What!are!the!op9mal! substrate!ph!ranges?!
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1 2 nd International Sponsored by: Topics:&Managing& 2:30 to 3:00 Eastern MANAGING&PH&DRIFT:&! RECOGNIZING!AND!CORRECTING! HIGH!AND!LOW!PH!DISORDERS! Brian&Whipker& Floriculture&Extension&and&Research& 1.&OpDmal&&Ranges& 2.&Symptoms& High&and&low&&symptoms& 3.&Factors&influencing&&driA& 4.&Monitoring&procedures& 5.&CorrecDve&procedures& 1 Substrate&& Range& 4.0! 4.5!! 5.5!! 6.5!! 7.5! 8.0! NITROGEN! POTASSIUM! What!are!the!op9mal! substrate!!ranges?! Principle: Substrate has a significant affect on nutrient availability PHOSPHORUS! IRON! CALCIUM! MAGNESIUM! Most plants are within the range of 5.5 to 6.5 MANGANESE! BORON! ZINC! COPPER! &O&OpDmal&Ranges&by&Group& Parameter Goals: Low (Petunia) General (General) High (Geranium) 5.5 to to 6.2 to 6.5 Avoiding HIGH problems Avoiding LOW problems Suggested Greenhouse PourThru & EC Categories Substrate&EC&Categories& Categories& A.&Low& (1.3&to&2.0&mS/cm)& SME:%0.9%to%1.3%mS/cm% 1:2:%0.4%to%0.6%mS/cm% B.&Medium& (2.0&to&3.0&mS/cm)& SME:%1.3%to%2.0%mS/cm% 1:2:%0.6%to%0.9%mS/cm% C.&High& (3.0&to&4.9&mS/cm)& SME:%2.0%to%3.3%mS/cm% 1:2:%0.9%to%1.5%mS/cm% I.& 4.5& &5.5& Substrate&&Categories& II.& 5.5?5.8& III.& 5.8& &6.2& Venus&Fly&Trap& Pansy& Marigold& New&Guinea&impaNens& Hydrangea,&Blue& Few!species! Hydrangea,&Pink& Petunia& Petunia& PoinseUa& AbuNlon& Coleus& Dahlia& Gerbera& Petunia& Chrysanthemum,&Garden& Cleome& Dahlia& Hibiscus,&Hybrid& Mandevilla& Petunia& PoinseUa& IV.& 6.5& Echeveria& Agastache& Alocasia& Duranta& Pentas& 1
2 2a Problem&LocaDon& What!are!the!symptoms!of! high!substrate!?! Upper (High ) Lower (Low ) Iron&Deficiency&(High&)& High&:&!Upper!leaves!of! scented! geraniums!with! interveinal! chlorosis. DW Begonia High&&(Iron&Deficiency)& Leaves& &Upper& Ini9al:! Slight!interveinal! chlorosis!of!recently! matured!leaf! Moderate:! Interveinal!chlorosis! more!pronounced,! spread!to!other! leaves! Advanced:! Bleached!(white)! interveinal!!chlorosis!! DescripDon:& Interveinal& chlorosis&leads& to&bleaching& and&necrosis& with&advanced& symptoms& High induced Fe deficiency 2
3 Possible&Causes& &Iron&Deficiency& Substrate&&too&high& Other&Causes& Root&rot&(Pythium,&etc& &check&roots)& Cold&growing& Waterlogged&condiDons& 2b What&are&the&symptoms&of! low!substrate!?! Three&Symptom&Types& 3-05 Low&&Type&I:&Bronzing& Low&& Type&I:& Bronzing&!Lower!leaves!of! marigolds!with! yellow!speckles. Good Low Low&&Induced&Fe/Mn&Toxicity& Low&&Type&II:&& Black&Spo^ng&!Lower!leaves!of! nasturtiums!with! black!speckles.! Severity 3
4 Low (Iron/Manganese Toxicity) Low&&Type&II:&Black&Spo^ng& Lower leaves with purplish-black spotting <5.5 Low&& Low&&(Fe/Mn&Toxicity)& Zinnia Low Streptocarpus Low&&(Fe/Mn&Toxicity)& Low&&(Fe/Mn&Toxicity)& 2-23 Ageratum Dragon Wing Begonia 5.1 4
5 Low&&(Fe/Mn&Toxicity)& Targeted Tissue Sampling Sample lower leaves to capture micronutrient levels Lower DW Begonia 2-23 Low Type III: Stunted Growth& Low Type III: Stunted Growth& Low Low # Lime/Yard 3 : Resulting : Dry weight Reduction: 59% 29% -- : What!causes!the!substrate!!to!driP?! Major&Factors&Influencing& Factors& High&&Dri\& Low&&Dri\& Substrate&Components& Coir& (Is&more&neutral)& Peat&&&Bark& (Acidic)& Limestone&in&Substrate& Too&much& Too&lible& Water&Alkalinity& FerDlizer&Type& Excessive& (>&200&ppm&bicarbonate)& Basic&& (NitrateObased)& Lible&or&None& (<&50&to&100&ppm& bicarbonate)& Acidic&& (AmmoniumObased)& Plant&Species&Grown& Yes& Yes& 5
6 Species&Effect&on&& Effect&is¬&always& good& Vinca&needs&low&& Celosia&&&Dianthus& need&high&& Zinnia Vinca Marigold (African) Starting = 5.9 Pansy Begonia Celosia Dianthus Tomato Alkaline water" Lime charge Source: Huang and Nelson, NCSU 4.5 Uptake Effect NO 3 - fertilizers Uptake Effect: Basic Fertilizer FerDlizer&Uptake& [-] uptake Rises -0H! NH 4 + fertilizers NO 3-! Plant roots want to remain balanced (neutral) Uptake Effect: Acidic Fertilizer FerDlizer&Uptake& [+] uptake Falls H +! Uptake Effect (When:%Fer?lizer%Supplied%=%Fer?lizer%Demand)% NO 3 - fertilizers 5.5 NH 4+! Plant roots want to remain balanced (neutral) 4.5 NH 4 + fertilizers 6
7 100 ppm N Research&directed&by&Dr.&Paul&Nelson&of&NC& State&looked&in&depth&into&the&effects&of&basic& and&acidic&ferdlizers&on&substrate&.& Basic Neutral Acidic EC Basic Neutral Acidic Fer?lizer%Acidity/Basicity%and%Concentra?on%Effect%on%Substrate%%and% EC.%%Unpublished.%%K.Y.%Jeong%and%P.%Nelson.% Fertilizer Supplied = Demand) Basic Neutral Acidic EC Basic Neutral Acidic 200 ppm N Chemical Effect Acidic Fertilizer ( ) FerDlizers& Basic Fertilizer ( Cal-Mag) ppm N 200 ppm N Fertilizer Supplied > Demand) Solution? Supplied = Demand FerDlizers& Supplied > Demand 4 Uptake > Chemical Fertilizer type works Basic fertilizers increase Neutral fertilizers hold Acidic fertilizers decrease Uptake < Chemical decreases How!can!you!determine!the! substrate!?! Match the EC level with the plant s requirements. Monitor the substrate and EC to assure values are on target. 7
8 &Monitoring&Methods& 1:2&DiluDon& InOhouse&test&of&using&1&part&substrate&to&2&parts& water& SME&(Saturated&Media&Extract)& UDlized&by&most&substrate&tesDng&labs&& PourThru& A&nonOdestrucDve&inOhouse&test& and EC Monitoring PourThru Monitoring Program PourThru&Steps& PourThru:&Smaller&Containers& Use&6&or&8Oinch&saucers& Irrigate the crop 1 HR prior to PourThru Place a plastic saucer under container Pour enough water over top of substrate to displace ~50 ml of solution Collect and analyze the leachate 5 How!do!you!evaluate! substrate!!values!and! correct!problems?! &O&OpDmal&Ranges&by&Group& Parameter Low (Petunia) General (General) High (Geranium) 5.5 to to 6.2 to 6.5 Goals: Avoiding HIGH problems Avoiding LOW problems 8
9 &Zones:& Range Target&&Zones& Lower Decision Zone Upper Decision Zone PourThru chart for geraniums Crop: Geranium (zonal) Target Range: to 6.6 Starting Date (week 0) Upper Decision Range: 6.6 to 6.8 Ending Date Lower Decision Range: 5.8 to & CorrecNve& Procedures& Week &Management& Conclusions& Learn&to&diagnose&symptoms& High&and&low&& Know&which&factors&influence&&driA& If&the&EC&is&too&high,&&can&drop.& Start&a&monitoring&program&to&check&/EC& If&problems&occur,&implement&the&correcDve& procedures&in&eogro&alert&3o05.& 9
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