Compositions of Anthocyanin and Other Flavonoids in Cultured

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1 Food Sci. Technol Res., 0 (), 9-6, 00 Compositions of Anthocyanin and Other Flavonoids in Cultured Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Tiiblue) Cells of Shioka HAMAMATSU, Kimiko YABE and Yoshihiko NAWA National Food Research Institute, -- Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 0-6, Japan Received August, 00 ; Accepted April, 00 Our blueberry cultured cells produce anthocyanins in high quantity (Nawa et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,, 0-, 99). Using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS), anthocyanins in the red cells derived from leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tifblue (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were identified as -galactoside (gal), -glucoside (glc) and -arabinoside (ara) of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp), petunidin (Pe), peonidin (Pn) and malvidin (Mv), except for Mv -ara. The fruits additionally contained anthocyanins and Mv -ara, as a main anthocyanin. The autumn red leaves contained Cy -gal, Cy -ara and Cy -glc. In the red cells and the leaves, derivatives of Cy were the most abundant at.% (Cy -gal 9.%, Cy -glc.%, Cy -ara 0.9%) and 00% (Cy -gal.0%, Cy -glc 6.%, Cy -ara.%) of the total anthocyanins, respectively. In contrast, the fruits contained Mv derivatives as main components that amounted to 0.9% of the total anthocyanins; Mv -gal, Mv -ara and Mv -glc constituted.,. and.%, respectively. Cy derivatives in fruit anthocyanins amounted to.0%. The red cells produced 0 mg of anthocyaninlioo g fr wt, which was slightly lower than that of the fruits (9 mg). LC-MS analysis also suggested the presence of quercetin (Q) -glc, Q -rutinoside, and glycosides of myricetin (M) and Q in the red cells. This analysis showed the presence of (+)-catechin (C) and (-)-epicatechin (EC) in these cells as well as of (+)- C, (-)-EC and chlorogenic acid in the red leaves. These flavonoids and phenolics were also some of the main components in the leaves. Keywords: blueberry, cultured cell, anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonols, LC-MS. Introduction Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals that constitute a large group of secondary metabolites in plants, and are useful diet components. Dietary flavonoids consist mainly of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, catechins and flavanones; they are potent antioxidants, free radical scavengers and metal chelators. Thus, certain flavonoids are used for their health promoting properties. Anthocyanins from the fruit of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) were reported to have the ability to decrease the permeability and fragility of capillaries, to inhibit urinary tract infection and to strengthen collagen matrices via cross linkages (Morazzoni & Bombardelli, 996; Walt & Dufour, 99). Pharmaceutical preparations of crude extracts of the fruits, including mainly anthocyanins, are used for curing. In the United States, blueberries have become of special interest in connection with studies on the total antioxidant activities in food using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) procedure; this is because of the high antioxidant capacity of blueberry anthocyanins and the wide range of their anthocyanin and flavonol content (Prior et al., 99; Ehlenfeldt & Prior, 00). In Japan, anthocyanins of blueberry fruits shioka@nfri.affrc.go. jp are usually used as a food colorant providing additional benefits for health. Furthermore, ethanol extracts of highbush blueberry leaves are approved as food antioxidants in Japan, the leaves were reported to contain a higher level of many flavonols including quercetin glycosides than the fruits (Ehlenfeldt & Prior, 00). Quercetin is one of the most extensively studied flavonoids because of its bio- 0gical properties including the antioxidant activity. Production of useful secondary metabolites by plant cells and tissue cultures is a matter of interest in food biotechnology. Anthocyanin production was reported for the cultured cells of grape (Yamakawa et al., 9, Do & Cormier, 99), blueberry (Nawa et al., 99), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) (Madhavi et al., 99), bilberry (Madhavi et al., 99), strawberry (Asano et al., 00) and Vaccinium pahalae (Meyer et al., 00). Koda et al. reported formation of blue pigment by Clerodendron trichotomum callus (99), and formation of red pigment by perilla and their utilization as food colors (99). Formation of crocin by gardenia callus (Nawa & Ohtani, 99), of lutein and zeaxanthin by bilberry (Madhavi et al., 99), and of proanthocyanidins by blueberry cells (Nawa et al., 99) also were reported. This cell line of blueberry showed many kinds of anthocyanins and other flavonoids, although they were not identified in detail. We used liquid

2 0 chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique for analyses of flavonoids in cultured red cells, fruits, and leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Titblue. In this work, we describe the identification of anthocyanins, flavonols and other phenolics compounds in these cultured cells, fruits, and leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue and demonstrate the parallel ability of cell cultures to produce the same flavonoids in vitro. Materials and Methods Chemicals Authentic Cy -glc, Cy -gal, Mv -glc, Peo -glc, hesperidin, quercetin (Q) -glc, Q -rhamnoside (rha), Q -rutinoside (rutin), kaempferol (K) -glc, and myricetin (M) -rham were purchased from Extrasynthase S. A. (Impasse Jacquard, Genay, France). (+)-catechin ((+)- C), (-)-epicatechin ((-)-EC) were from Kurita Kogyo Co. (Tokyo), and chlorogenic acid was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Plant materials Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Titblue) was planted at the Agricultural and Forestry Research Center, University of Tsukuba. Fruits and autumn red leaves were harvested in July 00 and December 000, respectively. Fruits on the market also were used to prepare anthocyanins as a standard sample. Samples were usually frozen and stored at -0'C until assayed. Red-cell suspension culture Red cells were derived from a cell line of blueberry callus from young leaf sections of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Titblue which had been cultivated at a farm in Chiba city (Nawa et al., 99). The cell line was maintained for over 0 years on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium (ph.) (Murashige & Skoog, 96) supplemented with 0. mg/ of,-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (, -D), % (w/v) sucrose, 0.% (w/v) Gelrite (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka) at 'C under white fluorescent light (,000 Iux, 0 h). Suspension cultures of the red cells were obtained by inoculation of red callus into 0 ml of MS Iiquid medium supplemented with 0. mg/ of, -D, % sucrose, and followed by aeration with an orbital motion shaker at 0 rpm at 'C under white fluorescent light (,000 Iux, 0 h). Five ml of cell suspension (about 0. g fresh weight) was inoculated into the same fresh medium and sub-cultured at -day intervals. Subculture was repeated three times to obtain settled cultures. Cells (about 0. to I g fresh weight in ml) from a settled culture were proliferated for 9 days at logarithmic phase. An aliquot (0 ml) of cell suspension after proliferation was removed, and the cells were collected by filtration, and then used for assay, unless otherwise noted. Extraction of anthocyanins and other flavonoids Anthocyanins and other flavonoids were extracted from the collected fresh cells, or frozen fruits and autumn red leaves with a -fold volume of % (v/v) formic acid-methanol overnight at 'C in the dark followed by filtration. Each extract was evaporated to dryness at 0'C with a rotary evaporator, the residue was dissolved in a small volume (ess than I ml) of % (v/v) formic acid. Each 0. ml aliquot was applied onto a C Sep-Pak cartridge (Vac6cc; Waters S. HAMAMATSU et al. Co., Milford, Massachusetts) and the whole was washed with. ml of % formic acid three times. The adsorbed pigments were eluted with l(~o formic acid-methanol, and the eluates were used as crude extracts for further analysis. Semi-preparative HPLC of anthocyanins The crude extract from commercial fruits was applied onto a Shimpack PRC-ODS (H) column (00 x 0 mm, Shimadzu, Tokyo) connected to a guard column (Shim-pack GPRC- ODS, x mm) by eluting with a linear gradient of wateracetonitrile-methanol-formic acid (0:. :. : 0, v/v) in water-formic acid (90:0, v/v) from an initial 0 to 60% for 0 min at a flow rate of. ml/min at 'C, followed by an elution with a gradient from 60 to 0% for the next min. Resultant eluates were used as standard anthocyanin samples for analytical HPLC and LC-MS analyses. Hydrolysis of anthocyanins and TLC of sugar moiety Anthocyanin samples after semi-preparative HPLC were fully hydrolyzed with M HCI for 0 min at 00'C, and the resulting sugar moiety was analyzed with a cellulose thinlayer (0. mm thickness, 0 x 0 cm, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) with a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate-pyridine-water (0: :6, v/v), then compared with the authentic rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, glucose and galactose, according to the method described by Asano et al. (00). Analytical HPLC of anthocyanins Anthocyanins in the crude extracts were analyzed with a Shim-pack CLC- ODS (M) column (. x 0 mm, Shimadzu, Tokyo) connected to a guard column (Shim-pack CLC-GODS (),.0 x 00 mm) by eluting with a linear gradient of water-acetonitrile-methanol-formic acid (0:.:.:0, v/v) in water-formic acid (90:0, v/v) from an initial 0 to 60% for 0 min at a flow rate of.0 ml/min at 'C, followed by an elution with a gradient from 60 to 0% for the next min. Elution of anthocyanins was monitored at 0 nm. Each anthocyanin content was calculated by area of the HPLC peak using Cy -glc as standard. Cy -glc is an abundant component of many anthocyanin-producing cultured cells and many autumn red leaves. LC-MS analysis of anthocyanins and other flavonoids Anthocyanins and other flavonoids were analyzed by LC- MS with Hitachi M-00AP equipment using a Shim-pack CLC-ODS (M) column. The analytical conditions for the mass spectrometry were as follows: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) probe; positive ion mode; multiplier voltage,,00 V; needle voltage,,000 V; nebulizer temperature, 00'C ; desolvator temperature, 00'C; drift voltage, 0-00 V; m/z scan range, 00 to 00. High drift voltage facilitated decomposition of anthocyanins and flavonols into aglycons and sugars. The m/z ([M+H]+) of Cy -glc was 9, for example, at 0V of drift voltage; it showed a main quasi-molecule ion peak of m/z 9 and a lesser one of m/z (Cy), but it showed only m/z at loo V on APCI-MS. Anthocyanins were eluted with a linear gradient of acetonitrile in 9~o (v/v) formic acid using the same gradient profile of analytical HPLC at a flow rate of.o ml/min at 'C. The same elution was used for analysis of flavonols and phenolics. The elution pattern was moni-

3 Anthocyanin, Flavonol and Phenolics of Blueberry Cultured Cell tored at 0, 60, or 0 nm for anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolics, respectively. A. Fruits Result and Discussion Fluent and extract conditions for identlfication on LC- MS We used LC-MS to identify flavonoids.lc-ms offers advantages in terms of sensitivity and capacity for the analysis of large, thermally labile and highly polar compounds such as anthocyanins (Giusti et al., 999) and flavonols (Hakkinen & Auriola, 99) without the need for derivatization. An electrospray interface mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (APCI-MS) are soft ionization methods, and the ions are taken straight from the liquid phase at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. APCI-MS was also suitable for the analysis of flavonoids, although it relies more on gas phase chemistry than ESI-MS (Zhou & Hamburger, 996). We used a mobile phase of I % formic acid and acetonitrile for anthocyanin and of I % formic acid and methanol for flavonols and other phenolics, because each solvent was detected by the high sensitivity each molecular ion. On the % formic acid - methanol gradient system, for example, anthocyanins of red cultured cells were shown lower ion peaks than catechins despite their abundant quantities. This character of APCI-MS was able to detect the difference of anthocyanins and other phenolics in the same samples, without quenching abundant anthocyanins. We used % formic acid-methanol for acetylated anthocyanin extraction (Gao & Mazza, 99) because care must be exercised to ensure that the acetylated derivatives are, in fact, natural and not an artifact of the extraction process; O. I - I % formic acid-methanol was found suitable for phenolics extraction rather than 00~:~o acetonitrile or methanol (Ehlenfeldt & Prior, 00; Kalt et al., 00; Kahkonen et al., 00). Our results also showed formic acid-methanol extraction was suitable for simultaneous analysis for flavonoids. Moreover, LC-MS was appropriate for analyzing many flavonoids simultaneously. ldentification and composition of anthocyanins Figure I shows HPLC chromatograms of anthocyanins from the fruits (A), the red cells (B) and the autumn red leaves (C) of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue, and Table I shows the LC-MS data (m/z) of the corresponding peaks of separated preparative HPLC for the anthocyanins. Fourteen anthocyanins of the red cells were identified as the -galactoside (gal), -glucoside (glc) and -arabinoside (ara) of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp), petunidin (Pe), peonidin (Pn) and malvidin (Mv), except for Mv -ara which was one of the main anthocyanins in the fruits. The autumn red leaves produced three anthocyanins, Cy -gal, Cy -ara and Cy -glc. In the red cells and leaves, glycosides of Cy were the most abundant: Cy -gal, Cy -glc or Cy -ara constituted 9.,. or 0.9% and.0, 6. or.~;~o of total anthocyanins, respectively. Autumn leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum contained 6.,.0 and 0.9% of Cy -gal, Cy -glc and other anthocyanins, respectively (Iwashina, 996). The composition of the fruit anthocyanins remarkably differed from that of the red cells anthocyanins, Mv B. Red cells C. Red leaves o A~ J U~ ^6 ~) A~(~~ 0- (min) ll~ ~LU'-' 0 0 Fig. l. Reverse phase HPLC profiles in analytical HPLC of anthocyanins from cultured red cells, fruits and autumn red leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Titblue. Anthocyanins were monitored at 0 nm in the elution with the linear gradient of water-acetonitrile-methanol-formic acid (see Materials and Methods). LC-MS data for anthocyanins are summarized in Table. A: Fruits, B, Red cells, C: Red leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Titblue. glycosides were abundant and accounted for 0.9~;~o in the Tiiblue fruits; Mv -gal, Mv -ara, and Mv -glc constituted.,. and.%, respectively. Cy -gal and Cy -ara of fruit anthocyanins composed only 9. and.0(~o, respectively. The present results of the anthocyanin composition of the red cells showed the presence of Dp, Pe, Pn and Mv, although in a low amount; they were detected in the fruits in a rather high amount but not detected at all in the leaves. Anthocyanin synthetic ability existing in fruit tissue seemed to be expressed slightly in the red cells. The high composition of Cy glycosides in the red cells seems to be derived from the property of the anthocyanin synthesis in the mother leaf tissue. However, the anthocyanin composition of cultured cells was generally a simple pattern. For example, production of only Cy glycosides (-gal, -glc and -ara)

4 S. HAMAMATSU et al. Table. LC-MS data for anthocyanins in cultured red cells, autumn red leaves and fruits of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue. Peak No.(a) tr (min) in HPLC m/z of corresponding ion peak (total/aglycon) Anthocyanins identified(b) Composition (%)(*) Red cells Red leaves Fruits l l /0 6/0 9 /0 9 9/ 9 9/ 6/0 9/ 6/0 9/ /0 9/ 6/ 9 Dp -gal Dp -glc Cy -gal Dp -ara Cy -glc Pe -gal Cy -ara Pe -glc Pn -glc Pe -ara Pn -glc Mv -gal Pn -ara Mv -glc Mv -ara Cy hexo-ac OO O.6 Total anthocyanin (mg/loog FW)(d) (a) Refer to peaks in the chromatograms shown in Fig. I. (b) Dp, delphinidin; Cy, cyanidin; Pe, petunidin; Pn, peonidin; Mv, malvidin; gal, galactoside; glc, glucoside; ara, arabinoside; hexo-ac, acetylated hexoside. (c) -, not detected. (d) Each total anthocyanin was calculated as Cy -glc by summing up the peak areas. was reported for cranberry (V macrocarpon Ait) callus derived from leaf, stem and fruit, whereas fruit produced Pn -gal, Cy -gal, Cy -ara, Pn -ara and Pn -glc as major pigments (Madhavi et al., 99); in bilberry (V myrtillus) callus derived from hypocotyl, Cy -glycosides (gal, glc and ara) were produced, while fruit produced another 6 major components and minor ones (Madhavi et al., 99). A difference in anthocyanin composition between the cultured cells and intact organs was reported also for Shikinari strawberry, that is, suspension cultured cells produced Pn -Glc (0.0%) and Cy -Glc (.0%) (Mori et al., 99), while fruits produced pelargonidin and Cy glycosides as main components. In Nyoho strawberry suspension culture, one cell line produced Cy -glc (6.%) and Pn -glc (9.0%), and another cell line produced Cy -glc (.%) and Pn -glc (.0%), respectively, whereas the fruits produced pelargonidin -glc (.%), Cy -glc (.%), Pn -glc (0.%) and others (.6%) (Asano et al., 00). Red cells had almost as many kinds of anthocyanins as the fruits. This suggested that the ability of flavonoid biosynthesis in red cells was accelerated more quantitatively than in other cultured cells or autumn red leaves. These results showed that the high productivity of anthocyanin and flavonoid in red cells caused the qualitative difference within other cultured cells and red cells. The composition of the sugar moiety differed between the red cells or the leaves and the fruits. Gal, glc and ara in anthocyanins of the red cells, the leaves or the fruits accounted for 6.,. and.%,.0, 6. and.%, and.,. and.9%, respectively; the fruit anthocyanins were more highly etherified with glucose than those of the red cells or the leaves. The glucosylation of anthocyanins was largely inhibited or repressed in the red cells and the leaves. The property of the red cells had a high content of -gal and -ara, and a low content of -glc seemed to be derived from the ability existing in the mother tissue (leao Similar results of high galacto binosylation, and low glucosylation were reported for the cultured cells of cranberry (Madhavi et al., 99) and bilberry (Madhavi et al., 99). In contrast, only glucosylated anthocyanins were detected in strawberry cultured cells (Asano et al., 00). The difference in anthocyanin composition or glycosylation between the cultured cells and intact organs may be caused by changes in the anthocyanin synthetic pathway or glycosylating enzymes during callus induction. As for production of anthocyanins by cultured cells being at lower levels than those of fruits, the red cells produced 0 mg anthocyanins /00 g fr wt, which was slightly lower than that of the fruits ( 9 mg). Callus cultures of cranberry (Madhavi et al., 99) or bilberry (Madhavi et al., 99) produced. to.(~o or 0.% of anthocyanins of the fruit, respectively. Skrede et al. (000) reported that juice from highbush blueberries contained 99.9 mglioo g of fresh berries, and Gao & Mazza ( 99) reported that total anthocyanins in blueberries ranged from 0 to 60 mg/00 g of fresh berries. Blueberry fruits (Ehlenfeldt and Prior, 00) and grapes (0-0 mg/00 g fr wt) (Lamikanra, 99) have high contents of anthocyanins in contrast with other fruits. Grape cultured cells are known for their high productivity of anthocyanins in both quality and in quantity (Yamakawa et al., 9). Grape cultured cells produced 6 anthocyanins and accounted for mg/00 g fr wt, while the same cultivar of grape produced anthocyanins. These results suggested that red cells have a very high content of anthocyanin in contrast with other cultured cells and other fruits. ldentlfication of phenolics and flavonols Figure

5 I Anthocyanin, Flavonol and Phenolics of Blueberry Cultured Cell shows HPLC and a total ion chromatogram (TIC) (m/z 00-00) for semi-purified phenolics by C Sep-Pak in the red cells and the authentic phenolics ((+)-C and (-)-EC), and Table shows the data for the phenolics. Peak (tr 6.9 min in HPLC in Fig. A) of the red cells gave m/z 9 (Fig. B) and coincided with authentic (+)-C (peak of Fig. C or D); therefore peak of the red cells was identified as (+)-C (m/z 9 at tr 6. min in TIC, Table ). In a % formic acid-methanol fluent system of APCI-MS, anthocyanins were hardly ionized, so a high content of anthocyanins appeared as lower ion peaks than those of (+)-C or (-)-EC. Peak and 0 (Fig. A) were Cy -gal and Cy - ara, respectively. TIC of the red cells (Fig. B) showed a peak having m/z 9 at tr. min (peak ') which coeluted with peak in HPLC, and the authentic (-)-EC gave m/z 9 at tr. I min in TIC. These results suggested the presence of (-)-EC in the red cells. TIC of the red leaves gave three ion-peaks (peaks a, b and c in Fig. D) which had m/z 9, and 9 at tr 6.,. and. min in TIC, respectively (see Fig. D), and the authentic chlorogenic acid (tr.6 min in HPLC) gave m/z at tr. min in TIC (chromatograms not shown). From these results, peaks a, b and c of the red leaves were identified as (+)-C, (-)-EC and chlorogenic acid, respectively. The presence of (+)-C and (-)-EC was reported in callus cultures of tea plant (Forrest, 969), suspension culture of tea plant (Shibasaki- Kitakawa et al., 00), and callus cultures of Fagopyrum esculentum (Moumou et al., 99), and (+)-C was reported Table. LC-MS data for phenolics and anthocyanins in cultured red cells of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue. Peak No (*) tr(min) in HPLC m/z of Red Standards Red Standards(b) corresponding cells cells ion peak(*) l OO / / 9 (a) Refer to peaks in the chromatograms shown in Fig.. (b) Chlorogenic acid gave tr.6 min in HPLC and m/z at tr. min in TIC, respectively. Chromatograms are not shown. (c) -; not detected; significant ion peaks (m/z from 00 to 00). (d) C, catechin; EC, epicatechin. Refer to Table I for other abbreviations. Com pound(d) (+)-C Dp -gal (-)-EC Cy -gal Cy -glc Cy -ara in strawberry cultured cells (Arnaldos et al., 00). The crude extracts of red cells, which were eluted from a C Sep-Pak cartridge, showed two absorption-maximums at 6 and nm of nearly the same intensity, and three A. Red cells C. Standard E :: O CO C\l O o C c:: JC: * O a, ~ < B. Red cells (mass chromatogram) D. Standard (mass chromatogram) ' > co c o ~ c m/z 9. J TIC *' ' ' 0 m/z 9 TIC I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t Time (min) Time (min) Fig.. HPLC and TIC chromatograms in LC-MS of phenolics from cultured red cells of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Titblue. Phenolics were monitored at 0 nm in the elution with the % formic acid-methanol gradient system. Data are summarized in Table. A and B: HPLC and TIC of Red cells. C and D: HPLC and TIC of authentic catechins ((+)-C; peak and (-)-EC; peak '), respectively.

6 A. Red cells (60 nm) C. Red leaves (60 nm) + S. HAMAMATSU et al. (D O = Ca L: * O QD ~:: < de, (D O C: Ca : * O Q, ~:: < b cde B. Red cells (TIC) D. Red leaves (TIC) + > (, :: O C a c e, > ~' ~ c (D ~ c ab c d e Time (min) Time (min) Fig.. HPLC and TIC chromatograms in LC-MS of flavonols from cultured red cells and autumn red leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue. Flavonols were monitored at 60 nm in the elution with the % formic acid-methanol gradient system. Data are summarized in Table. A and B: HPLC and TIC of Red cells, C and D: HPLC and TIC of Red leaves, respectively. Peaks a, b, c, d and e of mass chromatogram identified in order of: (+)-C, chlorogenic acid, (-)-EC. Cy -gal and Cy -ara. fast-moving yellow spots were detected by two-dimensional thin-ayer chromatography with a solvent system of n-buthanol - acetic acid - water/acetic acid - HCI - water (data not shown). These results suggested the presence of flavonols in the red cells. Figure shows HPLC and TIC chromatograms of flavonols in the red cells and the leaves. Table shows LC-MS data for the flavonols. The red cells showed main peaks (peaks, and, Fig. A or B) and several minor ones. Peak I (tr 9.6 min in HPLC) gave m/z 9 and at tr 9.90 min in TIC, as estimated as Table. LC-MS data for flavonols in cultured red cells and autumn red leaves of rabbiteye blueberry cv. Tiiblue. Peak No.(a) tr (min) in HPLC(b) Red cells Red leaves Red cells Red leaves Standards l lO (') m/z of corresponding ion peaks (total/aglycon)(d) / /0 6/0 6, 6/0 0,, 99, /0 /0 9/0 -/ -/0 0,, 9 Flavonols estimated(e) M-hexo Q-hexo + CH Q -glc rutin Q-pent Q-pent Q-rha K-derivative Q-derivative (a) Refer to peaks in the chromatograms shown in Fig.. (b) Chromatograms of standards not shown. (c) Retention time (min) of each particular mass ion peak is shown. Peak and peak appeared as a single peak in HPLC (tr: (d) -; not detected significant ion peaks (m/z from 00 to 00). (e) M, myricetin; hexo, hexoside; Q, quercetin; rha, rhamnoside; pent, pentoside. As to other glycosides, refer to Table I..).

7 Anthocyanin, Flavonol and Phenolics of Blueberry Cultured Cell M-hexoside (hexo) (or M-pentoside (pent)-ac). Peak (tr. min in HPLC) gave m/z 0 and 6 at tr. min in TIC, and the authentic Q -glc (tr. min in HPLC) gave m/z 0 and 6 at tr.6 min in TIC. From these results, peak was tentatively identified as Q -glc, although there was a possibility that peak was some derivative(s) like Q -gal. This peak had a shoulder (peak ) which gave tr. min by HPLC and m/z 0, 6 and 6 at tr. min in TIC, and the authentic Q -rutioside (tr.0 min in HPLC) gave m/z 0, 6 and 6 at tr. min by TIC, therefore peak was tentatively identified as rutin. Peak (tr. 0 min in HPLC) gave m/z 0 and at tr _. min in TIC, and was estimated as Q-pent (or Q-tetrose + CH). On the other hand, the red leaves showed 6 main peaks (peaks,,,, 9 and in Fig. C). Peak (tr. min in HPLC) of the leaves gave TIC peaks having m/z 0 and 6 at tr.9 min and m/z 0, 6 and 9 at tr. min, this peak seemed to be composed of Q -glc (or a Q -gal like component) and Q-hexo + CH. Peak I I (tr 6.9 min in HPLC) was estimated to have Q -rhamnoside (rha), because it gave the same m/z 0 and 9 at tr 6.6 min in TIC (the authentic Q -rha gave tr 6. min in HPLC). Peak 9 seemed to be Q-pent (or Q-tetrose + CH) (Table ). Peaks, 6,,,, and were. It is well known that Vaccinium sp. in plants contain many flavonol, proanthocyanidins and tannin. The quantity of leaf phenolics, containing flavonol, is over 0 times that observed in fruit, and rabbiteye blueberry leaves are higher in phenolics than highbush blueberry leaves. Moreover, in leaf tissue, the value for both ORAC and phenolics were significantly higher than in fruit tissue, but leaf ORAC value had a low correlation with the amount of fruit phenolics including anthocyanins contributing to the fruit ORAC value (Ehlenfeldt and Prior, 00). Since chlorogenic acid and flavonols stabilize anthocyanins, these substances give a cultured cell extract either high antioxidant activity or high resistance to light; both are favorable characters as for a food colorant and pharmaceutical supplement. The presence of anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolics in addition to proanthocyanidins (Nawa et al., 99) in the red cells indicates that Titblue cultured cells are useful bioreactor to produce natural components of high antioxidant activity as well as natural pigments. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. M. Fukushima for giving us blueberry samples, and Dr. T. Tsushida, Dr. M. Yamaguchi and Dr. Y. Mori for helpful discussions. 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