Women by area: Urban F Women by area: Rural F

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1 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration Last Updated: Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Age Sample Prevalence (%) (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l) N 2005 National: Women: Total F Women by age F Women by age F Women by age F Women by age F Women by age F Women by area: Urban F Women by area: Rural F Women by province: East F Women by province: Kigali city F Women by province: North F Women by province: South F Women by province: West F N 2000 National: Women F N 1996 National: Pre-SAC: Total B National: Pre-SAC: Total B National: PW F NS Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by age B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Butare B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Byumba B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Cyangugu B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Gikongoro B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Gisenyi B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Gitarama B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Kibungo B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Kibuye B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Kigali rural B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Ruhengeri B Pre-SAC by prefecture: Umutara B Mean SD Reference Notes General Line

2 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration Last Updated: Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Age Sample Prevalence (%) (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l) S areas: All B Mean SD Reference Notes General Line

3 NOTES Reference No: 5781 General notes: Two-stage PPS cluster sampling. Sample comprised of households, covering all provinces. Sample comprised of women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Previous XN is XN during previous pregnancy. For women with two or more live births in the five-year period, data refer to the most recent birth. Note 1 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.6% Note 2 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.4% Note 3 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.1% Note 4 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.1% Note 5 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 1.7% Note 6 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.2% Note 7 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.0% Note 8 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.7% Note 9 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.3% Note 10 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.6% Note 11 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.3% Note 12 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.2% Note 13 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.4% Reference No: 4488 General notes: Two-stage cluster sampling stratified by urban/rural strata. Previous XN is XN during last pregnancy among women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Note 14 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.90% Reference No: 2558 General notes: Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling. All prefectures except Kigali urban included. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/ml to µmol/l. Reference No: 209 General notes: Sample comprised of subjects from 6 areas (Kisenyi, Kigali, Nyanza, Astrida, Ngozi and Kitega). No sampling description.

4 R E F E R E N C E S Reference 209 Reference 2558 Reference 4488 Reference 5781 Roels GA, Debeir O,Trout M. Vitamin A deficiency in Ruanda-Urundi. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 1958, 10 : Ministère de la Santé, UNICEF, OMS. National Nutrition Survey of Women and Children in Rwanda in 1996 [final report]. Kigali, Ministère de la Santé, L'Office National de la Population, U.S Agency for International Development, ORC Macro. Rwanda 2000: nutrition of young children and mothers. Calverton, MD, ORC Macro, Institut National de la Statistique du Rwanda (INSR), ORC Macro. Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey Calverton, Maryland, INSR and ORC Macro, 2006.

5 Reference 2063 Reference 2763 Reference 3036 Reference 4864 Reference 5636 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Roels OA, Trout M, Dujacquier R. Carotene balances on boys in Ruanda where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. Journal of Nutrition, 1958, 65 : Conférence Internale sur la Nutrition. Analyse de la situation nutritionnelle au Rwanda de Sole G. Xerophthalmia in Rwandan refugees. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1995, 79 : Ministère des Finances et de la Planification Economique, UNICEF. Enquête à Indicateurs Multiples (MICS2) Rwanda [rapport préliminaire] [Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS2) Rwanda, preliminary report]. Kigali, Ministère des Finances et de la Planification Economique, Shaikh J, Mahy L. Assessement of the vitamin A situation in Rwanda, April 21- May 2, 2003; draft

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below:

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration Last