Two pesticide application strategies in tomato and their risk for workers
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1 Département fédéral de l'économie DFE Station de recherche Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART Two pesticide application strategies in tomato and their risk for workers Frank Hayer, Thierry Boulard Caroline Raeppel, Gérard Gaillard
2 Outline Introduction Method Data needed Model calculations Input data Results Operator -, worker risk Conclusion 2
3 Introduction Greenhouse production has several advantages Complete control of crop nutrition needs High productivity per m 2 Higher water efficiency Plant health management is also favored by protected cultivation But in a closed system, pesticide transfer is quite different from that in field cropping conditions which has two important consequences The transfer of pesticides to the environment is limited, but the exposure of pesticide operators and re-entry workers might be increased 3
4 Introduction Aim of this study is to perform a risk assessment for pesticide operators and re-entry workers based on a case study including one application patter applied in a greenhouse and a tunnel The study: is part of a comparison of tomato production in greenhouses and tunnels in south and north France using Life Cycle Assessment was conducted in a collaboration of Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture (URIH) of INRA Sophia-Antipolis and the LCA Group of Agroscope ART The collaboration was financed by the European Network for the durable exploitation of crop protection strategies (ENDURE) 4
5 Risk for operators and re-entry worker Acute indicators acute derived Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER) and described in a Harmonised environmental Indicators for pesticide Risk (HAIR) project report Indicators proposed in the report operators re-entry workers or greenhouse workers with inhalation bystanders Acute risk indicators are based on estimation of potential exposure under different scenarios division of potential exposure by AOEL 5
6 Data needed: Operator risk Exposure Dermal, inhalation and oral exposure during mixing/loading and application (L i, L Hand, L Body ) as mg a. s. * kg a. s. -1 Personal protective equipment coefficients for gloves (PPE Hand ), overall (PPE Body ) and protective mask (PPE inhal ) Inhalation and dermal absorption factors in % (Ab i, Ab dermal ) Application rate as kg*ha -1 (AR) Area treated as ha * d -1 Body weight in kg (BW) Toxicity AOEL from a short term toxicity study mg a. s. * kg a. s. -1 6
7 Data needed: Re-entry worker risk Exposure Application rate as kg*ha -1 (AR) Leaf area index m 2 leaf*(m 2 soil) -1 (LAI) Dislodgeable foliar residue in µg * (cm 2 ) -1 (DFR) Transfer factor cm 2 *person -1 *h -1 (TF) Duration of re-entry in h (T) Personal protective equipment coefficients Task specific factor (P) (TSF) Toxicity AOEL 7
8 Calculations HAIR: Operator risk Internal Exposure IE operator = (IE mix/load + IE application ) * AR * Area treated * BW -1 IE mix/load = (L I mix * PPE I * Ab I ) + (L hand mix * PPE hand * Ab DE Concentrate ) IE application = (L I appl * PPE I * Ab I ) + (L hand appl * PPE hand * Ab DE spray dilution) + (L body appl * PPE body * Ab DE spray dilution ) Risk indicator Ri operator, acute = IE operator, acute * AOEL -1 8
9 Calculation Hair: Re-entry worker risk Exposure IE re-entry worker = ((Dermal * AB dermal )+(Inhalation * AB i )) * BW -1 Dermal = 0.01 * AR * TF * T * P * LAI -1 Inhalation = AR * TSF * T Risk indicator Ri re-entry worker, acute = IE re-entry worker, acute * AOEL -1 9
10 Scenarios Scenario 1 Operator with PPE, Re-entry worker without PPE Re-entry time 8h after application Scenario 2 Operator with PPE, Re-entry worker without PPE Re-entry time dependent from a.i. Scenario 3 Operator and re-entry worker with PPE Re-entry time dependent from a.i. 10
11 Input data: Assumptions Body weight (operator and re-entry worker) 70 kg Area treated by operator 1 ha*d -1 Personal protectiv equipment operator PPE hand, PPE body PPE inhalation during mixing and application during application Coefficient for PPE = 0.1 Personal protectiv equipment re-entry worker Scenario 1 & 2: Scenario 3: No PPE PPE hand, PPE body 11
12 Re-entry delay scenario 2 & 3 Re-entry delay Re-entry delay Greenhouse Tunnel AOEL Greenhouse Tunnel AOEL h h mg a.s.*kg bw -1 *d -1 h h mg a.s.*kg bw -1 *d -1 Acetamiprid Pymetrozin Carbendazim Pyrimethanil Cyromazine Glyphosat Diethofencarb Copper Sulfate Fenbutatin-oxid Hexaconazole Fenhexamid Methomyl Hexythiazox Pyriproxyfen Indoxacarb Abamectin Iprodion Bupirimate Myclobutanil Chlorthalonil Propamocarb
13 Input Data: Operator risk Liquid Formulation WG WP Activ substance Variable Ab i Ab De Conce Ab De dilution L i mix L hand mix L body mix L i appl L hand appl L body appl Absorption coefficient Exposure (mixing) Exposure (application) Description Unit Carbendazim Jonk 0.1% 0.1% Chlorthalonil Orzin 0.3% 0.02% Abamectin Vertimec 1.0% 1.0% Pyrimethanil Scala 1.0% 20.0% Glyphosat Roundup 3.0% 3.0% Bupirimate Nimrod 10.0% 10.0% Diethofencarb Jonk 10.0% 10.0% Fenbutatin-oxid Torque S 10.0% 10.0% Hexaconazole Anvil 10.0% 10.0% Pyriproxyfen Admiral 30.0% 30.0% Inhal Dermal Inhal Dermal Inhal Dermal Concentrate Delution Hand Body Hand Body % mg a.s./kg a.s. mg a.s./kg a.s Propamocarbe Previcur N 100% 100.0% 100.0% 0.16 Indoxacarb Steward % 0.2% Pymetrozin Plénum 6.0% 6.0% Fenhexamid Lazulie 20.0% 20.0% Iprodion Rovral 1.0% 1.0% Hexythiazox Nissorun 2.0% 2.0% Copper-sulfate 10.0% 10.0% Cyromazine Trigard 10.0% 10.0% Methomyl Lannate 10.0% 10.0% Acetamiprid Supreme 30.0% 30.0% Myclobutanil Nova 40 W 50.0% 50.0% N/A
14 Input data: re-entry worker risk I Greenho ouse Variable Application Rate DFR LAI TF T Description Leaf area Index Transfer Factor duration of re-entry Unit kg a.s. * ha -1 µg*cm 2 m 2* m 2 cm 2 * person * h -1 h Hexythiazox Abamectin Pyriproxyfen Hexaconazole Indoxacarb Glyphosat Fenhexamid Pymetrozin Bupirimate Fenbutatin-oxid Cyromazine Pyrimethanil Diethofencarb Iprodion Carbendazim Chlorthalonil
15 Input data: re-entry worker risk II Tu unnel Variable Application Rate DFR LAI TF T Description Leaf area Index Transfer Factor Duration of re-entry Unit kg a.s. * ha -1 µg*cm 2 m 2* m 2 cm 2 * person * h -1 h Abamectin Pyriproxyfen Acetamiprid Pymetrozin Myclobutanil Methomyl Propamocarbe Diethofencarb Carbendazim Iprodion Copper-sulfate Methomyl
16 120% dermal absorbtion/ application rate 100% Exposure Operator 80% 60% 40% 20% % 16 Hexythiazox Indoxacarb Abamectin Chlorthalonil Carbendazim Glyphosat Hexaconazole Pyriproxyfen Iprodion Pymetrozin Bupirimate Fenbutatin-oxid Cyromazine Diethofencarb Fenhexamid Pyrimethanil Abamectin Carbendazim Pyriproxyfen Pymetrozin Acetamiprid Iprodion Methomyl Diethofencarb Myclobutanil Copper-sulfate Propamocarbe mg a.s. / kg bw / d WPWG L L L L L L WPWG L L WP L WG L L L L WGWPWPWP L WPWP L Greenhouse Tunnel internal exposure during mixing and loading internal exposure during application dermal absorption (spray dilution) % rel. application rate 100% = 4 kg / ha
17 120% dermal absorbtion/ application rate Exposure re-entry worker 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% mg a.s. / kg bw / d Hexythiazox Indoxacarb Abamectin Glyphosat Carbendazim Hexaconazole Chlorthalonil Pyriproxyfen Pyrimethanil Iprodion Pymetrozin Fenhexamid Bupirimate Fenbutatin-oxid Cyromazine Diethofencarb Abamectin Carbendazim Pyriproxyfen Pymetrozin Acetamiprid Iprodion Methomyl Diethofencarb Myclobutanil Propamocarbe Copper-sulfate Greenhouse Tunnel internal exposure scenario 1 internal exposure scenario 2 internal exposure scenario 3 dermal absorption (spray dilution) % rel. application rate 100% = 4 kg / ha
18 Risk index Risk index operator mg a.s. / kg bw / d Hexythiazox Glyphosat Indoxacarb Iprodion Carbendazim Abamectin Chlorthalonil Hexaconazole Pyriproxyfen Diethofencarb Fenhexamid Fenbutatin-oxid Pymetrozin Cyromazine Bupirimate Pyrimethanil Carbendazim Iprodion Abamectin Acetamiprid Pyriproxyfen Diethofencarb Pymetrozin Myclobutanil Propamocarbe Copper-sulfate Methomyl WP L WGWP L L L L L L WG L WGWP L L L WP L WP L L WGWP L WPWP Greenhouse Tunnel internal exposure of the pesticide operator AOEL Risk index operator
19 Risk index Risk index re-entry worker Hexythiazox Glyphosat Iprodion Indoxacarb Fenhexamid Pyrimethanil Abamectin Hexaconazole Carbendazim Pyriproxyfen Diethofencarb Fenbutatin-oxid Pymetrozin Chlorthalonil Bupirimate Cyromazine Iprodion Abamectin Acetamiprid Carbendazim Pyriproxyfen Diethofencarb Pymetrozin Myclobutanil Propamocarbe Copper-sulfate Methomyl mg a.s. / kg bw / d Greenhouse Tunnel internal exposure scenario 1 internal exposure scenario 2 internal exposure scenario 3 AOEL Risk index scenario 1 Risk index scenario 2 Risk index scenario 3
20 Conclusions Under considered assumptions 6 out of 21 a.i. with a risk index for operators higher than 1 7 a.i with a risk index > 1 for re-entry workers with PPE equipment the exposure of re-entry workers is much lower than the AOEL with exception for Methomyl risk index > 1 operator re-entry worker Methomyl Copper-sulfate Propamocarbe Cyromazine Bupirimate Chlorthalonil Pymetrozin Pyrimethanil 20
21 Conclusions Hair risk indicator uncertainties in transfer and absorption coefficients Around 30% of the active ingredients applied cause risk indices above 1 for operators and/or re-entry workers risk for re-entry workers could be decreased with PPE Limitations Data availability Absorption coefficients Exposure estimations (for GH few values available) AOEL Degradation rates on plant 21
22 Merci de votre attention! Station de recherche Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART Nom de la présentation Sous-titre 22
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