D. M. Proveddini, and S. C. Manolagas ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 : A novel immunoregulatory hormone. Science 224: Bouillon, R., A. Verstuyf, S. Segaert, L. Verlinden, and C. Mathieu Recent developments in the use of vitamin D analogues. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs 9: Paul, W. E In Fundamental Immunology. 4th ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA. 15. Cantorna, M. T., C. E. Hayes, and H. F. DeLuca ,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis. J. Nutr. 128: Aslam, S. M., J. D. Garlich, and M. A. Qureshi Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 77: Morley, J. E Nutritional modulation of behavior and immunocompetence. Nutr. Rev. 52:S6 S Cook, M. E Nutrition and the immune response of the domestic fowl. Crit. Rev. Poult. Biol. 3: Huff, G. R., W. E. Huff, J. M. Balog, and N. C. Rath The effect of vitamin D3 on resistance to stress-related infection in an experimental model of turkey osteomyelitis complex. Poult. Sci. 79: Collins, E. D., and A. W. Norman Vitamin D. Pages in Handbook of Vitamins. L. J. Machlin, ed. Marcel Dekker, New York. 21. Ward, N. E Research examines use of 25-OH vitamin D3 in broiler diets. Feedstuffs 67(30): McNutt, K. W., and M. R. Haussler Nutritional effectiveness of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in preventing rickets in chicks. J. Nutr. 103: McNaughton, J. L., E. J. Day, and B. C. Dilworth The chick s requirement for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cholecalciferol. Poult. Sci. 56: Cantor, A. H., and W. L. Bacon Performance of caged broilers fed vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3. Poult. Sci. 57: Soares, J. M., M. R. Swerdel, and E. H. Bossard Phosphorus availability 1. The effect of chick age and vitamin D metabolites on the availability of phosphorus in defluorinated phosphate. Poult. Sci. 57: Yarger, J. G., C. A. Saunders, J. L. McNaughton, C. L. Quarles, B. W. Hollis, and R. W. Gray Comparison of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cholecalciferol in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 74: Mitchell, R. D., and H. M. Edwards, Jr The effects of ultraviolet light and cholecalciferol and its metabolites on the development of leg abnormalities in chickens genetically selected for high or low incidence for tibial dyschondroplasia. Poult. Sci. 76: Fritts, C. A., and P. W. Waldroup Effects of source and level of vitamin D on live production and bone development of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12: National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 30. Alpharma, Fort Lee, NJ. 31. Monsanto Animal Nutrition, Naperville, IL.
11 FRITTS ET AL.: VITAMIN D SOURCE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION Cobb 500, Cobb-Vantress, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR. 33. Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO. 34. Qureshi, M. A., and L. Miller Comparison of macrophage function in several genetic broiler lines. Poult. Sci. 70: Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI. 36. Green, L. C., D. A. Wagner, J. Glogowski, P. L. Skipper, J. S. Wishnok, and S. R. Tannebaum Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and ( 15 N) nitrite in biological fluids. Anal. Biochem. 126: Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, VT. 38. Stadecker, M. J., M. Lukic, A. Dvorak, and S. Leskowitz The cutaneous basophil response to phytohemagglutinin in chickens. J. Immunol. 118: McCorkle, F., Jr, I. Olah, and B. Glick The morphology of the phytohemagglutinin-induced cell response in the chicken s wattle. Poult. Sci. 59: Edelman, A. S., P. L. Sanchez, M. E. Robinson, G. M. Hochwald, and G. J. Thorbecke Primary and secondary wattle swelling response phytohemagglutinin as a measure of immunocompetence in chickens. Avian Dis. 30: Corrier, D. E., and J. R. DeLoach Evaluation of cellmediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poult. Sci. 69: Kean, R. P., and S. J. Lamont Effect of injection site on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin. Poult. Sci. 73: Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL. 44. Lucas, A. M., and C. Jamroz Atlas of Avian Hematology. Agriculture Monograph. USDA, Washington, DC. 45. SAS Institute SAS User s Guide: Statistics. Version 6.03 ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 46. Gross, W. B., and H. S. Siegel Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis. 27: A 3% suspension of Sephadex G-50 was prepared in sterile Dulbecco s PBS [33] and injected at a dose of 1 ml/100-g BW. Approximately 42 h after injection of Sephadex G-50, birds were euthanized by pentobarbital injection. The abdominal cavity was injected with heparinized PBS and fluid containing AEC was drawn from the abdominal cavity. Approximately 30 ml AEC was collected in siliconized glass tubes and centrifuged at 10 C for 20 min. The AEC pellets were re-suspended in LM Hahn medium. The concentration of AEC was determined by counting live cells on a hemacytometer using Trypan blue exclusion. Cells ( macrophages/ml) from each bird were cultured in 24-well culture plates (4 wells per bird), with or without 10 µg/ml LPS [35] in 1 ml LM Hahn mediumto determine the effects of diet on the production of NO, (measured as nitrite) and macrophage cytotoxicity (measured as percentage killing of RP9 tumor cells). After 24 h, the culture supernatant from each well was collected. 48. Briefly, 100 µl AEC culture supernatant fluid from each sample were added to 100 µl of Griess reagent (1 part 0.1% naphthylenediamine dihydrochloride to 1 part of 1% sulfanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid) in 96-well plates. After 10 min of incubation at room temperature, color intensity indicative of nitrite was quantified by reading the plates at 540 nm absorbance in a microplate reader [37]. 49. Live cell concentration of RP9 tumor cells was determined using Trypan blue and a hemacytometer. The cell concentration was adjusted to cell/ml using LM Hahn medium. Fifty microliters of RP9 cells were added to each of 48 wells in a 96-well plate. Each 24-h AEC culture supernatant was then added at 50 µl in quadruplicates to wells with RP9 cells. To serve as negative (no killing) and positive (100% killing) controls, 50 µl of LM Hahn medium and 50 µl Triton-X were added to empty wells, respectively. The plates were covered and incubated for 18 h at 41 C, 5% CO 2. After 18 h, 50 µl MTT acid (2 parts 2-propanol, 1 part PBS, and parts hydrochloride) were added to each of the wells to identify live RP9 cells and incubated for another 4 h. After the 4 h incubation, plates were centrifuged at 450 g at 4 C for 4 min. All liquid was then removed from the wells using a multichannel pipettor, being careful not to disturb the crystals. The MTT acid was added again at 150 µl to each well and mixed until all crystals were dissolved. Plates were read at 540 nm in a microplate reader. 50. Blood smears were prepared by placing a small drop (3 to 5 µl) of blood on a clean microscope slide and using another clean slide to push the blood across the slide to spread the blood evenly. Wright stain (adapted for avian blood as described by Lucas and Jamroz [44]) was used to stain leukocytes. Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by a grant from Monsanto Animal Nutrition, Naperville, IL. The support of Alpharma and Monsanto Animal Nutrition in providing the cholecalciferol and the 25- hydroxycholecalciferol products and conducting the cholecalciferol assays is greatly appreciated. The technical suggestions and excellent manuscript review by William E. Huff are acknowledged.
Effect of Source and Level of Vitamin D on Live Performance and Bone Development in Growing Broilers 1
2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effect of Source and Level of Vitamin D on Live Performance and Bone Development in Growing Broilers 1 C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup 2 Poultry Science Department,
More informationPrimary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Live Production Managers SUMMARY
2004 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Live Performance and Meat Yield Responses of Broilers to Progressive Concentrations of Dietary Energy Maintained at a Constant Metabolizable Energy-to-Crude Protein
More informationComparison of Cholecalciferol and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Broiler Diets Designed to Minimize Phosphorus Excretion 1
2005 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Comparison of Cholecalciferol and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Broiler Diets Designed to Minimize Phosphorus Excretion 1 C. A. Fritts 2 and P. W. Waldroup 3 Poultry
More informationGrowth Performance of Broilers Using a Phase-Feeding Approach with Diets Switched Every Other Day from Forty-Two to Sixty-Three Days of Age 1
Growth Performance of Broilers Using a Phase-Feeding Approach with Diets Switched Every Other Day from Forty-Two to Sixty-Three Days of Age 1 T. Pope, L. N. Loupe, J. A. Townsend, and J. L. Emmert 2 Department
More informationEvaluation of High Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Diets 1
International Journal of Poultry Science 7 (0): 990-996, 008 ISSN 68-86 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 008 Evaluation of High Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler
More informationPrimary Audience: Nutritionists, Poultry Producers, Environmental Managers SUMMARY
2006 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Modified Phosphorus Program for Broilers Based on Commercial Feeding Intervals to Sustain Live Performance and Reduce Total and Water-Soluble Phosphorus in Litter
More informationTHE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS OF BROILERS 1
2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc. THE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS OF BROILERS 1 W. O. ZORNIG, G. M. PESTI 2, and R. I. BAKALLI Department of Poultry Science The University of Georgia Athens,
More informationDepartment of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
Performance of Commercial Laying Hens when Six Percent Corn Oil Is Added to the Diet at Various Ages and with Different Levels of Tryptophan and Protein 1 R. S. Antar, R. H. Harms, 2 M. Shivazad, 3 D.
More informationExp Research Report. Digestibility of energy and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in high
Exp. 582 Research Report Digestibility of energy and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in high protein and conventional DDGS fed to growing pigs. C. D. Espinosa and H. H. Stein University
More informationMETABOLISM AND NUTRITION
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Effects of Reducing Dietary Protein, Methionine, Choline, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B 12 During the Late Stages of the Egg Production Cycle on Performance and Eggshell Quality 1
More informationComparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium. sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium
Comparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium content of laying hens M. Yousefi* and H. Sari Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad
More informationUse of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in Growing-finishing Diets of Turkey Hens
International Journal of Poultry Science (6): 389-393, 003 Asian Network for Scientific Information 003 Use of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in Growing-finishing Diets of Turkey Hens Kevin D. Roberson
More informationDETERMINING THE DIGESTIBLE LYSINE AND LYSINE: THREONINE RATIOS FOR GROWING TURKEYS
DETERMINING THE DIGESTIBLE LYSINE AND LYSINE: THREONINE RATIOS FOR GROWING TURKEYS M.S. Lilburn Department of Animal Sciences OARDC/ Ohio State University Wooster, OH 4469 Phone: 330-63-399 FAX: 330-63-3949
More informationThe Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1
The Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1 BINGFAN ZHANG and CRAIG N. COON2 Department of Animal Science, University
More informationEfficacy of Phase-Feeding in Supporting Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks During the Starter and Finisher Phases 1
Efficacy of Phase-Feeding in Supporting Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks During the Starter and Finisher Phases 1 W. A. Warren and J. L. Emmert 2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas,
More informationEvaluation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers
Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers B. S. Lumpkins, A. B. Batal, 1 and N. M. Dale Department of Poultry Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
More informationFOWL POWER. Available in 50# Bags
FOWL POWER Crude Protein min 16.00% Lysine min 0.65% Methionine min 0.20% Crude Fat min 3.00% Crude Fiber max 6.00% Calcium min 1.40% Calcium max 1.90% Phosphorus min 0.40% Salt max 0.30% INGREDIENTS:
More informationImproved performance of Cobb 500 birds fed increased amino acid density in Wheat or Maizebased
Improved performance of Cobb 500 birds fed increased amino acid density in Wheat or Maizebased diets D. PARKER 1 *, R. SHIRLEY 1, M. VAZQUEZ-AÑÓN 1, C. KNIGHT 1, L. AZEVEDO 1 and A. MARANGOS 2 1 Novus
More informationGrower-Finisher Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Genetically Modified Bt Corn
Grower-Finisher Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Genetically Modified Bt Corn Introduction T.E. Weber, B.T. Richert, D.C. Kendall, K.A. Bowers, and C.T. Herr Department of Animal Sciences
More informationTryptophan Bioavailability in Soybean Meal for Young Pigs
Introduction Tryptophan Bioavailability in Soybean Meal for Young Pigs O. Adeola Department of Animal Sciences Several studies have been conducted to determine the bioavailability of amino acids for young
More informationCalcium and phosphorus requirements for maximized growth in modern market poults. A. M. Pospisil and J. D. Latshaw. Introduction
Calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximized growth in modern market poults A. M. Pospisil and J. D. Latshaw Introduction Nutrient requirements are expressed in concentrations of the diet. The concentration
More informationHatchery Feeding of Starter Diets to Broiler Chicks 1
2007 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Hatchery Feeding of Starter Diets to Broiler Chicks 1 M. T. Kidd,* 2 J. W. Taylor, C. M. Page,* B. D. Lott,* and T. N. Chamblee* *Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi
More informationBody Weight and Semen Production of Broiler Breeder Males as Influenced by Crude Protein Levels and Feeding Regimens During Rearing
Body Weight and Semen Production of Broiler Breeder Males as Influenced by Crude Protein Levels and Feeding Regimens During Rearing X. ZHANG,*,1 W. D. BERRY, G. R. MCDANIEL,* D. A. ROLAND,* P. LIU,* C.
More informationExceeding Essential Amino Acid Requirements and Improving Their Balance as a Means to Minimize Heat Stress in Broilers
2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Exceeding Essential Amino Acid Requirements and Improving Their Balance as a Means to Minimize Heat Stress in Broilers A. J. Zarate,* E. T. Moran, Jr.,* 1,2 and D.
More informationDietary biotin supplementation does not alleviate the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens
2012 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Dietary biotin supplementation does not alleviate the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens Ö. Cengiz,* 1 J. B. Hess, and S. F. Bilgili * Department
More informationThe Effect of Feeding Calcium- and Phosphorus-Deficient Diets to Broiler Chickens During the Starting and Growing-Finishing Phases on Carcass Quality
The Effect of Feeding Calcium- and Phosphorus-Deficient Diets to Broiler Chickens During the Starting and Growing-Finishing Phases on Carcass Quality J. P. Driver, 1 G. M. Pesti, R. I. Bakalli, and H.
More informationIMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY. conditions was not addressed in the present study.
IMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY John F. Patience and Doug Gillis SUMMARY Research reported in last year s Annual Report indicated that withdrawal
More informationLysine Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed Low-density Diets under Tropical Conditions
939 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 20, No. 6 : 939-943 June 2007 www.ajas.info Lysine Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed Low-density Diets under Tropical Conditions Usama Aftab*, Muhammad Ashraf, Abdul
More informationSupplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol
Supplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol Introduction O. Adeola, T.R. Cline, J.I. Orban, D. Ragland, and A.L. Sutton Department of Animal Sciences Supplementation
More informationThe Development of Feedstuff Retainable Phosphorus Values for Broilers
The Development of Feedstuff Retainable Phosphorus Values for Broilers K. Leske and C. Coon 1 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 ABSTRACT Presently, phosphorus
More informationBroiler performance in response to different methionine levels
Journal of Agricultural Technology 2013 Vol. 9(6):1399-1404 Journal of Agricultural Available Technology online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com 2013 Vol. 9(6):1399-1404 ISSN 1686-9141 Broiler performance in
More informationBroiler Response to Diet Energy
Broiler Response to Diet Energy S. LEESON, L. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1 ABSTRACT Male broiler chickens were
More informationInfluence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Balance in Broiler Diets 1
International Journal of Poultry Science (5): 6-44, 00 Asian Network for Scientific Information 00 Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Balance in Broiler Diets P. W. Waldroup, J. H. Kersey and C. A.
More informationDiet Manipulation for Phosphorus Reduction. Susan Watkins Arkansas Cooperative Extension Servic University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas
Diet Manipulation for Phosphorus Reduction Susan Watkins Arkansas Cooperative Extension Servic University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas 1.17 Billion Broilers Worth $2.23 Billion Location of Arkansas
More informationStudies on the Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid, and Choline Requirements of Young Embden Geese
Studies on the Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid, and Choline Requirements of Young Embden Geese J. A. SERAFIN Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland
More informationEffect of Whole Wheat Dilution on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Male Turkeys
2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effect of Whole Wheat Dilution on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Male Turkeys C. D. Bennett*,1,2 and H. L. Classen* *Department of Animal and Poultry
More informationDiet Manipulation for Phosphorus Reduction. Susan Watkins Arkansas Cooperative Extension Servic University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas
Diet Manipulation for Phosphorus Reduction Susan Watkins Arkansas Cooperative Extension Servic University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas 1.17 Billion Broilers Worth $2.23 Billion Location of Arkansas
More informationDISTILLERS GRAINS IN POULTRY DIETS
DISTILLERS GRAINS IN POULTRY DIETS S. Noll, V. Stangeland, G. Speers and J. Brannon University of Minnesota Anticipation of increased supplies of distiller s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the Midwest
More informationMETABOLISM AND NUTRITION
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Evaluation of Normal Yellow Dent Corn and High Available Phosphorus Corn in Combination with Reduced Dietary Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation for Broilers Grown to Market
More information3. BIRDS GROWN TO 3.3 KG'
81997 Applied Poultry Science, Inc. OF FEEDING AND FINISHER DIETS FOR BROILERS 3. BIRDS GROWN TO 3.3 KG' CHANGING TIME STARTER, GROWER, E. A. SALEH, S. E. WATKINS, and I!M! WALDROd Poultry Science Department,
More informationENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR BROILERS 1,2
2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc. ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR BROILERS 1,2 M. T. KIDD 3, G. W. MORGAN, JR., and C. J. PRICE 4 Mississippi State University, Mississippi
More informationInfluence of Early Skip-A-Day Feed Removal on Live Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers of Different Sexes and Strain Sources
2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Influence of Early Skip-A-Day Feed Removal on Live Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers of Different Sexes and Strain Sources W. A. Dozier, III,*,1 R. J. Lien,
More informationEffect of Protein and Energy Sources and Bulk Density of Diets on Growth Performance of Chicks 1
Effect of Protein and Energy Sources and Bulk Density of Diets on Growth Performance of Chicks 1 J. L. Shelton, D. W. Dean, L. L. Southern, and T. D. Bidner 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State
More informationInorganic vs Bioplex trace minerals for broilers: effects on performance and mineral excretion
Inorganic vs Bioplex trace minerals for broilers: effects on performance and mineral excretion M. LIPPENS (1), G. HUYGHEBAERT (1)* and L. NOLLET (2) (1) The Flemish Community, ILVO-Unit Animal Science,
More informationThe Effect of Citric Acid on the Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Chicks Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets
The Effect of Citric Acid on the Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Chicks Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets S. D. Boling-Frankenbach, 1 J. L. Snow, C. M. Parsons, 2 and D. H. Baker Department of Animal
More informationEffect of Particle Size on the Utilization of Calcium Supplements by the Chick
1024 H. S. SIEGEL, L. N. DRURY AND W. C. PATTERSON of wire pens, floor pens, and cages on bone characteristics of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 49: 1223-1225. Sanger. U. L., B. R. Burmester and C. C. Morrill,
More informationAssessment of Dietary Rovabio Excel in Practical United States Broiler Diets
2007 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Assessment of Dietary Rovabio Excel in Practical United States Broiler Diets M. L. West,* A. Corzo,* W. A. Dozier III, M. E. Blair, and M. T. Kidd* *Department of
More informationThreonine Is More Limiting Than Valine in Diets of Lactating Sows with High Rates of Body Protein Loss
Threonine Is More Limiting Than Valine in Diets of Lactating Sows with High Rates of Body Protein Loss Kevin T. Soltwedel, Robert A. Easter, and James E. Pettigrew Department of Animal Sciences University
More informationLysine Requirements of Native Chicken, Hinai-jidori (Rhode Island
Lysine Requirements of Native Chicken, Hinai-jidori (Rhode Island Takayuki MURAMOTO*, Shinobu FUJIMURA, Motoni KADOWAKI and Teru ISHIBASHI Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University,
More informationLog on to your PUCC account and set up your Brill diet formulation files. You need to do the following. Your TA will guide you through the process.
ANSC 324 Spring, 2007 Laboratory Exercise #3 Due Date: COMPLETE IN LAB (no point value) This laboratory exercise will emphasize ingredient and nutrient selection for computerized diet formulation. You
More informationEnergy and Nitrogen Balance of Pigs Fed Four Corn Grains
Energy and Nitrogen Balance of Pigs Fed Four Corn Grains R.W. Fent, S.D. Carter, M.J. Rincker, and J.S. Park Story in Brief Because corn is the primary energy source in diets for pigs, any variability
More informationProtein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs
1 Protein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs DETERMINING WHOLE BODY PROTEIN DEPOSITION RATES IN PIGS. Mark L. Lorschy, Doug A. Gillis, John F. Patience and Kees de Lange. Summary There is controversy
More informationINTRODUCTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds and Diets. E. D. Peebles,*,3 C. D. Zumwalt,* P. D. Gerard, M. A. Latour,*,4 and T. W.
Market Age Live Weight, Carcass Yield, and Liver Characteristics of Broiler Offspring from Breeder Hens Fed Diets Differing in Fat and Energy Contents 1,2 E. D. Peebles,*,3 C. D. Zumwalt,* P. D. Gerard,
More informationProtein Dispersibility Index as an Indicator of Adequately Processed Soybean Meal
Dispersibility Index as an Indicator of Adequately Processed Soybean Meal A. B. Batal, M. W. Douglas, A. E. Engram, and C. M. Parsons 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
More informationCORN/SORGHUM BOARD REPORT 2013
D D CORN/SORGHUM BOARD REPORT 213 Title: Evaluation of Low-Tannin Sorghum in Broiler Chicken Diets Investigators: Susan E. Watkins Cooperators: Park W. Waldroup Crop: Grain Sorghum Status: Year I Value
More informationIntroduction. Hypothesis
Introduction Effects of Feeding Babcock B300 Laying Hens Conventional Sanfandila Layer Diets Compared to Diets Containing 10% Norgold DDGS on Performance and Egg Quality Corn distiller s dried grains with
More informationFurther Studies on the Influence of Genotype and Dietary Protein on the Performance of Broilers 1
Further Studies on the Influence of Genotype and Dietary Protein on the Performance of Broilers 1 E. R. SMITH,* G. M. PESTI,*,2 R. I. BAKALLI,* G. O. WARE, and J.F.M. MENTEN3 *Department of Poultry Science
More informationTwo experiments were conducted to determine the influence of synthetic lysine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 RUNNING TITLE: METHIONINE+CYSTEINE/LYSINE RATIO TITLE: Effects of Added Synthetic Lysine on Second Cycle Commercial Leghorns While Maintaining
More informationAlternative Ingredients for Poultry Turkeys
Alternative Ingredients for Poultry Turkeys Sally Noll, Ph.D 1364 Eckles Avenue University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 Office phone: 612-624-4928 FAX: 612-625-5789 nollx001@umn.edu Alternative ingredients
More informationLimiting Amino Acids After Methionine and Lysine with Growing Turkeys Fed Low-Protein Diets 1
Limiting Amino Acids After Methionine and Lysine with Growing Turkeys Fed Low-Protein Diets 1 P. E. Waibel, 2 C. W. Carlson, J. A. Brannon, and S. L. Noll Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota,
More informationLysine and Arginine Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Twoto Three-Week Intervals to Eight Weeks of Age
Lysine and Arginine Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Twoto Three-Week Intervals to Eight Weeks of Age M. C. Labadan, Jr., 1 K.-N. Hsu, and R. E. Austic 2 Department of Animal Science, Cornell University,
More informationUse of Distiller s s Dried Grains plus Solubles in Poultry Feeding Trials at the University of Georgia. University of Georgia
Use of Distiller s s Dried Grains plus Solubles in Poultry Feeding Trials at the University of Georgia Amy B. Batal Poultry Science Department University of Georgia Introduction Distillers dried grains
More informationMarginality and Needs of Dietary Valine for Broilers Fed Certain All-Vegetable Diets 1
2007 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Marginality and Needs of Dietary Valine for Broilers Fed Certain All-Vegetable Diets 1 A. Corzo,* 2 M. T. Kidd,* W. A. Dozier III, and S. L. Vieira *Department of
More informationThe Evaluation of Dehulled Canola Meal as a Replacement for Soybean Meal in the Diets of Growing and Finishing Pigs
The Evaluation of Dehulled Canola Meal as a Replacement for Soybean Meal in the Diets of Growing and Finishing Pigs J.F. Patience, D. Gillis and C.F.M. de Lange Executive Summary The major restriction
More informationKey words: crystalline amino acids, dispensable amino acid, pig, protein source, valine
Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance
More informationA survey on Chlorella vulgaris effect's on performance and cellular immunity in broilers
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research Volume 3, Number 1, Winter 2012 (Serial #6) A survey on Chlorella vulgaris effect's on performance and cellular immunity in broilers M.Rezvani*
More informationINTRODUCTION. X. G. Luo,*,2 F. Ji, 3 Y. X. Lin,* F. A. Steward, L. Lu,* B. Liu,* and S. X. Yu*
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Copper Sulfate or Tribasic Copper Chloride on Broiler Performance, Relative Copper Bioavailability, and Oxidation Stability of Vitamin E in Feed 1 X. G. Luo,*,2
More informationINTRODUCTION. M. A. Cheema, M. A. Qureshi, 2 and G. B. Havenstein
A Comparison of the Immune Response of a 2001 Commercial Broiler with a 1957 Randombred Broiler Strain When Fed Representative 1957 and 2001 Broiler Diets 1 M. A. Cheema, M. A. Qureshi, 2 and G. B. Havenstein
More informationEvaluation of a Commercial Pro biotic Culture in Broiler Rations. A. A. Alyaseen, E. E. Murray, R. D. Morrison, R. H. Thayer and G. W.
POULTRYNUTRITION Evaluation of a Commercial Pro biotic Culture in Broiler Rations A. A. Alyaseen, E. E. Murray, R. D. Morrison, R. H. Thayer and G. W. Newell Story in Brief Two eight-week feeding trials
More informationTHE citric acid concentration of tissues
Dietary Vitamin Levels and the Response of Blood Citric Acid Concentrations to Stressors 1 C. H. HILL with the technical assistance of VIRGINIA C. BAKER Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State
More informationThe Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance of Broilers
The Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance of Broilers Baha Eddin Abu-Bakr Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
More informationInfluence of strain-cross, sex, and feeding programs on broiler chicken paw (feet) yield and quality
Influence of strain-cross, sex, and feeding programs on broiler chicken paw (feet) yield and quality S.F. BILGILI*, M.A. ALLEY, J.B. HESS and E.T. MORAN, JR. Department of Poultry Science, 201 Poultry
More informationEffect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein. Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs
Effect of High Available Phosphorus Corn and Elevated Fat and Protein Introduction Corn on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs S. L. Hankins, A. L. Sutton and B. T. Richert Department
More informationEFFECTS OF VITAMINS AND MINERAL PROTEINATES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PORK QUALITY IN FINISHING PIGS
Swine Day 2000 Contents EFFECTS OF VITAMINS AND MINERAL PROTEINATES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PORK QUALITY IN FINISHING PIGS J. S. Park, J. D. Hancock, D. H. Kropf, K. A. Hachmeister, R. H. Hines, C. L.
More informationBROILER. Nutrition Specifications. An Aviagen Brand
BROILER 708 Nutrition Specifications 2014 An Aviagen Brand Introduction Nutrition specifications for Ross 708 broilers are given in the following tables for a range of production and market situations
More informationThe effect of maternal vitamin D source on broiler hatching egg quality, hatchability, and progeny bone mineral density and performance
2014 Poultry Science Association, Inc. The effect of maternal vitamin D source on broiler hatching egg quality, hatchability, and progeny bone mineral density and performance 1 J. L. Saunders-Blades and
More informationBroiler Nutrition Specifications
Broiler Nutrition Specifications 2 Introduction 3 Table 1: Nutrition Specifications for As-Hatched Broilers - Target Live Weight
More informationEvaluation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Dietary Antibiotics as Growth Promotants in Weanling Pigs
Evaluation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Dietary Antibiotics as Growth Promotants in Weanling Pigs Introduction T.E. Weber, S.A. DeCamp, K.A. Bowers, C.T. Herr, S.L. Knoll, B.T. Richert, and A.P.
More informationEffect of Feeding Endophyte-Infected Feed and Bedding on the Performance of Broilers
2004 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effect of Feeding Endophyte-Infected Feed and Bedding on the Performance of Broilers J. C. Hermes,*,1 H. S. Nakaue, 1, * and A. M. Craig *Department of Animal Sciences
More informationInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad--2*.*, Pakistan,
The Journal of Poultry Science : 3 **0 Research Note Haq Nawaz Tariq Mushtaq and Muhammad Yaqoob Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad** Pakistan Department
More informationEffect of Choline Chloride Supplement on the Internal Organs and Carcass Weight of Japanese quail
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (5) :485-491 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effect of Choline
More informationProcedures in Feed Formulation
Chapter4 Procedures in Feed Formulation C h a p t e r G o a l s Examine feeding standard tables for various livestock. Describe and discuss mathematical solutions to animal diet formulation (algebra, Pearson
More informationINTRODUCTION. Z. Kamran,* M. Sarwar,* 1 M. Nisa,* M. A. Nadeem, S. Mahmood, M. E. Babar, and S. Ahmed
Effect of Low-Protein Diets Having Constant Energy-to-Protein Ratio on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens from One to Thirty-Five Days of Age Z. Kamran,* M. Sarwar,* 1 M. Nisa,*
More informationEffect of Choline Chloride Supplement on Liver s and Blood s Cholesterol and Triglyceride Contents in Japanese Quail
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (5) :472-477 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effect of Choline
More informationPerformance of Different Broiler Genotypes Fed Diets with Varying Levels of Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine
Performance of Different Broiler Genotypes Fed Diets with Varying Levels of Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine K. G. Sterling, G. M. Pesti, 1 and R. I. Bakalli Department of Poultry Science, University of
More informationPotential for Fish Meal Analog as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Early-Weaned Pig Diets
Potential for Fish Meal Analog as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Early-Weaned Pig Diets C.V. Maxwell 1, M.E. Davis 1, D.C. Brown 1, P. Bond 2, and Z.B. Johnson 1 Story in Brief A total of 288 pigs (20
More informationEFFECTS OF HEMICELL ADDITION TO NURSERY DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS. Authors: Story in Brief
1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: L.A. Pettey, S.D. Carter, B.W. Senne and J.A. Shriver EFFECTS OF HEMICELL ADDITION TO NURSERY DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS Story in Brief Pages
More informationEnergy utilization of reduced oil-dried distillers grains with solubles (RO-DDGS) in swine
Energy utilization of reduced oil-dried distillers grains with solubles (RO-DDGS) in swine Brian J. Kerr,* Thomas E. Weber,* and Michael E. Persia *USDA-ARS-NLAE, Ames, Iowa 011; and Iowa State University,
More informationWhey-Grown Yeast as a Protein Source for Baby Pigs
Whey-Grown Yeast as a Protein Source for Baby Pigs Y. J. Ajeani, C. V. Maxwell, F. N. Owens, D. Holbert, K. B. Poling and J. S. Schooley Story in Brief The nutritive value of whey-grown yeast for baby
More informationPerformance of finisher broiler chickens fed maggot meal as a replacement for fish meal
Journal of Agricultural Technology 2012 Vol. 8(2): 471-477 Journal of Agricultural Available online Technology http://www.ijat-aatsea.com 2012, Vol. 8(2): 471-477 ISSN 1686-9141 Performance of finisher
More informationEffects of Yellow Grease Addition to Broiler Rations Containing DDGS with Different Fat Contents
International Journal of Poultry Science (8): 47-44, 04 ISSN 68-856 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 04 Effects of Yellow Grease Addition to Broiler Rations Containing DDGS with Different Fat
More informationPower of Two Methods for the Estimation of Bone Ash of Broilers 1
Power of Two Methods for the Estimation of Bone Ash of Broilers 1 L. E. Hall, R. B. Shirley, R. I. Bakalli, S. E. Aggrey, G. M. Pesti, 2 H. M. Edwards, Jr. Department of Poultry Science, The University
More informationEffects of L-Carnitine and Soybean Oil on Growth Performance in Weanling Pigs
Effects of L-Carnitine and Soybean Oil on Growth Performance in Weanling Pigs M.J. Rincker, S.D. Carter, R.W. Fent, J.S. Park, and K.Q. Owen Story in Brief Two-hundred sixteen weanling pigs (18 d) were
More informationBioavailability of organic and inorganic zinc sources in male broilers
Bioavailability of organic and inorganic zinc sources in male broilers L. Star,* 1 J. D. van der Klis,* C. Rapp, and T. L. Ward * Schothorst Feed Research, PO Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, the Netherlands;
More informationEvaluation of Heparin Production By-Products in Nursery Pig Diets 1
Evaluation of Heparin Production By-Products in Nursery Pig Diets A. J. Myers, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, M.U. Steidinger, S. S. Dritz, J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, B. W. Ratliff, and D. M. McKilligan
More informationEffect of Taurine and Methionine Supplementation on Leukocyte Profile of Broiler Chickens
Journal of Animal Research: v.5 n.1, p. 125-129. April. 2015 DOI Number: 10.5958/2277-940X.2015.00021.2 Effect of Taurine and Methionine Supplementation on Leukocyte Profile of Broiler Chickens Tarini
More informationEvaluation of Fermented Soybean Meal Sources in Diets for Nursery Pigs 1
Evaluation of Fermented Soybean Meal Sources in Diets for Nursery Pigs A.M. Jeffrey, H.L. Frobose, J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, S.S. Dritz, and J.C. Woodworth Summary A total of 96 mixed-sex
More information