1) Yellow Corn in 2014 Compared to 2013 and ) Time of Day Plant Tissue Project
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1 1) Yellow Corn in 2014 Compared to 2013 and ) Time of Day Plant Tissue Project Richard Jenny Agronomist AGVISE Labs, Benson, MN Twitter: Agvise Laboratories
2 Yellow Corn in 2014 Remember 2013? Lot of early yellow corn. Remember 2012? Very little yellow corn. Major factor in yellow corn in 2013 & 2014 Early season WEATHER conditions! Long cold winter Excessive moisture in April, May & June Delayed planting (wet) Poor root/crop growth (cold & wet) Lower rate of mineralization for N & S
3 Yellow Corn in 2014 Indicator of Nitrogen and/or Sulfur deficiency Leaching of N & S below roots Denitrification: Water logged soil lose N to atmosphere Indicator of Oxygen deprived, water saturated soil Example: Benson had 22 of rain from April-June All time record rainfall in 2014 Example: S MN and SE SD: Very wet April-June
4 Corn in Waterlogged Soil
5 Yellow Corn in % 40% < 12" (V4) Nitrogen Percent of samples below sufficiency range 12"-tassel (V5-V7) 30% 20% 10% 0% 28% 16% 21% 8% 12% 3% First 1,000 samples: Less than 12 (V4) First 1,000 samples: 12 to tasseling (~V5 - V7)
6 Yellow Corn in % 40% 30% < 12" (V4) 26% Sulfur Percent of samples below sufficiency range 12"-tassel (V5-V7) 39% 36% 20% 10% 1% 2% 8% 0% First 1,000 samples: Less than 12 (V4) First 1,000 samples: 12 to tasseling (~V5 - V7)
7 Yellow Corn in 2014 Summary More yellow corn reported in than 2012 Tissue summary data comparison confirms this corn was planted later, soil was colder and wetter weather than in 2012 Saturated soil conditions, esp. in 2014 N & S were leached below the root zone early in the growing season N was lost due to denitrification Colder soil means less N & S mineralization As corn grew taller and developed its root system, it was able to reach the N & S
8 Corn Tissue Observations 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% < 12" (V4) 12"-tassel (V5-V7) 25% 20% Phosphorus Percent of samples below sufficiency range 30% 21% 34% 30% 0% More corn tissue samples tested low in P during cool wet springs. (2012 warm spring 2013 and 2014 cool wet springs) First 1,000 samples: Less than 12 (V4) First 1,000 samples: 12 to tasseling (~V5 - V7)
9 Corn Tissue Observations 50% 40% 43% Potassium Percent of samples below sufficiency range 35% < 12" (V4) 33% 12"-tassel (V5-V7) 30% 20% 22% 18% 17% 10% 0% The % corn tissue samples testing low in K are not greatly affected by cool or warm years, but more samples low in 2012 due to dry conditions. (2012 warm dry spring 2013 and 2014 cool wet springs) First 1,000 samples: Less than 12 (V4) First 1,000 samples: 12 to tasseling (~V5 - V7)
10 Corn Tissue Observations 50% 40% < 12" (V4) Zinc Percent of samples below sufficiency range 12"-tassel (V5-V7) 44% 30% 20% 22% 22% 17% 10% 0% 1% 8% More corn tissue samples tested low in Zn during cool wet springs. (2012 warm spring 2013 and 2014 cool wet springs) First 1,000 samples: Less than 12 (V4) First 1,000 samples: 12 to tasseling (~V5 - V7)
11 5 4 3 Nutrient concentration Time of Day Tissue Sampling Project Do the nutrient levels in plant tissue samples change significantly, depending on the time of day samples are collected? Plant Tissue Nutrient Concentration % 2 1 0? Time of Day
12 What might cause nutrient levels in plant samples to change during the day? Cool or warm weather Dry or wet weather Early in season vs later in season Different crops Lab analysis limitations (+- 10%) Replicated Research is very hard to find!
13 Time of Day - Tissue Sampling Project Method Tissue samples collected in triplicate Samples collected at 9 AM, 11 AM, 1 PM, 3 PM, 5 PM Crops Wheat (Northwood, ND) Tillering, Boot and Heading: 1 site Soybean (Northwood & Benson) Less than 6 and Early Bloom: 3 sites Corn (Northwood & Benson) <12 (V4): 1 site 12 to tasseling (V5 V7): 3 sites
14 Nitrogen: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) (%) V4 Suff. < 12" 2.0 Nitrogen: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) (%) V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" 2.0
15 Phosphorus: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) V4 Suff. < 12" (%) Phosphorus: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" (%)
16 5.00 Time of Day Tissue Sampling Project Potassium: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) (%) V4 Suff. < 12" Potassium: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) (%) V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" 1.00
17 Sulfur: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) (%) V4 Suff. < 12" Suff. < 12" Sulfur: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) (%) V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" Suff. > 12"
18 70 Zinc: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) ppm V4 Suff. < 12" 0 70 Zinc: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) ppm V5 -V7 Suff. > 12"
19 150 Manganese: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) ppm V4 Suff. < 12" Manganese: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) ppm V5 -V7 Suff. > 12"
20 2.00 Calcium: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) % V4 Suff. < 12" Suff. < 12" Calcium: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) % V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" Suff. > 12" 0.50
21 1.00 Magnesium: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) % V4 Suff. < 12" Magnesium: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) % V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" 0.25
22 25 Boron: Corn Tissue - < 12" (V4) ppm V4 Suff. < 12" Boron: Corn Tissue - > 12" (V5 - V7) ppm V5 -V7 Suff. > 12" 5 0
23 Nitrogen - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom % V3 Early Bloom Suff. Phosphorus - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom % 0.20 V3 Early Bloom Suff.
24 Potassium - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom % V3 Early Bloom Suff. Suff. Sulfur - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom % 0.10 V3 Early Bloom Suff.
25 Zinc - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom ppm V3 Early Bloom Suff. Boron - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom ppm V3 Early Bloom Suff.
26 Manganese - Soybean Tissue: V3 & Early Bloom ppm V3 Early Bloom Suff. Suff. 0
27 6 Nitrogen - HRSW Tissue % Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff. (B & T) Suff. (H) Phosphorus - HRSW Tissue % Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff.
28 4.00 Time of Day Tissue Sampling Project Potassium - HRSW Tissue % Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff. (T) Suff. (B & H) 0.50 Sulfur - HRSW Tissue % Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff. Suff.
29 50 Zinc - HRSW Tissue ppm Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff Chloride - HRSW Tissue % Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff. (T) Suff. (B & H)
30 15 Copper - HRSW Tissue ppm 10 5 Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff Boron - HRSW Tissue ppm Tillering (T) Boot (B) Heading (H) Suff. 0
31 Summary and Conclusion 1. Time of day plant tissue sampling does not show significant difference in plant tissue nutrient concentrations for corn, soybeans or wheat. 2. Tissue sampling any time of day will provide useful information. While there may be minor changes in nutrient concentration through the day, the interpretation of nutrients being sufficient or deficient would be the same no matter what time of day the sample was collected.
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