Status of macro and micro nutrients in Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district of Northern Madhya Pradesh

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1 2017; 5(5): P-ISSN: E-ISSN: IJCS 2017; 5(5): IJCS Received: Accepted: Renu Pathak Vinay Arya Swarnima Shrivastava Hemlata Dhakad SK Trivedi Correspondence Renu Pathak Status of macro and micro nutrients in and of Gwalior district of Northern Madhya Pradesh Renu Pathak, Vinay Arya, Swarnima Shrivastava, Hemlata Dhakad and SK Trivedi Abstract Soil fertility refers to the inherent capacity of a soil to supply essential nutrients to plants in adequate and right proportion for optimum growth, is one of the key component to determine soil productivity. Proper management of soil fertility demands careful identification of constraints of current nutrient deficiencies and monitoring changes in soil fertility to predict its deficiency. These deficiencies need to be alleviated through sound and proven practices of nutrients, water supply to crops and soil management, so as to sustain food production at a reasonable level to ensure continued high productivity in the future. Macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) are important soil elements that control its fertility. Keeping in view, One hundred twenty surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from four blocks (Morar, Ghatigoan, Dabra and Bhitarwar) of Gwalior district. Under these, soils of Morar and Ghatigoan blocks belong to and Dabra and Bhitarwar blocks belong to s, Soils were studied for their status of different available nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe). Keywords: soil fertility, soil productivity, nutrients status, macronutrients, micronutrients, inceptisol, vertisols etc. Introduction Soil fertility is one of the important factors controlling yields of the crops. Macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) are important soil elements that control its fertility. Soil characterization in relation to evaluation of fertility status of the soil of an area or region is an important aspect in context of sustainable agriculture production. Because of imbalanced and inadequate fertilizers use and coupled with low efficiency of other inputs, the response (production) efficiency of chemical fertilizers (nutrients) declined tremendously under intensive cultivation in recent years. Variation in nutrients supply is a natural phenomenon and some of them may be sufficient where others deficient. Indian soils are generally poor in fertility, as these have consistently been depleted of their finite nutrient resources due to continuous cultivation for many centuries without proper replacement of nutrients. Soil-test summaries indicates that 98 per cent Indian soils have low to medium in available P and 60 per cent soil have low to medium in K status, whereas N continues to be universally deficient. In last one and half decades a phenomenal increase in S deficiency has been witnessed under intensive cropping system where high-analysis fertilizers devoid of S are used. According to Rattan et al. (2009) [12] more than 2.5 lakh soil samples were analyzed under All India Coordinated Research Project on Micronutrient from 20 states of the country and it was found that the 49, 33, 13 and 7 % of the samples were deficient in zinc, boron, iron and molybdenum, respectively. In Madhya Pradesh, deficiency of zinc was observed in about 58% of soil samples, in some states and crops, the deficiency of B and Mo are also limiting the crop production. Intensively cultivated soils are being depleted with available nutrients especially secondary and micronutrients. Therefore assessment of fertility status of soils that are being intensively cultivated with high yielding crops needed to be carried out. Information on status of macro and micro nutrients in and of Gwalior district is essential for classification of fertility status of different soil order. ~ 156 ~

2 Materials and Methods The study entitled Status of macro and micro nutrients in and of Gwalior district of Northern Madhya Pradesh was carried out during in the department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). For the present study, 120 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from forty villages covering the four blocks in Gwalior district. Under these forty villages, 20 villages falls under Morar and Ghatigoan blocks which represents and another 20 villages belongs to Dabra and Bhitarwar blocks which classified under. The representative soil samples were collected with the help of soil auger. The soil samples were put in the polythene bags properly, labeled. The samples were brought to Soil Science laboratory, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV Gwalior. Samples were air dried, crushed and sieved through 2 mm plastic sieve and 0.2mm sieve was used for O.C. The soil samples were analysed for soil reaction (ph) and electrical conductivity (EC) in 1:2 soil water suspension (Piper 1967) [10] ; organic carbon (OC) by Walkley-Black (1934) [16] ; available N by alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) [15] ; available P by Olsen s method (Olsen et al. 1954); available K by flame photometer (Jackson, 1973) [5] ; available S by turbidimetric method after extracting the soil with 0.15% CaCl2 solution as described by (Chesnin and Yien, 1951) [3] and available Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using 0.005M DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic Acid) as an extractant proposed by Lindsay and Norvell (1978) [6]. The nutrient index and categorization of available nutrients in low (1.5), medium ( ), High (2.5) was calculated by the formula given by Biswas and Mukherjee, 1989 [2]. NL 2NM 3NH NL NM NH Where, NL = Number of sample in low category. NM = Number of samples in medium category. NH = Number of samples in high category. Categorization of N, P, and K as low, medium and high and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu as deficient, moderate and sufficient are presented in table 1. Table 1: Critical limits of different nutrients for classification. Nutrients Fertility rating Low Medium High 1.Available N (kg ha -1 ) < > Available P (kg ha -1 ) < > Available K (kg ha -1 ) < > Available S (mg kg -1 ) < > Organic carbon (%) < > 0.75 Av. Micronutrient Critical limits Deficient Sufficient 8. Zn (mg kg -1 ) < 0.6 > Fe(mg kg -1 ) < 4.5 > Cu(mg kg -1 ) < 0.2 > Mn(mg kg -1 ) < 2.0 > 2.0 Table 2: Details of soil samples collected from various villages of Gwalior district Results and Discussion Soils were studied for their chemical characteristics and status of different available nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) and the results obtained during the study are discussed below. Available nitrogen in the range of to and to kg ha-1under and of Gwalior district with the average and kgha -1, respectively. Maximum average value of available nitrogen (225.9 kg ha -1 ) was observed in Bhitarwar block under, whereas, S. No. S. No. Block : Morar Block : Dabra 1 Bijauli 1 Samudan 2 Dangiyapura 2 Simariyatal 3 Bahangi khurd 3 Badi Akbai 4 Berza 4 Barota 5 Kheda 5 Salwai 6 Khirawali 6 Kasipur 7 Hastinapur 7 Bareda Bujurj 8 Parsen 8 Chandpur 9 Bahadurpur 9 Kaddu 10 Chaproli 10 Makoda Block : Ghatigoan Block : Bhitarwar 11 Miilawali 11 Nikodi 12 Zenawali 12 Banwar 13 Nerawali 13 Amrol 14 Sojna 14 Sikroda 15 Thighra 15 Kachuya 16 Kulath 16 Badki saray 17 Kheria 17 Bagwai 18 Satau 18 Gadajar 19 Barai 19 Shyampur 20 Panihar 20 Dadumer ~ 157 ~ minimum value (214.6 kg ha -1 ) in Ghatigoan block under of Gwalior district. Average of available N indicate that soils are deficient in available N as most of the samples are sowing less than 250 kg ha-1. About 90 % soil samples were found to be under low rating (< 250 kg N ha-1) and remaining in the category of medium ( kg N ha-1). It is quite obvious that efficiency of applied N is very low due to the fact that N is lost through various mechanisms, like NH3 volatilization, nitrification, denitrification, chemical and microbial N-fixation, leaching and

3 run off (Sharma et al. 2008) [14]. Similar results were also reported by Meena et al. (2006) [7] and Raghubanshi et al. (2011) [11]. Table 3: Status of available nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Available P under and ranged from 6.2 to 16.8 and 7.5 to 17.6 kg ha-1with average value of 11.3 and 12.1 kg ha -1, respectively. It is clear from results, that soils of showed higher status of mean available phosphorus as compared to and maximum being in Bhitarwar block under and minimum under Ghatigoan block of. The 32 and 68 percent of the soil samples were found in low and medium rating. On the basis of nutrient index all the blocks were found in medium category. Table 4: Status of available phosphorus (kg ha -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available phosphorus (kg ha -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Available potassium under studied village of Gwalior was in the range of and kg ha-1under different villages of district with an average value of and kg ha-1under and, respectively. It is clear from results, that soils of recorded higher values of mean available potassium as compared to. Table 5: Status of available potassium (kg ha -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available potassium (kg ha -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Available sulphur in these different villages ranged from and mg kg -1 with an average value of and mg kg -1 under and, respectively. Almost similar content of available sulphur were also reported by Sharan et al. (2004) [13] for alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh and Das et al. (2006) [4] for s of West Bengal. About 25 and 75 percent samples were found under low and medium category. Table 6: Status of available sulphur (mg kg -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available sulphur (mg kg -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Status of available zinc (DTPA-extractable) is presented in table DTPA-extractable Zn observed in the range of and mg kg -1 under and of Gwalior district with an average value of 0.62 and 0.70 mg kg -1, respectively. It is revealed from the results, that soils under s showed higher values of available Zn as compared of of Gwalior district. Highest average value of available zinc (0.74 mg kg -1 ) was obtained in Dabra block under, whereas, lowest value (0.61 mg kg -1 ) was observed in Morar block of, respectively Considering the critical limit of DTPA Zn (<0.6 mg/kg) as suggested by Bansal and Takkar (1986) [1], out of 120 samples, 37.5 percent samples were found to be deficient in DTPA-Zn. Table 7: Available zinc (mg kg -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available Zn (mg kg -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Available Cu content in the soils varied and mg kg -1 under and of Gwalior district with an average value of 0.64 and 0.81 mg kg -1, respectively. Maximum (0.95 mg kg -1 ) and minimum (0.58 mg kg -1 ) copper content in soils was recorded in Bhitarwar and Morar blocks of and s, respectively. Considering 0.2 mg kg -1 as critical limit for Cu deficiency, all the samples were found under sufficient category. ~ 158 ~

4 Table 8: Available copper (mg kg -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district DTPA-extractable Fe ranged from and mg kg -1 under different villages of and of Gwalior district with the average value of 6.31 and 6.12 mg kg -1, respectively. Considering 4.5 mg kg -1 as critical limit for Fe deficiency, about 17.5 perecent soil samples were found under deficient and 82.5% were sufficient category. Table 9: Available iron (mg kg -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available Fe(mg kg -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Available manganese ranged from and mgkg -1 under different villages of and of Gwalior district with mean value of 4.50 and 4.92 mg kg -1, respectively. Considering 2.0 mg kg -1 as critical limit for Mn deficiency, all the soil samples were found under sufficient category. Table 10: Available manganese (mg kg -1 ) in soils of and of Gwalior district Available Mn (mg kg -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) Nutrient index Regarding soil nutrient index, the soils of Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh were found in category of low fertility status for nitrogen and medium with respect to phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. The value worked out from nutrient index for N, P, K and S were 1.11, 1.68, 2.00 and 1.75, respectively, against the nutrient index values <1.50 for low, for medium and >2.50 for high fertility status. Meena et al. (2006) [7] also worked out from nutrient index for N, P and K were 1.75, 1.70 and 2.54, respectively in soils of Tonk district of Rajasthan. According to Pattanayak et al. (2009) [9] soils of Madhya Pradesh was observed in medium category with 1.84 value of nutrient index. Available Cu (mg kg -1 ) 1 Morar block (30) Ghatigaon block (30) Dabra block (30) Bhitarwar block (30) ~ 159 ~ Table 11: Nutrient index (NI) value of Gwalior district S. No. Name of nutrients Nutrient index Categories 1 Available Nitrogen 1.11 Low 2 Available Phosphorus 1.68 Medium 3 Available Potassium 2.00 Medium 4 Available Sulphur 1.75 Medium s Acknowledgement The authors express thanks to Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior (M.P.) for providing all the facilities to conduct work. References 1. Bansal RL, Takkar PN. Micronutrient status of soils in Amritsar district. Indian Journal of Ecology. 1986; 13: Biswas TD, Mukherjee SK. Introduction to soil science. Published by Tata Mecg Hills, New Delhi. 1989, Chesnin L, Yien CH. Turbidimetric determination of available sulphates. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1951; 15: Das Indranil, Ghosh, Koushik, Ray SC, Mukhopadhyay PK, Ghosh SK. Status and distribution of sulphur vis-àvis taxonomic class-wise distribution of sulphur in selected soil series of inseptivol in West Bengal. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2006; 54(3): Jackson ML. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Lindsay WL, Narvell WA. Development of a DTPA soil test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1978; 42: Meena HB, Sharma RP, Rawat US. Status of macro and micronutrients in some soils of Tonk districts of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2006; 54(4): Olsean SR, Cole CV, Watanable FS, Dean LA. Estimation of available P in soil by extraction with NaHCO 3. USDA, Cir. 1954, Pattanayak SK, Sureshkumar P, Tafafdar JC. New vista in phosphorus research Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2009; 57(4): Piper CS. Soil and plant analysis. Intel science Publishers, Inc. New York, Raghubanshi BPS, Singh RP, Singh Harvendra. Fertility status of Karanjakala block of district Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh. Ann. PI. Soil Res. 2011; 13(2): Rattan RK, Patel KP, Manjaian KM, Datta SP. Micronutrient in soil, plant, animal and human health. Journal of the Indian Society Soil Science. 2009; 57(4):

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