Priority Agriculture- Environmental-Nutrition Linkages for Sustainable Diets. Barbara Burlingame, PhD FAO

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1 Priority Agriculture- Environmental-Nutrition Linkages for Sustainable Diets Barbara Burlingame, PhD FAO

2 Issues Dietsare not sustainable 870 million hungry people 2 billion people with micronutrient malnutrition 2 billion people overweight and obese Environmentsare notsustainable ecosystems degraded biodiversity forever lost Agricultureis notsustainable monoculture, intensive livestock industries, agricultural chemicals, waste/losses, inefficiencies.

3 Distribution of hunger in the world

4 Stunting (%) Stunting prevalence and number affected in developing countries Number of stunted (millions) Source: Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization AFRICA ASIA LATIN AMERICA CFS Roma, 14th October 2010

5 Overweight (%) Overweight prevalence and number affected in developing countries Number of overweight (millions) AFRICA ASIA LATIN AMERICA Source: Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization

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8 Nutrition and Biodiversity COP Decision VII/32 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, February 2004) Noting the linkage between biodiversity, food and nutrition, and the need to enhance sustainable use of biodiversity to combat hunger and malnutrition... Requests the Executive Secretary, in collaboration with FAO and IPGRI...to undertake...a cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition to work together with relevant organizations, in order to strengthen existing initiatives on food and nutrition, enhance synergies and fully integrate biodiversity concerns into their work, with a view to the achievement of...relevant Millennium Development Goals. CGRFA 10 th Regular Session (Rome, Italy, November 2004)...requested the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the Working Group ) to provide guidance to FAO on how it could best support countries, on request, to generate, compile and disseminate cultivar1- specific nutrient composition data, as well as indicate the relative priority of obtaining cultivar-specific dietary consumption data, in order to demonstrate the role of biodiversity in nutrition and food security. ITWGPGR 3 rd Session (Rome, Italy October 2005) 8 high priority actions 6 lower priority actions COP Decision VIII/23A (Curitiba, Brazil, March 2006) Adopts the framework for a cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition.

9 Biodiversity: three levels

10 Survey Results

11 Survey Results

12 Technical Workshop Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets 31 May & 1 June 2010

13 Definition of Sustainable Diets Sustainable Diets are those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources. Source: FAO, 2010

14 Code of Conduct for Sustainable Diets Preamble Recognizing that the health of humans cannot be isolated from the health of ecosystems; Conscious that food is an unequalled way of providing ideal nutrition for all ages and life cycles/stages; Recognizing that the conservation and sustainable use of food biodiversity is an important part of human and ecosystem well-being; Recognizing that when ecosystems are able to support sustainable diets, nutrition programmes, policies and interventions supporting the use of supplements, RUTF, fortificants, and infant formulas are inappropriate and can lead to malnutrition, and that the marketing of these food substitutes and related products can contribute to major public health problems...

15 UN Secretary General s Zero Hunger Challenge

16 Food Biodiversity Wheat, cultivated and wild Apricots Grapes Resource Triticum four species 106 varieties Prunus armeniaca, more than 140 varieties Vitis vinifera Thousands of varieties Nutrient Protein, amino acids, B-vitamins, vitamin E, fatty acids ß-carotene, lutein, lycopene, anthocyanins, vitamin C Vitamin C, organic acids, anthocyanins, resveratrol, many phytochemicals

17 Extent of genetic uniformity in rice

18 Cultivar Differences in Nutrient Content

19 Traditional use and availability of aquatic biodiversity in rice-based ecosystems Cambodia China Laos Fish Crustaceans Molluscs Amphibians Insects Reptiles 8-7 Aquatic Plants Total Source: Balzer, Balzer, Pon, 2002; Luo, Xaypladeth

20 International Rice Commission 20 th Session The Commission recommended that: Member countries should promote the sustainable development of aquatic biodiversity in rice-based ecosystems and policy decisions and management measures should enhance the living aquatic resource base. In areas where wild fish are depleted, rice-fish farming should be considered as a means of enhancing food security and securing sustainable rural development. Attention should be given to the nutritional contribution of aquatic organisms in the diet of rural people who produce or depend on rice. FAO (2002). Report of the International Rice Commission 20th Session (23-26 July 2002, Bangkok). FAO, Rome.

21 Sweet potato varieties: α - and β-carotene, mg/100g fresh wt Variety %Moisture β-carotene α-carotene Orange Flesh Excel 77.8 (0.8) 12.8 (0.1) < 0.1 Kona B # 77.8 (0.6) 6.7 (0.2) 1.5 (0.2) Regal 77.2 (2.1) 13.1 (0.7) < 0.1 UH 71-5 # 70.3 (1.1) 8.0 (0.1) < 0.1 Yellow/White Flesh Hoolehua Red # 70.4 (2.7) 0.2 (0.1) < 0.1 Satsuma # 68.3 (0.2) 0.6 (0.1) < 0.1 n=6, values in parentheses are standard errors. # Varieties are recommended by the University of Hawaii Extension Service for good yield and disease resistance. Source: A. S. Huang, L. Tanudjaja, D. Lum. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 1999, pp

22 Mongolia Nutrients, ecosystems and landlocked food insecure n-3 fatty acids FAO/WHO = 2 g/day Mares milk, local breed, genetic trait Biodiversity of grasslands traditions

23 Bananas and vitamin A <5 µg carotenes >8500 µg carotenes

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25 Impact of food biodiversity on measurements of dietary adequacy Banana β-carotene content in μg/100g Banana intake in Philippines in g/cap/d Vitamin A intake through banana in μgre/cap/d %RDI for vitamin A met by banana intake USDA Lacatan Utin Iap

26 Conservation and Sustainable use of Agro-biodiversity to Improve Human Nutrition National Information System on native agro-biodiversity, its nutritional properties and resilience to climate change Ensure support for in-situ conservation of agro-biodiversity linking high nutrient ecotypes to markets Mainstreaming conservation and sustainable use of agro-biodiversity for food security and nutrition into policy and regulatory frameworks Communication and capacity building

27 Double Pyramid

28 Source: Mediterranean Diet Foundation, 2010 Environmental footprint

29 Water cost Per unit energy (kcal or kj) Per unit protein Protein quality calculations Micronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids Food and nutrient intakes above recommendations = food waste = water waste Source: FAO

30 Water footprint household waste of wheat products in the UK Source WRAP, 2011 UK Total agricultural water footprint 70km 3 /yr (280L/cap/day) 60% of this is external UK Food losses translate into water impacts all over the planet

31 Food losses and waste Source: Global Food Losses and Waste, FAO, 2011

32 Obesity is an agriculture sector issue; production and consumption continuum Total population: % female, % male Prevalence of overweight/obesity: %women, %men, %children Average kg excess body fat/cap Annual national production of commodity Energy content of commodity: kcal and kj e.g., wheat in Egypt = 3 kcal/g or 12.3 kj/g 1 kg body fat = kj = 2.6 kg wheat

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34 Food losses and waste Source: Global Food Losses and Waste, FAO, 2011

35 Britain s first obese man EXHIBITION. Mr. DANIEL LAMBERT, of Leicester, the greatest Curiosity in the World, who, at the age of 36, weighs upwards of FIFTY STONE. Mr. Lambert will see Company at his House, No.53, Piccadilly, opposite St. James's Church, from 12 to 5 o'clock. Admittance 1s. The Times, 2 April 1806 Prevalence of morbid obesity among adults aged 16+ years

36 Intakes above recommendations = food waste

37 Copyright Nick Anderson 2012; used with permission

38 Improving the evidence base

39 Biodiversity and nutrition Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity Micronutrient supply cannot be satisfied without diversity

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