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1 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration Last Updated: Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Age Sample Prevalence (%) (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l) L 2000 Erzurum: Pre-SAC: Total B Pre-SAC by sex F Pre-SAC by sex M Mean SD Reference Notes General Line L Gaziantep city: PW F L 1998 Izmir: Pre-SAC: Total B Pre-SAC by sex F Pre-SAC by sex M Pre-SAC by location: Urban B Pre-SAC by location: Rural B L 1995 P Ankara: Infants/Pre-SAC: Total B Infants/Pre-SAC by sex F Infants/Pre-SAC by sex M S 1991 Istanbul and Kocaeli provinces: PW F R Marmara, Central Anatolian, East Anatolian regions B SAC/Adolescents by region: Marmara B SAC/Adolescents by region: Central Anatolia B SAC/Adolescents by region: East Anatolia B SAC/Adolescentsby settlement: Villages B SAC/Adolescents by settlement: Small towns B SAC/Adolescents by settlement: Cities B SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age F SAC by sex and age M SAC by sex and age M SAC by sex and age M SAC by sex and age M SAC by sex and age M SAC by sex and age M Adolescents by sex and age F

2 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration Last Updated: Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l) Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex Age Sample Prevalence (%) (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN Mean SD Reference Notes General Line R Adolescents by sex and age F Adolescents by sex and age F Adolescents by sex and age F Adolescents by sex and age F Adolescents by sex and age M Adolescents by sex and age M Adolescents by sex and age M Adolescents by sex and age M Adolescents by sex and age M

3 NOTES Reference No: 4393 General notes: Cluster sampling. Sample selected from rural and urban areas of Erzurum. Reference No: 5127 General notes: Facility based study (health centres). Sample comprised of PW (first, second and third trimester) atteding health centres in Gaziantep city, Gaziantep province. Reference No: 1912 General notes: Cluster sampling. Sample comprised pre-sac from 30 urban and 30 rural areas of Izmir. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/ml to µmol/l. Reference No: 107 General notes: Facility based study (hospital). Sample comprised healthy children brought to Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara for measles immunization. Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/dl to µmol/l. Reference No: 5822 General notes: Longitudinal study of pregnant women atteding 10 different health centres in the provinces of Istanbul and Kocaeli, with random selection of women from each health centre. Women with histories of renal, thyroid, cardiovasuclar, diabetic and gross obstetric problems, and hypertension excluded. Only samples taken from subjects at the first time point (13-17 weeks of pregnancy) reported here. Additional time points of weeks of pregnancy, and weeks postpartum are reported in the publication. Reference No: 261 General notes: Sample selected from 5 cities, 5 small towns and 10 villages within the regions of Marmara, Central Anatolian and East Anatolian. Blood samples taken from 1 male and 1 female pupil randomly selected from each age group at 60 primary schools (7-11 years, n=600), 15 junior high schools (12-14 years, n=180) and 15 senior high schools (15-17 years, n=180).

4 R E F E R E N C E S Reference 107 Reference 261 Reference 1912 Reference 4393 Reference 5127 Reference 5822 Hatun S, Tezic T. Vitamin A status of healthy infants in Ankara, Turkey. Ankara, Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 1995, 37 : Wetherilt H, Ackurt F, Brubacher G, Okan B, Aktas S, Turdu S. Blood vitamin and mineral levels in 7-17 years old Turkish children. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1992, 62 : Kurugöl Z, Egemen A, Keskinoglu P, Darcan S, Aksit S. Vitamin A deficiency in healthy children aged 6-59 months in Izmir Province of Turkey. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2000, 14 : Inandi T, Ertekin V, Guraksin A, Keles S, Yildirim AK. Vitamin A deficiency in healthy children aged 6-71 months in eastern Turkey. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2004, 24 : Meram I, Bozkurt AI, Kilincer S, Ozcirpici B, Ozgur S. Vitamin A and beta-carotene levels during pregnancy in Gaziantep, Turkey. Acta Medica, 2004, 47 : Açkurt F, Wetherilt H, Löker M, Hacibekiroğlu M. Biochemical assessment of nutritional status in pre- and post-natal Turkish women and outcome of pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995, 49 :

5 Reference 1911 Reference 2551 Reference 3008 Reference 3009 Reference 3080 Reference 3902 Reference 4167 Reference 4659 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Küçükbay H, Yakinci C, Küçükbay FZ, Turgut M. Serum vitamin A and bet-carotene levels in children with recurrent acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in Malatya. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1997, 43 : Tanzer F, Caglar Y, Sagnak K, Ciliv G. Ocular findings and vitamin A levels in cases of malnutrition in the Sivas region of Turkey [letter]. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1991, 37 : Buyukgebiz B, Ozalp I, Oran O. Investigation of serum vitamin A levels of children who had a history of recurrent diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in Ankara. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1990, 36 : Government of Turkey, UNICEF. The situation analysis of mothers and children in Turkey Hatun S, Tezic T, Kunak B, Cengiz AB. Vitamin A levels of children with measles in Ankara, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 1995, 37 : FAO. FAO - nutrition country profiles - Turkey. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, Coskun T. Blinding and immunocompromising malnutrition: vitamin A deficiency. International Child Health, 1998, 9 :1-17. Pekcan G, Karaagaoglu N. State of nutrition in Turkey. Nutrition and Health, 2000, 14 :41-52.