Use of combinations of canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler starter diets 1

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1 2009 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Use of combinations of canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler starter diets 1 Y. N. Min,* A. Hancock, F. Yan, C. Lu, C. Coto, A. Karimi, J. H. Park, F. Z. Liu,* and P. W. Waldroup 2 * College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China ; and Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Feed Mill Managers, Veterinarians, Production Managers SUMMARY The development of the fuel ethanol industry has resulted in large quantities of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). This can partially replace corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, but the amino acids in DDGS are not balanced. Canola meal (CM) is a good protein source with a high amino acid content, so the combined use of DDGS and CM may improve the amino acid balance. A study was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 6 6 factorial arrangement, 1,080 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to diets with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS, diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% CM from 0 to 18 d of age. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Diets were formulated to meet digestible amino acid requirements and were fed as a 3.17-mm pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were measured at 18 d of age. In addition, feed bulk density and percentage of fines were evaluated. The DDGS and CM levels as well as their interaction significantly affected feed intake and BW (P < 0.05). Moreover, feed intake and BW declined dramatically with the increasing inclusion of CM. However, no significant difference was noted in FCR due to dietary DDGS and canola levels. Percentage of fines and diet bulk density were influenced significantly by dietary DDGS and CM levels as well as by their interaction. The percentage of fines increased with increasing combinations of DDGS and CM. However, the effect of dietary DDGS and canola concentrations on feed bulk density did not show a clear trend. By regression analysis, percentage of fines had a significant impact on feed intake and BW gain but failed to show any clear-cut relationship between bulk density and performance factors. Therefore, when DDGS and CM are used in combination, the total level of the 2 ingredients in the formulation should be considered. Key words: distillers dried grains with solubles, canola meal, broiler, fines, bulk density 2009 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18 : doi: /japr Published with approval of the director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Arkansas and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. 2 Corresponding author: waldroup@uark.edu

2 726 JAPR: Research Report Table 1. Composition of basal diets with different levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and canola meal Ingredient, g/kg Diet A Diet B Diet C Diet D Yellow corn Soybean meal Canola meal DDGS Poultry oil Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Sodium chloride Sodium bicarbonate MHA l-threonine l-lysine hydrochloride Constant ingredients Total 1, , , , Novus International (St. Louis, MO). 2 Included 5.0 g/kg of vitamin premix [provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (from vitamin A acetate), 7,715 IU; cholecalciferol, 5,511 IU; vitamin E (from d l-α-tocopheryl acetate), IU; vitamin B 12, mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; niacin, 39 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 mg; menadione (from menadione dimethylpyrimidinol), 1.5 mg; folic acid, 0.9 mg; choline, 1,000 mg; thiamine (from thiamine mononitrate), 1.54 mg; pyridoxine (from pyridoxine hydrochloride), 2.76 mg; d-biotin, mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg]; 1.0 g/kg of Mintrex P_Se [provided per kilogram of diet: Mn (as manganese methionine hydroxy analog complex), 40 mg; Zn (as zinc methionine hydroxy analog complex), 40 mg; Cu (as copper methionine hydroxy analog complex), 20 mg; Se (as selenium yeast), 0.3 mg; Novus International Inc.]; and 4.0 g/kg of Pel-Stik pellet binder (Uniscope Inc., Johnstown, CO). DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Traditionally, when evaluating the use of alternative ingredients in a poultry diet, one formulates diets with increasing levels of the feedstuff in question, evaluates the performance of the bird in a feeding trial, and selects an acceptable level of supplementation based on the results of the feeding trial. Quite often, some point of substitution is reached at which performance begins to decline, often because of the presence of some antinutritive factor, a deficiency of some nutrient, or the physical texture of the diet. For the most part, only one alternative ingredient at a time is evaluated, with the balance of the diet being composed of common feedstuffs such as corn and soybean meal. The problem becomes more complicated when 2 or more alternative ingredients are evaluated simultaneously. Increasing production of fuel alcohol from grain sources has brought about a major increase in the amount of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Many studies have demonstrated successful use of DDGS in broiler diets [1 7]. There has been growing interest in the production of alternative oilseeds, such as canola, for production of biodiesel. Canola yields approximately 3 times as much as oil per acre as soybeans [8] and can be grown as a winter crop alternating with soybeans in the southern United States. Therefore, it is likely that increasing amounts of canola meal (CM) will be available for use in poultry feeds in the primary broilerproducing areas of the United States. Canola is an offspring of rapeseed that was bred to have low levels of erucic acid (<2%) in the oil portion and low levels of glucosinolates (<30 µmol/g) in the meal portion [9]. Canola meal is a widely used protein source with a good balance of amino acids but with a lower amino acid digestibility than soybean meal [10]. The nutritive value of CM is limited by the presence of several antinutritive factors, including indigestible nonstarch polysaccharides [11 13]. Both DDGS and CM have been used in poultry feeds for many years, but the increasing supply of both products is providing poultry producers the opportunity to use greater quantities than have typically been used in the past. In addition, few, if any, studies have explored the use of combinations of the 2 coproducts, DDGS and CM, when fed at more than marginal levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate various combinations of the 2 products to determine

3 Min et al.: CANOLA MEAL AND DISTILLERS GRAINS 727 Table 2. Calculated and analyzed (A) nutrient content of basal diets with different levels of distillers dried grains with solubles and canola meal Nutrient, % or as indicated Diet A Diet B Diet C Diet D CP CP (A) Calcium Calcium (A) Total phosphorus Total phosphorus (A) Available phosphorus Dietary electrolyte balance, meq/kg ME, kcal/lb 1, , , , Sodium Sodium (A) Lysine Lysine (A) TSAA TSAA (A) Threonine Threonine (A) Digestible methionine Digestible lysine Digestible threonine Digestible arginine Digestible TSAA Amino acid values indicated are at the minimum recommended level. the maximum potential levels of the 2 products in combination in nutritionally balanced starter diets for broiler chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dietary Treatments Four basal diets were formulated to meet the nutrient levels suggested by a major poultry breeder [14]. Diets included 1) 0% DDGS and 0% canola; 2) 25% DDGS and 0% canola; 3) 0% DDGS and 25% canola, or 4) 25% DDGS and 25% canola. A dietary energy level was selected that would require approximately 1% additional poultry oil for the basal diet with no DDGS and no CM. Other diets were maintained as isocaloric by manipulating the levels of corn and poultry oil. Diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis by using total amino acid values for corn, soybean meal, DDGS, and CM, as determined by analysis of the products used in mixing by a commercial laboratory specializing in amino acid analysis, with amino acid digestion coefficients suggested by a major amino acid supplier [15]. Composition of the starter diets is shown in Table 1, and nutrient composition is shown in Table 2. All diets were supplemented with complete vitamin and trace mineral premixes obtained from commercial sources. A lignin sulfonate pellet binder [16] was added to enhance pelleting. After mixing, aliquots of the 4 diets were blended in proportions required to produce a 6 6 factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 levels of DDGS (0 to 25% in increments of 5%) and 6 levels of CM (0 to 25% in increments of 5%). Each of the 36 diets was fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male chicks each. The resulting diets were pelleted in a laboratory model pellet mill with steam, using a 3.17-mm die. Birds and Management Male chicks of a commercial broiler strain [17] were obtained from a local hatchery, where they had been vaccinated in ovo for Marek s disease and had received vaccinations for Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis posthatching via a coarse spray. Five chicks were placed in each of 216 pens in electrically heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. Temperature and airflow were controlled by

4 728 automatic heaters and ventilation fans. Fluorescent lights provided 24 h of light daily. Care and management of the birds followed recommended guidelines [18]. Measurements At 1 d of age, chicks were group weighed by pen and placed on the test diets. At 18 d of age, the remaining birds were weighed and feed consumption for the period was determined. Chicks were checked twice daily; any bird that died or was removed to alleviate suffering was weighed, with the BW used to adjust FCR. The 4 basal diets were analyzed for CP, amino acids, calcium, total phosphorus, and sodium content by commercial laboratories specializing in these assays [15, 19]. Percentage of fines of the 36 test diets was assessed by placing a weighed amount of feed (approximately 500 g) in a stack of sieves on a Tyler Sieve Shaker [20] for 30 s at a rate of 278 oscillations per minute. Bulk density (g/cm 3 ) of the 36 test diets was obtained by weighing a known volume of feed. Both percentage of fines and bulk density measurements were done in quadruplicate. Statistical Analysis The data were subject to ANOVA as a factorial arrangement [21], with DDGS level and CM level as main effects along with the interaction of these 2 effects. Pen mean was the experimental unit for growth performance. All statements of significance are based on P RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of DDGS and CM on live performance are shown in Table 3. Body weight gain was significantly influenced by level of both DDGS and CM, with a significant interaction between the 2 (P < 0.05). Increasing the level of DDGS was less detrimental to BW gain than increasing the level of CM. With CM levels of up to 10%, the level of DDGS in the diet could range from 0 to 20%, with little difference in the BW gain. Higher levels of CM generally reduced BW gain, but within canola levels of 10 to 20%, there was little adverse effect of an increasing level of DDGS to as high as 25%. At the highest level of CM, there was a significant JAPR: Research Report depression in BW when the level of DDGS increased above 20%. Based on regression analysis, CM had a much greater effect on BW than did DDGS. Linear regression analysis indicated that BW was reduced by 3.1 g for each 1% inclusion of CM (R 2 = 0.61) and by 2.07 g for each combined percentage of CM and DDGS (R 2 = 0.54), whereas the linear regression for DDGS inclusion was not statistically significant (R 2 = 0.07). Feed intake was significantly affected by both DDGS and CM inclusion levels, with a significant interaction between levels of the 2 ingredients (P < 0.05). Increasing levels of CM appeared to have the greatest adverse effect on feed intake. As the level of CM increased, feed intake declined; at lower levels of CM, increasing the level of DDGS had less effect on feed intake than at the higher levels of CM. When the diet contained 20% or more CM, there was a marked reduction in feed intake as the level of DDGS increased. Feed conversion during the study was not significantly affected by level of DDGS or CM (P > 0.05). Because the diets were calculated to be isocaloric, with equal levels of digestible amino acids, this indicates that birds responded to the reduction in feed intake primarily by a reduction in BW gain but utilized the consumed feed with equal efficiency. Therefore, it appears that the physical effects of the diets on feed intake were the primary factor that limited performance of the birds in the present study. The effects of the level of DDGS and CM on percentage of fines and dietary bulk density are shown in Table 4. Percentage of fines in this study is defined as the percentage of pellets that passed a 2-mm screen. Percentage of fines was significantly affected by levels of both DDGS and CM, with a significant interaction between the 2. The level of CM had a more detrimental effect on percentage of fines than did the level of DDGS. At CM levels of up to 15%, increasing the level of DDGS had only minimal effects on percentage of fines in the diet; when the CM level exceeded 15%, increasing the level of DDGS tended to have a greater adverse effect on percentage of fines. The positive relationship between percentage of fines and performance of broilers has been noted by many authors [22 25].

5 Min et al.: CANOLA MEAL AND DISTILLERS GRAINS 729 Table 3. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and canola meal on live performance of male broilers 1 Item Canola meal, % Mean DDGS 0- to 18-d feed intake, kg/bird 0% DDGS abc cdefghi abcdef efghij abcde efghij x 5% DDGS ab abcde cdefgh fghij defghij efghij x 10% DDGS bcdefgh abcdef defghij defghi fghij kl z 15% DDGS abcdef abcdef efghij efghij jk hij yz 20% DDGS abcde abcd cdefgh bcdefg fghij ij xy 25% DDGS a abcd defghij fghij ghij l yz Mean canola A A B B B C 0- to 18-d BW gain, kg 0% DDGS ab efghijkl abcdefg defghijkl abcdef ijkl x 5% DDGS a abc abcdefg efghijkl ghijkl efghijkl x 10% DDGS abcd cdefghijk cdefghij cdefghij ijkl m yz 15% DDGS abcd bcdefgh fghijkl defghijkl jkl fghijkl xyz 20% DDGS abcdef abcd cdefghij bcdefghi fghijkl l xy 25% DDGS abcde abcd efghijkl ghijkl kl m z Mean canola A B BC CD D E 0- to 18-d FCR 0% DDGS % DDGS % DDGS % DDGS % DDGS % DDGS Mean canola Feed intake BW FCR Effect P-value SEM P-value SEM P-value SEM DDGS Canola < < DDGS canola a l Means in rows and columns within a variable with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). x z Means in columns within a variable with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). A E Means in rows with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). 1 Means of 6 pens of 5 males per treatment in a 6 6 factorial arrangement.

6 730 JAPR: Research Report Table 4. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and canola meal on pellet quality and bulk density of diets 1 Canola meal, % Item Mean DDGS Fines, 2 % 0% DDGS 1.49 p 9.95 mno ghi efg e ij z 5% DDGS 2.58 p lm ij j def bcd z 10% DDGS 4.61 op l ghi ij e ab y 15% DDGS 6.76 nop lm ij hi cde ab y 20% DDGS lm 9.88 mno ghi hi bcd abc x 25% DDGS mn k hi fgh a x Mean canola 6.11 E D C C B A Bulk density, g/cm 3 0% DDGS bc hi a a cdef hij % DDGS ghi ikll b defg dfg ghi % DDGS ghi jklm b hij hij hij % DDGS hi mno cd hijk ijkl klm % DDGS mno p fgh lmn mno lmn % DDGS p lmn hij o hij no Mean canola C D A B B C Percentage of fines Bulk density Effect P-value SEM P-value SEM DDGS < < Canola < < DDGS canola < < a p Means in row or column with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). x z Means in columns with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). A E Means in rows with common superscripts do not differ significantly (P 0.05). 1 Means of quadruplicate analyses. 2 Percentage of pellets that pass a 2-mm screen. The percentage of fines had a significant impact on feed intake and BW gain. There was a reduction of approximately 1 g in BW gain (R 2 = 0.581; Figure 1) and 2 g of feed intake (R 2 = 0.599; Figure 2) for each 1% increase in percentage of fines. Percentage of fines had no significant overall effect on feed conversion (R 2 = 0.046; Figure 3). Again, this suggests that the primary problem related to the use of combinations of DDGS and CM was the influence on feed intake related to percentage of fines. Although bulk density of the diet was also significantly affected by levels of both CM and DDGS, with a significant interaction between the 2 ingredients, regression analysis failed to show any clear-cut relationship between bulk density and performance factors. Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of both DDGS and CM fed individually in broiler diets. Runnels [26, 27] reported that 20% DDGS from beverage alcohol production was successfully used in broiler diets. Waldroup et al. [1] concluded that up to 25% DDGS from beverage alcohol production could be used in broiler diets if dietary energy was held constant. Dale and Batal [28] suggested a maximum level of 6% DDGS from ethanol production in broiler starter diets and 12% in grower-finisher diets, whereas Lumpkins et al. [4] stated that DDGS from modern ethanol plants could be safely used at 6% in the starter period and at 12 to 15% in the grower and finisher periods. Dale and Batal [28] did not indicate whether diets were formulated on a total or digestible amino acid basis, whereas Lumpkins et al. [4] indicated that their diets were formulated on a total amino acid basis. In other studies, we found that when formulated on a digestible amino acid basis, goodquality DDGS could be used in broiler diets at levels of 15 to 20% with little or no adverse effect on live performance [5 7, 29]. Youssef et al. [30] reported that 10 to 15% DDGS could

7 Min et al.: CANOLA MEAL AND DISTILLERS GRAINS 731 Figure 1. Effect of percentage of fines on 0- to 18-d BW gain (kg). be used. Results from the present study are in general agreement with those reports indicating successful use at levels of 15 to 20%. Salmon et al. [31] evaluated the use of CM in broiler diets with low and high CP and low and high nutrient density. Canola meal was incorporated into wheat-based broiler diets at up to 28.1% in starter diets with either 21 or 23% CP, and up to 12.1% in finisher diets with either 17 or 19% CP. Body weight gain was not affected by CM. Feed efficiency was not affected by CM when nutrient density was kept high by fat supplementation but declined with lower density diets. Thomke et al. [32] conducted extensive studies using a low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal of Swedish origin. Feeding the meal Figure 2. Effect of percentage of fines on 0- to 18-d feed intake.

8 732 JAPR: Research Report Figure 3. Effect of percentage of fines on FCR. resulted in unaltered performance compared with soybean meal. Elwinger and Saterby [33] reported that feeding diets with 12 to 20% of a low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal did not adversely affect the performance or health of broilers. Nassar and Arscott [34] found satisfactory performance when CM was used in both broiler starter (19.2%) and finisher (16.3%) diets replacing up to 50% soybean meal. Roth-Maier and Kirchgessner [35] recommended the use of up to 15% CM in broiler diets. Leeson et al. [36] reported that CM could replace 100% of the soybean meal in broiler rations without any effect on feed intake, BW gain, or FE. Perez-Maldonado et al. [37] concluded that up to 20% of a solventextracted or a solvent-extracted-extruded CM could be used during the starter phase in diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Ahmad et al. [38] reported that CM could be used at up to 20% of diets fed for 1 to 28 d without any adverse effects of broiler performance. Hickling [9] recommended a maximum inclusion level of 15% CM typically fed to broilers. The dietary inclusion level of CM in other studies was higher than in the current study, in which 10% CM was shown to be a good inclusion level in broiler starter diets. The interaction between DDGS and CM may be the major reason for this difference, because the combined use of DDGS and CM was limiting in tryptophan and possibly arginine [39]. No reports were found regarding the effect of combinations of DDGS and CM in diets for broilers, layers, and turkeys. It is apparent from the results of the present study that combinations of the 2 ingredients may adversely affect percentage of fines and thus influence performance. Unless pellet quality can be improved by some means, the combination of the 2 ingredients should not exceed 20% DDGS and 10% CM. CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Both DDGS and CM may be used as sources of energy and protein in broiler diets; however, both feed ingredients should be formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. 2. Inclusion of both DDGS and CM in broiler diets can adversely affect percentage of fines, resulting in reduced performance as the level of these ingredients increases. 3. Unless percentage of fines of the diet can be improved, the combination of the 2 should not exceed 20% DDGS and 10% CM.

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