The Changing Face of Agriculture: fruit flies, innovation and global trade

Transcription

1 The Changing Face of Agriculture: fruit flies, innovation and global trade Eric Jang, Fruit Fly Systems Applied Technologies (FFSATECH), Hilo, HI Dan Ryan, Horticulture Innovation Australia (HIA), Sydney, AU

2 Fruit fly research in Hawaii dates back over 100 years

3 Changing face of world agriculture Population increase Food safety Ag lands Water Climate change Obesity/health Fewer growers Regulation Invasive pests Costs Competition Food diversity

4 Economic costs Establishment of fruit flies in the continental U.S. would cost an estimated 6-10 billion dollars in direct damage and indirect damage through loss of trade

5 Global initiatives on fruit flies Area wide management Improved detection SIT/ mass rearing/qc/behavior Genomics/molecular diagnostics MAT and other semiochemical-based controls Systems approaches and new quarantine treatments

6 Challenges Fundamental knowledge (Foundational) Target pests Appropriate technologies for detection, control, AWPM, eradication Funding, cost-benefit Partnerships and strategies Regulatory People

7 Target pests: know your enemy

8 Partial list of FF AWM programs AWM (SIT) Hawaii Taiwan Australia Portugal South Africa Africa Israel Eradication Okinawa and Ryuku islands Australia- Qfly, Perth; PFF, Queensland Chile Peru Others???

9 Emergency actions when fruit flies are detected Detection of fruit flies in the continental US occurs through a trapping grid (over 160,000 traps) located in major urban areas as well as selected agricultural areas Detection of a mated wild female or more than 3 flies or two life stages triggers an emergency action consisting of eradication and quarantines around the finds The quarantine consists of a regulated area 4.5 mile in each direction from the find (81 Sq miles)

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12 Initiation Describe the concern which has created the need. Understand the background and expectations. Identify hazard(s) Estimate the likelihood of occurrence Estimate the magnitude of the consequences Develop conclusions and describe uncertainty Risk Assessment Risk Management Develop recommendations and describe uncertainty Mitigation requires assessment Evaluate mitigation options for: -Efficacy -Feasibility -Impacts Risk requires mitigation Identify mitigation options Decisionmaking Evaluate recommendations against the current environment and values to select an option. R. Griffin, USDA-APHIS, CPHST

13 Commercial e-beam irradiator in Hilo

14 Is risk inside quarantine greater than outside??? Greater possibility of detection Normal trapping grid Increased # of traps What is risk of product moving being infested?

15 Systems components Pest incidence thresholds (PIT) Production High Infestion biology, phenology, PIT IPM, Areawide, etc. Preharvest Postharvest Postharvest treatments Insepection/Certification Importing country Requirements Shipping/Distribution Low

16 New developments in areawide fruit fly management in Australia Major technical components of AW FF management Survey and detection Cultural controls (sanitation and hygeine) Chemical controls (bait sprays, MAT) Biological controls (parasitoids, predators, SIT)

17 Semiochemicals for detection and control of fruit flies Fruit flies utilize olfactory, gustatory and visual cues to locate mates and hosts

18 Crop Hygiene Each culled fruit has more than a 70% chance of being infested. On average, more than 59 flies emerge from each culled ¼ ripe fruit. On average, more than 89 flies emerge from each culled ½ ripe fruit. Life cycle of fruit flies Good sanitation Adult Eggs Pupae Larvae

19 Protein hydrolysate vs autolysate Protein hydrolysate: - hydrolysed plant protein with HCl - low ph, so neutralised with sodium chloride - can produce sodium chloride phytotoxicity Yeast autolysate: - enzymatic autolysis of yeast - limited salt so negligible phytotoxicity

20 How bait sprays work yeast autolysate contains around 50% protein protein in the bait encourages bacterial growth and the breakdown products emit odours which act as fruit fly attractants while ammonia is a major attractant its potency is enhanced by other odours baits attract about 65% developing females seeking protein to produce eggs and 35% males attraction mostly < 20 m

21 SIT for biological control A type of intra-species biological control First used successfully for control of screw worms Adopted to many other insects (fruit flies, boll weevil, several moth species)

22 SITplus innovation in Australia

23 Innovations

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25 Technical issues in SIT Large scale rearing Sterilization and fitness Distribution and overflooding ratios Bisexual versus male only strains Cost Management Evaluation