BATAN ES L U Z O N S T R A I T BABUYAN CHANNEL SIBUYAN SEA M O R O G U L F

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3 BATAN ES N Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) (Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mt. Province) Region I-Ilocos (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan) L U Z O N S T R A I T BABUYAN CHANNEL Region II- Cagayan Valley (Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino) Republic of the Philippines National Statistics Office PHILIPPINE MAP Region III-Central Luzon (Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales) Region IVA-CALABARZON (Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon Rizal) SOUTH CHINA SEA LUZON SEA National Capital Region (NCR) Manila - Capital Quezon City, Pasay City, Caloocan City, Makati City Mandaluyong City Muntinlupa City, Parañaque City, Las Piñas City, Marikina City, Valenzuela City, Pasig City Malabon City, Navotas, Taguig, San Juan, Pateros Region IVB- MIMAROPA (Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon) SIBUYAN SEA VISAYAN SEA CAMOTES SEA Region V- Bicol (Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon) Region VIII- Eastern Visayas (Eastern Samar, Leyte, Biliran, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte) PHILIPPINE SEA Region VI- Western Visayas (Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, Guimaras, Negros Occidental) S U L U S E A CEBU BOHOL BOHOL SEA Region XIII- Caraga (Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surgao del Sur) Region VII- Central Visayas (Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor) Region IX- Zamboanga Peninsula (Basilan, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay) M O R O G U L F Region XII- Central Mindanao (Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat) D A V A O GULF Region X- Northern Mindanao (Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental) Region XI - Davao (Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley) Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) (Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-tawi)

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study introduces some concepts and methodological procedures for deriving food consumption and security statistics using data collected from the 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). It presents results on the prevalence of food deprivation (hunger) and other food security statistics for the purpose of analyzing food security situation of the country at national and sub national levels. The 2003 FIES data file with food data was used as input in the statistical program on Food Security Statistics Module (FSSM) developed and provided by the Statistics Division of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the preparation, processing, analysis and report writing of food security situation in Philippines. The 2003 FIES collected food data information from 42,094 families who were successfully interviewed during two visits. The FIES required families to report the monetary values of food consumed as well as the corresponding food quantities. The results of this study indicate that about two in five Filipinos (39 percent) did not consume the daily minimum dietary energy requirement of about 1711 kcal per person. The average daily dietary energy consumption of a Filipino was 1940 kcal. The dietary energy unit value from consumed food at country level was estimated at P15.90 for every 1000 kcal, while the balanced-energy unit value by the lowest income quintile was estimated at P11.90 for every 1000 balanced-kcal. For every P100 consumed by a Filipino family, about P46.50 was used for food. Of the total amount for food, the biggest share went to food purchases eaten at home (76 percent). About 17 percent was for food eaten away from home, while other sources (including those given in kind) recorded a share of seven percent. On the average, a typical Filipino diet provided 358 grams of carbohydrates, 54 grams of protein and 33 grams of fats daily. The dietary pattern of Filipinos was characterized by a diet with strong reliance on rice, fish and vegetables. Cereals, including rice, contained the highest concentration of carbohydrates (73 percent), energy (63 percent) and protein (52 percent). Inequality on access to food as measured by the gini coefficient of food consumption in terms of energy consumption was recorded at 12 percent. In terms of monetary value, it was recorded at 27 percent which is more than twice than the gini of energy due to higher variability in food prices. The gini of income (43 percent) was higher than that of the gini of total consumption (37 percent). The study showed that the food consumption data collected in the FIES can be properly analyzed with other available household data and provide a wide variety of food security indicators useful for food policy actions. The FAO methodological procedures for the assessment of food deprivation at national and sub national levels contained in the FSSM proved to be convenient in producing useful food security data. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 2

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LIST OF FIGURES/LIST OF TEXTUAL TABLES LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Page No. II. THE FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY A. Scope and Purpose of the Survey B. Sampling Design C. Survey Operations and Main Contents D. FIES Food Data File and their Limitations III. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS A. Magnitude of Food Deprivation B. Depth of Hunger C. Critical Food Poverty D. Food Consumption and Expenditures D1. Dietary Energy Consumption D2. Dietary Energy Unit Value D3. Monetary Value of Food Consumed and Share of Food Consumption in Total Consumption D4. Share of Food Consumption from Different Sources in Total Consumption E. Diet Composition F. Inequality in Income and Food Consumption F1. Inequality in Access to Food and Income F2. Food Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income IV. CONCLUSIONS V. REFERENCES VI. GLOSSARY Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 3

6 ANNEXES A. Sampling Design of the 2003 FIES B. Deriving Estimates from Available FIES Data Items C. Items in Pieces and in Bundles and their Equivalent Weight in Grams D. Items Contained in the Variable Total Consumption E. Regrouping of 17 Regions to Eight Regions F. Regrouping of Major Occupation Groups and Major Industry Groups STATISTICAL TABLES Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 4

7 LIST OF FIGURES/LIST OF TEXTUAL TABLES Figure No. Title Page No. 1 Proportion of Food Deprivation in Total Population, Philippines: Food Deprivation by Household Size, Philippines: Depth of Hunger, Philippines: Critical Food Poverty by Educational Attainment of Family Head, Philippines: Critical Food Poverty by Selected Groupings, Philippines: Average Dietary Energy Consumption by Income Quintile, Philippines: Average Dietary Energy Unit Value by Income Quintile, Philippines: Share of Food Monetary Value to Total Consumption by Educational Attainment of Family Head, Philippines: Share of Dietary Energy Consumption by Food Sources, Philippines: Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrient Consumption by Item Group, Philippines: GINI of Income FULL by Selected Groupings, Philippines: Textual Table No. A Page Title No. Severity of Undernourishment According to the Level of Food Deprivation B Total Food Consumption by Food Groups, Philippines: Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 5

8 LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1 Food Deprivation by Categories and Groupings: Indicators on Hunger by Categories and Groupings: Number of Sampled Households, Average Dietary Energy Consumption and Average Monetary Value of Food Consumed by Categories and Groupings: Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption in Monetary Value and by Food Sources and by Categories and Groupings: Share of Food Consumption to Total Consumption by Food Sources and by Categories and Groupings: Food Consumption in Monetary and Nutrient Values by Categories and Groupings: Total Energy and Macro Nutrients by Item Group: Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrients Consumption by Item Group: Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption Coefficient of Variation by Categories and Groupings: Inequality Measures: Income, Food and Total Consumption Gini Coefficients (Log Normal Assumption) by Categories and Groupings: Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income by Categories and Groupings: Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 6

9 I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The National Statistics Office (NSO) is the primary statistical arm of the Philippine government by virtue of Commonwealth Act No It is responsible for the collection and dissemination of statistical data. NSO aims to provide timely, accurate and reliable information as bases for plans, policies and decisions and as inputs to academic pursuits, researches and development projects of the country. The NSO continues to provide information derived from the results of household and establishment censuses and surveys. In the area of food consumption and expenditures, NSO has been collecting food data through the FIES. These food consumptions were basically collected in monetary terms, although quantities were also collected simultaneously. Processing of data has been focused mainly on food monetary value. The NSO, in coordination with FAO carried out the project Food Consumption Statistics Derived from Household Surveys. The project introduced concepts and methodological procedures to maximize the use of available food consumption data from the FIES for the purpose of estimating food security statistics at national and sub national levels to better identify and locate the food insecure population groups. FAO Statistics Division provided the statistical programs for the processing, analysis and report writing which were included in the FSSM program module they developed. Applying the guidelines set by FAO, a comprehensive food data file was prepared together with other relevant information collected from the 2003 Philippine FIES. In addition, the macronutrients conversion factors for the FIES food items were prepared from the Philippines Food Composition Table. The generated food and related data files were used as input to run the statistical programs on the FSSM which produced a suite of food security statistics including the MDG indicator 5 on the prevalence of undernourishment. II. THE FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY A. Scope and Purpose of the Survey As of 2006, the FIES has been conducted in the Philippines 14 times since The FIES is the major source of both food and non-food data on family consumption with the food items being the major component. The FIES is conducted every three years and has the following objectives: a) provide data on family income and family living expenditure levels and patterns, b) determine sources of income and income distribution, levels of living and spending patterns, and the degree of inequality among families, Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 7

10 c) provide benchmark information to update weights in the estimation of consumer price index (CPI), and d) provide inputs in the estimation of the country s poverty threshold and incidence. With these objectives, priority is given to processing the monetary values collected from the FIES. The survey involved the interview of a national sample of about 51,000 sample households deemed sufficient to provide reliable estimates of income and expenditure at the national and regional level. The sample households covered in the survey were the same households interviewed in the July 2003 and January 2004 rounds of the Labor Force Survey (LFS). The reporting unit was the household which implied that the statistics emanating from this survey referred to the characteristics of the population residing in private households. Institutional population is not within the scope of the survey. The data collection for the 2006 FIES has recently been completed in January 2007 and data processing is currently being undertaken. For the purpose of this project, the data file of the 2003 FIES results was used to run the FAO FSSM. Hence, analysis on food security was based on the results of the 2003 FIES. B. Sampling Design The 2003 FIES used the sampling design of the 2003 Master Sample (MS) for household surveys. A detailed discussion of the 2003 MS is included in Annex A. C. Survey Operations and Main Contents Starting 2003, FIES adopted a new questionnaire design wherein separate questionnaire with the same sets of questions for both visits were used. Previously, FIES adopted the shuttle type of data collection, that is, the samples were interviewed in two separate operations using the same questionnaire. Basically, the first phase of survey operation was conducted in July of the survey year and data gathered were for the period covering the first of January to the 30 th of June The second operation was conducted in January 2004 and gathered information for the period covering the first of July to 31 st of December The method of two visits minimized memory bias of respondents and captured the seasonality of income and expenditure patterns. The concept of average week consumption for all food items was utilized in order to further reduce memory bias. Moreover, the reference period for Fuel, Light and Water, Transportation and Communication, Household Operations and Personal Care and Effects were not limited only to the past month but in some specified Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 8

11 cases the concept of average month consumption was used. For all other expenditure groups, the past six months was used as reference period. Data gathered in the survey include sources of income in cash and in kind and the level of consumption by item of expenditure. Related information such as family size, number of family members employed for pay or profit (wage/salary or ownaccount workers), occupation, age and educational attainment of household head, and housing characteristics were also included. Nationwide processing of food quantities from FIES started with the 2000 FIES. Before that, food quantities from the 1997 FIES from four regions namely, National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, Eastern Visayas and Western Mindanao, were initially processed using food prices to determine its usefulness in analyzing food consumption. Since then, several studies have been conducted using these processed food quantities. In 2002, the 2000 Philippine FIES processed food quantities were used as one of the inputs on food security analysis at the 2002 National Demonstration Center in Bangkok conducted by FAO to demonstrate the methodology and procedures for measuring food deprivation. D. FIES Food Data File and their Limitations The 2003 FIES data file contained food data items from 42,094 families who were successfully interviewed during the two visits. The food data file originally contained only the food monetary values which were captured as to meet the FIES objectives. The corresponding food quantity values, although electronically entered simultaneously with the monetary values, were processed only after completing the consistency checks of the food monetary items. The food data file with quantity was completed in May With the FAO project, further editing and consistency checks were extensively made on the food details in terms of units of quantity measurement, monetary values and calorie content to fit the data file format required to process data using the FAO FSSM. The FIES contained only the aggregate quantities of food consumed by the families for both purchases and in kind, since during the interviews the families were required only to report the total for the quantity; while separate monetary values of food consumed for purchases and in kind were reported. To estimate the quantities of food purchased and those received in kind from the available food monetary value, the FAO suggested methodology was used as indicated in Annex B. The food items Prepared Meals Bought Outside and Eaten at Home and Food Regularly Consumed Outside the Home have no corresponding quantities, hence nutrient estimates were derived using the nutrient unit monetary values estimated at family level. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 9

12 The quantities of several food items (as listed in Annex C) were indicated as pieces and bundles. Standard measures were set to convert these to their equivalent in grams. The file format of FSSM caters to four food sources, these were (1) purchases, (2) own production, (3) from other sources, and (4) bought and consumed away from home. Food items that did not have any quantity value were merged with food items having code (4) bought and consumed away from home for the estimation of the nutrients equivalent. No food items were recorded as code (2) own production since the values cannot be specifically separated from the original FIES food data file. Food macro nutrient conversion values from the 1997 Philippine Food Composition Table (FCT) prepared by the Philippine Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) were used and complemented with the ASEAN FCT for other FIES food items not present in the Philippine FCT. During the consistency checks of calories derived from food quantities from the FIES original food data file, it was found that based on FAO standard, about 388 records showed aggregate food consumption, particularly cereals (rice & corn), exceeding 3000 calories per person per day. For these cases, the food consumption quantities were imputed to reflect more valid consumption. The FIES data file contained the total family expenditure but not the total family consumption expenditure. Since the FAO FSSM required total family consumption expenditure, it was necessary to subtract the family non-consumption expenses from the total expenditure. The non-consumption expenses included taxes, gifts and contributions to others, other expenditures such as life insurance and retirement premiums, and interest payments on loans among others. Items contained in the family total consumption are enumerated in Annex D. The data for the Philippine FIES was grouped into 17 regional geographic units. Regrouping was done as indicated in Annex E. Further to geographic grouping, there was no breakdown of urban-rural in the sampling design used for the 2003 FIES. Hence no analysis was done for urban-rural. The Philippine FIES followed the 1994 Philippine Standard Industry Classification to classify the family industry/ies, with 17 major industry divisions. The occupation was based on the 1992 Philippine Standard Occupation Classification with 10 major occupation codes. Regroupings are indicated in Annex F. Other demographic and functional population groupings such as age, gender and educational attainment of head of family together with the family size were likewise included in the data file, hence analysis were made on these. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 10

13 III. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS This report highlights the assessment of food security situation in the Philippines resulting from the analysis of the food consumption data file from the 2003 FIES. The FAO methodology for computing food security statistics from household surveys was used in deriving the estimates at national and sub national levels. A. Magnitude of Food Deprivation Food security refers to a condition for all people, at all times, having both physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and healthy variety of food, satisfying dietary needs and food preferences while having an active and healthy life in a sustainable manner. Food insecurity exists when people are undernourished as result of insufficient physical availability of food, limited economic and social access to adequate food and/or inadequate food utilization. The degree of severity of food insecurity depends on the level of food deprivation. Food deprivation refers to the condition of people whose food consumption is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement. This is based on the distribution of food consumption expressed in terms of dietary energy. The minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) is the amount of energy required for light activity of individuals with a minimum acceptable body-weight for attained height compatible with a healthy life; it is estimated using expert criteria on energy requirements; it is derived by aggregating the estimated sex-age-specific minimum dietary energy requirements using the relative proportion of the population in the corresponding sex-age groups as weights. Food deprivation increases when food is scarce and not properly distributed among individuals in the population versus a minimum level of food consumption. Three components help in understanding food security in the country, these are: food availability, food access and food utilization. (Source: FAO) According to the 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), two in every five of the Philippine population were food insecure and did not consume the minimum dietary energy requirement, indicating a very high level of undernourishment in the country. The MDER for the Philippines was about 1711 kcal per person per day. Table A. Severity of Undernourishment According to the Level of Food Deprivation Level of Food Deprivation Severity of Undernourishment <2.5% negligible 2.5% - 4% very low 5% - 9% low 10% - 19% moderate 20% - 34% high >35% very high Source: The State of Food Insecurity (FAO) Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 11

14 Food deprivation was higher in lower income levels. The population in households of the lowest two income quintiles were more food deprived than the national level food deprivation; on the other side, only three percent of the population among families in the highest income level were food deprived as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Proportion of Food Deprivation in Total Population, Philippines: In percent Nationw ide Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Income Level Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Food deprivation was higher than the national average among persons belonging to families with more than five members (50 percent). On the other end, 12 percent of the population among families with one or two members were food deprived, while 28 percent of population among families with three to five members were food deprived (Figure 2) Figure 2. Food Deprivation by Household Size, Philippines: In percent Nationw ide 1 or 2 family members 3 to 5 family members More than 5 family members Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 12

15 Members of families headed by male were more deprived on food (40 percent) than those members of families headed by female (28 percent). Food deprivation was higher among families whose head was very young (33 percent), had no grade completed (61 percent), engaged in agricultural activity (52 percent), or whose occupation were farmers, forestry workers and fishermen (52 percent). Among the geographical groupings in the Philippines, the population in Mindanao generally had high level of food deprivation (ranging from 50 to 60 percent), while NCR posted the lowest proportion of population who were food deprived (18 percent). The intensity of food inadequacy indicates how far the access to food falls short of requirements. This shortfall is measured from two perspectives namely for the undernourished or whole population. The first perspective indicates the depth of food deprivation of the undernourished population and measures the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population having inadequate energy consumption and the MDER. The depth of hunger is considered low when the absolute food gap is less than 200 kcal/person/day and high when it is over 300 kcal/person/day. The second approach is meant to shed light on the seriousness of the challenge facing a country if all its people are to have adequate access to food and refers to the gap in relation to the population as a whole and compares the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population having inadequate energy consumption with the average dietary energy requirement in the total population. (Source: FAO) B. Depth of Hunger At country level, the average daily dietary energy consumption (DEC) of a food deprived Filipino was 1412 kcal, about 299 kcal would be needed to bring a Filipino who was food deprived back to the minimum requirement level of 1711 kcal. Figure 3. Depth of Hunger, Philippines: kcal/person/day Average DEC of Food Deprived MDER Average DEC ADER (1711) (1940) (2163) Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 13

16 The energy consumption of persons belonging to the first quintile was 1390 kcal/person/day (less than the food deprived at national level). It required an additional 321 kcal to bring a Filipino belonging to the first quintile back to the minimum dietary energy level. The absolute food deficit of 321 kcal indicated that the depth of hunger for those belonging to the first quintile was higher than the absolute food deficit at country level. However, the depth of hunger decreased among those persons belonging to the second quintile who with a DEC of 1670 kcal/person/day, only an additional 41 kcal would be needed to bring them back to the minimum. The nationwide average DEC was recorded at 1940 kcal/person/day. A Filipino still needs 223 kcal to meet the average dietary energy requirement (ADER) of 2163 kcal/person/day. The ADER was 751 kcal higher than the energy consumed by the food deprived at country level; furthermore, the ADER was 773 kilocalories higher than the energy consumption in households with the lowest income level. C. Critical Food Poverty The average dietary requirement (ADER) is the energy requirement for a median body weight (50 th percentile) to attained height and moderate physical activity associated to a specific sex/age category of the population. (Source: FAO) The prevalence of Critical food poverty (pcfp) refers to the proportion of persons living on less than the cost of the macro-nutrient balanced MDER (for MDER see below and for balanced diet see Glossary) with food prices from households in the lowest income quintile. (Source: FAO) The prevalence of critical food poverty in the Philippines was eight percent (figure 4). Filipinos in the first income quintile were living on less than the cost of the 1711 balanced-kcal of MDER, that is critical food poverty line of 20 percent. This was valued at the price of P11.92 per 1000 balanced-kcal in food consumed by members of families in the first income quintile Figure 4. Critical Food Poverty by Selected Groupings, Philippines: In percent Nationwide Male Female Agri Activity Non-agri Activity Without Activity Gender of HH Head Industry of HH Head Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 14

17 Male headed families were worst off than female headed families in terms of critical food poverty. About one out of 11 families (9 percent) headed by male was critically food poor, compared to only 3 percent of female headed families. At least one in five persons (20 percent) belonging to families headed by a member engaged in agricultural activity was critically food poor. Education-wise, families headed by a person who did not reach high school tend to have higher critical food poverty with the prevalence of critical food poverty ranging from six to 30 percent; on the other hand, families with family head who was a college graduate reported less than one percent in prevalence of critical food poverty (Figure 5) Figure 5. Critical Food Poverty by Educational Attainment of Fam ily Head, Philippines: In percent No Grade Completed Graduate Graduate Undergraduate Undergraduate Undergraduate Graduate Elementary High School College Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey D. Food Consumption and Expenditures D1. Dietary Energy Consumption At the national level, the average dietary energy consumption of a Filipino in a day was 1940 kcal. Filipinos belonging to the top two quintiles of the family income group exceed the national average for dietary energy consumption with 2570 kcal for the 5 th quintile and 2080 kcal for the 4 th quintile (Figure 6). Persons belonging to female headed families reported higher dietary energy consumption of 2130 kcal compared to 1910 kcal for family members headed by male. The average dietary energy consumption of a person belonging to families with more than five members Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 15

18 (1740 kcal) was lower compared to families with three to five members (2090 kcal) and families with one or two members (2720 kcal). Members of families headed by persons who had not completed high school reported less than 2000 kcal dietary energy consumption Figure 6. Average Dietary Energy Consumption by Income Quintile, Philippines: kcal/person/day Nationw ide Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey D2. Dietary Energy Unit Value The 1940 kcal average daily food consumption of a Filipino when translated to peso value was estimated at about P30.89 per person/day. Relatively, the actual dietary energy unit value per day of a Filipino was estimated at P15.90 for every 1000 kcal Figure 7. Average Dietary Energy Unit Value by Income Quintile, Philippines: peso/1000kcal Nationwide Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey A Filipino belonging to the lowest 20 percent income group spent about P9.74 to purchase 1000 kcal of energy (Figure 7). This amount was more than doubled Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 16

19 (P21.60) among persons belonging to families in the top quintile group. There was limited difference on the peso value of dietary energy per person among families when classified by age of family head (range of P15.61 to P16.88). Persons belonging to families headed by a person engaged in agricultural activity spent lower (P12.14) to purchase units of calories compared to members of families headed by a person engaged in non-agricultural activities (P17.66) and family heads without any economic activity (P18.23). D3. Monetary Value of Food Consumed and Share of Food Consumption in Total Consumption The share of food consumption to total consumption is an indicator of expenditure patterns in the population. (Source: FAO) For every P100 consumed by a Filipino family, about P46.50 was used for food. Going further down the sub-grouping, low-income families had larger amount of consumption on food (65 percent) which tend to confirm the Engel ratio. More so, the food ratio declined as income increased, with families belonging to Quintile 5 reporting 38 percent share of food peso value to total consumption Figure 8. Share of Food Monetary Value to Total Consumption by Educational Attainment of Family Head : 2003 In percent No Grade Completed Graduate Graduate Undergraduate Undergraduate Undergraduate Graduate Elementary High School College Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey The higher the number of family members, the higher was the share of food consumption to total consumption. Families headed by person who had not graduated from high school had more than half (52 to 58 percent) of their total consumption devoted to food. (Figure 8) Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 17

20 D4. Share of Food Consumption from Different Sources in Total Consumption Of the share of food monetary value to total food consumption, the biggest share went to food purchased and eaten at home (76 percent). About 17 percent as for food eaten away from home, while other sources (including those given in kind) recorded a share of seven percent. Among the sub groups, families located in NCR (a very urban area) showed the biggest share of peso value spent on food eaten away from home (26 percent). Families in the first quintile had the highest share of monetary value for food from other sources with 21 percent. Food consumed by families were either (a) purchased (consumed inside the home or consumed outside the home); (b) sourced from own production; or (c) from other sources (such as those received as gift from other families). For this report, data limitation was that food from own production could not be estimated separately as it was recorded as purchases. Further, food items having missing quantity values were estimated using quantity unit monetary values from similar income and other characteristics by region; also food eaten away from home was estimated using household nutrient unit monetary values. Similarly, the largest share of DEC to total consumption was seen in food purchased and eaten at home with 75 percent. The share of DEC from food eaten away from home is 15 percent and about 10 percent went to other sources. Figure 9. Share of Dietary Energy Consumption by Food Sources, Philippines: Purchases Eaten Aw ay Other Sources 80.0 In percent Nationw ide Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Families belonging to the middle income class reported the highest share of food purchased and eaten at home (77 percent). A big difference can be seen among the quintile grouping in the share of food eaten away from home. High income Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 18

21 families tend to consume more on food eaten away from home (24 percent for the 5 th quintile) compared to the low income group share of only five percent. With reference to family size, families with one or two members had a lower share of purchased food (70 percent) compared to 76 percent share in families with three or more members. E. Diet Composition The average amount of carbohydrates consumed by a Filipino was reported at 358 grams per day. Persons belonging to families in lowest 20 percent of the income group consumed daily 281 grams of carbohydrates, a little more than half of that consumed by those in the top most quintile (437 g/person/day). Carbohydrates consumption were more than 400 g/person/day for persons belonging to families with 1 or 2 members (492 g/person/day), with family heads who were college graduates (413 g/person/day) or professionals (408 g/person/day). At the national level, protein and fat consumption were noted to be on the average at 54 and 33 g/person/day, respectively. For both nutrients, the highest consumption was recorded in the top quintile (79 and 56 g/person/day for protein and fat respectively). The typical dietary pattern of Filipinos was characterized by a diet with strong reliance on cereals and related products, mainly from rice. The typical one-day food consumption of a Filipino was composed mainly of 349 grams of cereals and related products, fish and fish products at 61 grams and vegetables at 51 grams. Meat products (42.9 grams) and fruits and related products (33.9 grams) likewise add to the typical Filipino diets but in a lesser proportion. Translating this typical consumption to peso value, a Filipino would spend daily about P7.80 for cereal and related products, P4.75 for meat and P3.90 for fish and fish products. Lesser peso value was spent for vegetables (P1.60) and fruits (P1.40). These daily food intake when converted to kilocalorie consumption, translates to 1233 kcal per day intake of cereals, 101 kcal of meat and 41 kcal of fish and fish products. The other dietary intake conversion of food to kilocalories is indicated below: Table B. Total Food Consumption by Food Groups, Philippines: 2003 Item Group Total Food Consumed (kcal/person/day) Cereals and Products 1233 Roots and Tubers and Products 21 Sugars and Syrups and Products 75 Pulses 5 Oil Crops 30 Vegetables and Products 16 Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 19

22 Fruits and Products 25 Stimulants 11 Spices 3 Alcoholic Beverages 34 Meat 101 Eggs 8 Fish and Fish Products 41 Milk and Cheese 14 Oils and Fats (Vegetable oils) 56 Oils and Fats (Animal fats) 1 Non Alcoholic Beverages 12 Miscellaneous and Prepared Food 266 Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Cereals, having the largest quantity in Filipino meals contained the highest concentration of carbohydrates (73 percent), energy (63 percent) and protein (52 percent). Cereals reported 23 percent of fat content, second only to the share of fat in meat products (24 percent). Meat shared 13 percent of the total protein. Figure 10. Energy, Protein, Carbohydrates and Fats Consumption in Total Nutrient Consumption by Item Group, Philippines: 2003 Others 14.2% Energy Cereals and products 63.5% Fish and fish products 11.8% Others 9.0% Protein Cereals and products 52.2% Meat 5.2% Meat 13.0% Miscellaneous and prepared food 13.6% Miscellaneous and prepared food 13.9% Others 8.6% Carbohydrates Cereals and products 73.5% Oil crops 6.6% Others 11.8% Fats Meat 24.0% Sugars/syrups and products 5.2% Miscellaneous and prepared food 13.2% Miscellaneous and prepared food 15.6% Oils and fats (vegetable oil) 18.8% Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey Cereals and products 23.2% Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 20

23 F. Inequality in Income and Food Consumption To evaluate the access to food of a country, inequality measures were estimated including the coefficient of variation (CV), gini coefficients, dispersion ratios and food income elasticities. Detailed discussions on computing for these indicators can be referred in the FAO Manual. The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of inequality that can be derived from the variance under the assumption that the distribution of food dietary energy consumption is lognormal. The CV of dietary energy consumption comprises two main components: one reflecting the inequality of food consumption associated with income and the other associated with nonincome factors. The gini coefficient is computed and explained in conjunction with the Lorenz curve. The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the equality line and the Lorenz curve to the area below the equality line. The gini coefficient ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). When the Gini coefficient depicts, for example income and income receiving units, it refers to Full Gini coefficient of income (due to income). However, when it depicts dietary energy consumption and income receiving units, it refers to the Gini coefficient of energy consumption due to income. The elasticity of food (in dietary and monetary value) due to income variation provides with a good estimate of the family food consumption response to income fluctuation. The higher is the elasticity the more sensitive to income are the families. A small increase in the income of poor families could improve considerably their level of food consumption and have a huge impact on level of food consumption. Economic changes, improvements or deteriorations may exchange food item consumption behavior to cope with dietary energy needs. These changes have implications in food security policies. Food consumption inequality in dietary energy consumption is lower than that in monetary value as data in dietary energy value remove price effects on food consumption. (Source: FAO Manual) F F1. Inequality in Access to Food and Income The CV of food consumption due to income in terms of monetary value was higher than that of DEC as it includes the variations of food prices. It was 51 percent at national level in Philippines, more than twice the value of the CV of DEC due to income which was 22 percent. Inequality on access to food among Filipino families was not highly distinct with the gini coefficient of DEC due to income recorded at 12 percent at the national level. Families headed by very young person (less than 35 years old) recorded the highest gini coefficient of DEC with 13 percent. Among the various subgroups, the biggest range of gini coefficient of DEC may be seen among the regions (9 to 12 percent). Gini coefficient for the monetary value of food consumption due to income was noted at 27 percent, higher than those recorded for the dietary energy which was estimated at 12 percent. Among sub-groups in this category, families headed by younger family heads recorded the highest gini coefficient of 27 percent. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 21

24 The gini coefficient of income was estimated at 43 percent, higher than that of the gini of total consumption (37 percent). Higher inequalities as observed from gini of income were noted from families with 1 or 2 members (43 percent) compared to families with 3 to 5 members and families with more than five members (40 percent). Further, male-headed families had higher gini coefficient of income (42 percent) compared to femaleheaded families (40 percent). Income inequality was noted to be lowest among families headed by plant and machine operators and assemblers (30 percent) Figure 11. GINI of Income - FULL by Selected Groupings, Philippines: Nationwide 1 or 2 family members 3 to 5 family members More than 5 family members In percent Male Female Very young Young Not so young Senior HH Size Gender of HH head Age of HH head Source: National Statistics Office, 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey F2. Food Demand Elasticity with Respect to Income For the demand elasticity with respect to income for the food monetary value (FMV), the first decile group showed the highest with 2.9 percent and the lowest at 0.3 percent for those belonging in the 10th decile. The food demand elasticity with respect to income for the DEC among the 10 income decile groups ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 percent. The higher income decile, those belonging to the 8 th, 9 th and 10 th decile group recorded the lowest elasticity at 0.2 percent. Among sub-groups, families with more than 5 members from the first decile reported the highest demand elasticity at 0.6 percent indicating that this group was more sensitive to income with regard to their responsiveness to food demand in terms of dietary energy consumption. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 22

25 IV. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the FIES is an important source of a wide variety of food security statistics at national and sub national levels. The food quantities collected from the FIES were given emphasis in the FAO system for processing food security statistics. The results of the study then poses a challenge to the food data contents of household surveys such as the FIES. Enhancement on the data collection of food quantities need to be looked into as to capture appropriately the required data right at the original capture of all FIES data. A serious limitation during the 2003 FIES data processing was that the quantity data, although entered simultaneously with the monetary value, were processed at a later stage. Processing of monetary values was prioritized to meet the data requirements for the timely release of regular FIES data. Matching of quantity and monetary values could not be performed immediately which somehow affected the editing and consistency checking processes. The Philippine FIES have food items which were measured in local units such as bundles and pieces. The conversion factors which were used to change these food items quantities into grams or liters should be studied further to provide appropriate quantities of those food items. Possible improvement can be made in collecting food data by distinct food sources most common in Philippines by updating appropriately the units. To convert the food quantities from FIES into nutritive values, this study used both the Philippine FCT and the ASEAN FCT. The food items as indicated in the FIES questionnaires contained some broad groups of items for which it was difficult to have the corresponding nutrient values. Thus, it will be valuable if a food composition table be crafted specifically following the FIES food groups. The Philippine FNRI has released the results of the 6 th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) indicating in their report several items on food consumption and nutritional status of several population groups. Comparison of the NNS results with those from this study would provide comprehensive analysis of food data particularly that the NNS made use one fourth of the sample households from the FIES. Further, the FIES food security analysis could be complemented with other demographic (age-sex-population structure) and anthropometry data on height of individual at national and sub-national levels to derive more accurate and reliable estimates of food security indicators. Again, the NNS which also captured data on weight & height of population groups can be used thoroughly together with the FIES data to further enhance the food data analysis. Processing the FIES data using the FSSM initially resulted to be a complicated task mainly because of its big volume. The FIES, with more than 42,000 sample households covered more than 2 million record items corresponding to food items consumed. It is recommended to have a powerful computer for successfully running the FSSM program. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 23

26 With the availability of the 2006 FIES food quantity data by next year, another challenge posed is the evaluation of the food situation in Philippines at national and sub-national levels for monitoring the food situation between 2003 and The comparative results between the two periods will provide necessary inputs for the assessment of any food policy programme. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 24

27 V. REFERENCES 1. National Statistics Office (2003). Enumerator s Manual 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. Manila, Philippines. 2. FAO (2003). Methodology for the measurement of food deprivation. Statistics Division, Food Security Statistics. Rome. Available at the Metadata of the Food Security Statistics webpage 3. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 1 Processing User Manual, FAO July FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 2 Analysis User Manual, FAO July FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 3 Reports User Manual, FAO July Naiken L (2002). FAO Methodology for estimating the prevalence of undernourishment. Key note paper presented at the International Scientific Symposium on Measurement of Food privation and Undernutrition (26-28 June 2002). 7. Sibrián R (2006). Indicators for monitoring hunger at global and sub national levels. In: I World Congress of Public Health Nutrition Congress Proceedings. Barcelona, Spain. 8. Sibrián R Ramasawmy S and Mernies J (2007). Measuring hunger at sub national levels from household surveys using the FAO approach: MANUAL. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper Series No. ESS/ESSA/005e. Available at the webpage WHO (2003). Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 916. WHO, Geneva. Available at Food and Nutrition Reasearch Institute (2006). Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures Department of Science and Technology, FNRI. Manila, Philippines. 11. Food and Nutrition Reasearch Institute (2002). The Phillipine Food Composition Tables Department of Science and Technology, FNRI. Manila, Philippines. 12. Puwastien, Praspasri; Burlingame, Barbara; Raroengwichit, Monthip; and Sungpuag, Pongtron (2000). ASEAN Food Composition Tables Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol university (INMU), Bangkok, Thailand. Food Insecurity Assessment Based on Food Consumption Statistics 25