José Roberto Postali Parra Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Dori Edson Nava Embrapa Clima Temperado,

Transcription

1 José Roberto Postali Parra Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Dori Edson Nava Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

2

3 BRAZILIAN AVOCADO PRODUCTION AND Stenoma catenifer DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL MG 4.7% ES 8% SP 58% PR 17% RS 4.6% Avocado production S. catenifer distribution

4 is native from the Neotropical Region First record in Brazil Other countries where it occurs Guatemala Ecuador Galapagos Colombia Peru Mexico Venezuela Argentina Costa Lima (1945)

5 HOSTS Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) Nectandra megapotamica Mez (Lauraceae) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae) Link & Link (2008)

6 LIFE CYCLE eggs

7 LIFE CYCLE adult larva pupa

8 DAMAGE

9 VARIETIES large fruits are attacked fruits of all sizes are attacked In the Parana State more attacked varieties: Ouro Verde, Fortuna and Rincon less attacked varieties: Booth, Wagner, Geada and Quintal

10 OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR Number of eggs Treatment Fruit Paper Margarida fruit + paper towel ± ab ± aa Breda fruit + paper towel ± ab ± aa Artificial fruit + paper towel ±3.06 b No fruit + paper towel 8.06 ±2.55 b Tukey, p 0.05 Nava et al. (2005)

11 OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR Number of eggs Treatment Fruit Paper Quilted paper towel + fruit ± bb ± aa Nonquilted paper towel + fruit ± aa ± ba Sulfite paper + fruit ± aa 8.88 ±4.25 cb Tukey, p 0.05 Nava et al. (2005)

12 OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR The number of eggs in all treatments that included avocado fruits were statistically higher than the others. The number of eggs on quilted paper towel were statistically higher than on nonquilted paper towel or on smooth paper. Nava (2005)

13 OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR Percentage of eggs The peak of egg laying activity in the laboratory occurred from 8 pm to 12 am Time of evaluation (hours) Nava et al. (2005)

14 BIOLOGY Rearing and development of S. catenifer on pulp and seed of avocado cultivars Breda and Margarida and artificial diet

15 DEVELOPMENT Parameters Pulp Seed Breda Margarida Breda Margarida Larval period (days) 19.1 b 18.4 b 22.6 a 22.0 a Larval survival (%) 71.0 b 72.0 b 85.0 a 81.0 a Pupal period (days) 12.7 a 12.3 a 12.6 a 12.5 a Pupal survival (%) 74.3 ab 69.3 b 81.4 a 80.0 a Pupal weight (mg) 50.2 b 54.1 b 65.3 a 63.1 a Fecundity b b a a Male longevity (days) 13.6 ab 11.5 b 16.9 a 14.1 a Female longevity (days) 12.3 b 13.1 b 15.5 a 13.9 ab Tukey, p 0.05 Nava & Parra (2005)

16 BIOLOGY Larval and pupal survival, fecundity and longevity (males and females) were higher in avocado seeds than in pulp.

17 COMPOSITION OF THE ARTIFICIAL DIET Ingredient White bean Carrot Yeast Vitaminic solution Vitagol Sorbic acid Ascorbic acid Methyl p hydroxybenzoate Propionic acid Tetracycline Formaldehyde Agar Water Amount g 30.0 g 20.0 g 40 ml 2.0 ml 0.6 g 1.6 g 1.1 g 0.4 ml 0.3 mg 1.0 ml 7.0 g ml Nava & Parra (2005)

18 DEVELOPMENT ON ARTIFICIAL DIET Diet Life cycle (egg adult) (days) Survival (eggadult) (%) Pupal weight (mg) Natural Breda 42.8 a 50.1 a 66.4 a Natural Margarida 43.0 a 52.6 a 63.8 a Artificial 35.6 b 32.1 b 56.2 b Diet Male longevity (d) Female longevity (d) Fecundity Sex ratio Natural Breda 10.9 ns 11.1 ns ns 0.51 ns Natural Margarida 9.6 ns 10.8 ns ns 0.47 ns Artificial 10.5 ns 11.9 ns ns 0.48 ns Tukey, p 0.05 Nava & Parra (2005)

19 FECUNDITY DURING SEVEN GENERATIONS 400 on artificial diet Eggs (number) a a ab a b a a Tukey, p F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F 7 Generations Nava (2005)

20 It is possible to rear S. catenifer using an artificial diet, since the diet was used for seven generations and proved to be suitable since the biological and morphological parameters evaluated did not change throughout all the generations studied.

21 NUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES /FEMALE Spermatophores (number/female) a 1.40 (1 3) Honey solution 10% a 1.27 (1 2) Water a 1.00 Control Tukey, p 0.05 Nava (2005)

22 SPERMATOPHORE Milano et al. (2010)

23 THERMAL REQUIREMENTS Temperature (ºC) Life cycle (days) Fecundity ±4.7 a ±3.1 a ± 34.4 a ±5.6 a ±3.5 a ± 28.5 a ±2.8 a ±2.9 b ± 17.8 b 32 K = degree days TT = 8.9ºC 5.1 to 7.8 generations/year Nava et al. (2005)

24 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL egg parasitoids Selected from 12 strains by using cluster analysis The best parasitization was found by using 28 T. annulata or 30 T. atopovirilia wasps per egg of S. catenifer Nava et al. (2007)

25 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL larval parasitoids Braconidae Ichneumonidae 2002/ /2002 Peak of parasitoids August. At least, 30 40% total larval parasitism was observed. Nava et al. (2005)

26 noma catenifer The pest was observed especially at the lower and central part of the plant, and the inner cannopy was the least attacked in omparison with the N, S, E and W quadrants.

27 jrpparra esalq.usp.br