The Impact of Feeding Corn DDGS and Phytase on Manure Phosphorus Management in Pork Production
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1 The Impact of Feeding Corn DDGS and Phytase on Manure Phosphorus Management in Pork Production Dr. Jerry Shurson Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota
2 Quantity of Manure Excreted Annually By Livestock and Poultry in the U.S Source: Cromwell (22) Manure (Million Tons) Beef Dairy Sheep Swine Poultry Total
3 % Phosphorus in Livestock and Poultry Manure Beef Dairy Sheep Swine Poultry % P Source: Cromwell (22)
4 Annual Amounts of Phosphorus Excreted in Livestock and Poultry Manure in the U.S P Excretion (1 Tons) Beef Dairy Sheep Swine Poultry Total Source: Cromwell (22)
5 Phosphorus in Swine Manure Swine manure has a N:P ratio of 3:1 Lower than needed by crops grown (e.g. corn 6:1) When manure is applied to meet the N needs of the crop: Excess P is applied Excess P in soil has potential for leaching and runoff that contributes to eutrophication of surface water
6 Chemical Forms of Phosphorus In Manure Phosphorus compounds in manure vary in: Solubility Availability for plant uptake Absorption potential in soils Manure P composition is affected by: Age of the animal Diet Amount and type of bedding material Storage method
7 Phosphorus in Soil Soils contain between 1 to 3 ppm P Soluble P Reactive P Stable P Form is available for plant uptake Predominantly orthophosphates Found in fresh organic material Converted over time to soluble P Largest portion of soil P Crystalline compounds with very low solubility Stable organic compounds that are not available to plants
8 Lbs. of P 2 O 5 per Lb. of Animal Wt./Yr Nursery Grower Finisher Sow & Litter Gestation Swine Source: Estimating Manure Nutrients from Livestock and Poultry. NebGuide G1334, 1997.
9 Total and Available P Requirement (g/day ) of Growing Pigs (NRC, 1998) Total Avail lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
10 Total and Available P Requirement (% of diet) of Growing Pigs (NRC, 1998) Total % Available % lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
11 Nutritional Methods to Reduce Manure Phosphorus Use ingredients that are high in digestible or bioavailable P Minimize safety margin for P when formulating diets Add phytase to the diet Maintain a 1:1 to 1.5:1 calcium-to-phosphorus ratio when formulating diets Minimize feed wastage
12 Comparison of Total P Concentration and P Bioavailability Between Corn, Soybean Meal (47.5%) and DDGS for Swine Corn Soybean Meal DDGS Total P, % Available P, %
13 Potential for Reducing P Excretion in Manure From 175 Lb Pigs % 54% 66% P intake, g/d P retained, g/d P excreted, g/d 2 Current.5% NRC.4% Phytase.3% DDGS + Phytase Source: Adapted from G.L. Cromwell, Feedstuffs, October 7, 1991.
14 Potential for Reducing P Excretion in Manure By Feeding Swine Grower Diets Containing 1 or 2% DDGS % -12% Corn-SBM 1% DDGS 2% DDGS Total P, lbs/ton Available P, lbs/ton Manure P, lbs/ton Source: Adapted from G.L. Cromwell, Feedstuffs, October 7, 1991.
15 Phosphorus Balance in the Pig (Feed Intake x % P in Diet) (Amt. Feces Excreted x % P in Feces) + (Amt. Urine Excreted x % P in Urine) Amount of P Consumed Amount of P Excreted = Amount of P Retained
16 Effect of DDGS Level and Diet Formulation Method on Manure Phosphorus Excretion in Nursery Pigs (23 lbs.) Diet Composition Formulation Method 1. Corn-Soybean meal Total P/Available P 2. 1% DDGS Total P 3. 1% DDGS Available P 4. 2% DDGS Total P 5. 2% DDGS Available P
17 Percentage of Corn, Soybean Meal, and DDGS in Experimental Diets Corn SBM DDGS 1 CS-Total 1% D-T 1% D-A 2% D-T 2% D-A
18 Percentage of Dicalcium Phosphate and Limestone in Experimental Diets Dicalcium P Limestone.2 CS-Total 1% D-T 1% D-A 2% D-T 2% D-A
19 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Feed Intake of Nursery Pigs (g/day) % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS 1 Feed Intake, g/d
20 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Daily Fecal Excretion (g/d) a b c % + 3% Feces excreted, g/d % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS a,b,c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
21 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Dry Matter Digestibility (%) a b c - 2.2% - 5.1% DM Digestibility, % % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS a,b,c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
22 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Fecal Phosphorus Concentration (%) 2.5 a b c % % % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS Fecal P Concentration, % a,b,c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
23 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Daily Fecal Phosphorus Excretion (g/day) % - 5.9% Daily Fecal P Excretion, g/d % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS
24 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Daily Urine P Excretion (g/day) Daily Urine P Excretion, g/d % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS
25 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Total P Excreted as a % of Phosphorus Intake x Total P Excreted as a % of P Intake x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15). y -.8% - 8.2% % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS
26 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on Phosphorus Retention (g/day) x P Retention, g/d y + 2.5% + 9.7% % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15).
27 Effect of Dietary Level of DDGS on P Retained as a % of P Intake x y % + 5.% P Retained as a % of P Intake % DDGS 1% DDGS 2% DDGS x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15).
28 Effect of Diet Formulation Method on Daily Phosphorus Intake (g/day) a b % Total P Available P Daily P Intake, g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
29 Effect of Diet Formulation Method on Fecal Phosphorus Concentration (%) a b - 5.7% Fecal P Concentration, % Total P Available P a,b,c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
30 Effect of Diet Formulation Method on Daily Total Phosphorus Excretion (g/day) % Total P Excreted, g/d Total P Available P
31 Effects of Adding 1 or 2% DDGS to Nursery Diets on % Total, Soluble and Particulate P in Swine Manure.12 a,x a,x y b y b Corn-SBM 1% DDGS-TP 1% DDGS-AP 2% DDGS-TP 2% DDGS-AP Total P Particulate P Soluble P a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15).
32 Summary For every 1% DDGS added to the nursery diet: dry matter digestibility 2.2% daily fecal excretion 15% fecal P concentration 16% daily P excretion 2 to 4%?? theoretical maximum is 6%
33 Summary Formulating nursery diets on an available P basis vs. total P basis: daily total P intake by 11% fecal P concentration by 6% May daily fecal excretion by 6%
34 Conclusions Adding DDGS to nursery diets has a small effect on reducing manure P excretion not as much as mathematically possible because of reduced DM digestibility Adding 2% DDGS to a nursery diet and formulating on an available P basis will result in the greatest reduction in manure P.
35 Conclusions Using a P bioavailability coefficient of 9% for DDGS appears to reasonable when formulating DDGS diets for swine. Adding DDGS to nursery diets and formulating on an available P basis has minimal effects on the amount of soluble and particulate P excreted.
36 Effect of Adding 2% DDGS and Phytase, at Different Ca:Available P Ratios on Manure Phosphorus Excretion in Nursery Pigs. Diet Composition 1. Corn-SBM 2:1 Ca:Available P ratio 2. Corn-SBM 2.5:1 3. Corn-SBM 3:1 4. 2% DDGS + phytase 2:1 5. 2% DDGS + phytase 2.5:1 6. 2% DDGS + phytase 3:1
37 Percentage of Corn, Soybean Meal, and DDGS in Experimental Diets Corn SBM DDGS 1 C-SBM 2:1 C-SBM 2.5:1 C-SBM 3:1 2%DP 2:1 2%DP 2.5:1 2%DP 3:1
38 Percentage of Dicalcium Phosphate and Limestone in Experimental Diets Dical Lime.2 C-SBM 2:1 C-SBM 2.5:1 C-SBM 3:1 2%DP 2:1 2%DP 2.5:1 2%DP 3:1
39 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Feed Intake of Nursery Pigs (g/day) CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1 Feed Intake, g/d
40 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Dietary Phosphorus Concentration (%).7 a a a b b b Feed Phosphorus Concentration, % CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1
41 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Phosphorus Intake (g/d) a a a b b b Daily Phosphorus Intake, g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1
42 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Fecal Excretion (g/d) a a x Feces Excreted, g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15). x b,y CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1
43 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Dry Matter Digestibility (%) a a x x b,y Dry Matter Digestibility, % a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15). CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1
44 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Fecal Phosphorus Concentration (%) 3 a a a b b b CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1 Fecal Phosphorus Concentration, % a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
45 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Fecal Phosphorus Excretion (g/d) 2 a a a b b CSB 2:1 b 1.2 CSB 2.5: CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1.2 Daily Fecal Phosphorus Excretion, g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
46 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Phosphorus Digestibility (%) 7 b b b 6 a a a CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1 Phosphorus Digestibility, % a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
47 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Urinary Phosphorus Excretion (g/d) a b b b b b Daily Urinary Phosphorus Excretion, g/d CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1 a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
48 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Total Phosphorus Excretion (g/d) 2 a a a b b CSB 2: b CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1.2 Daily Total Phosphorus Excretion. g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5).
49 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Daily Phosphorus Retention (g/d) a a a,x Daily Phosphorus Retention, g/d a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15). b y CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1
50 Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets Without Phytase vs. Corn- SBM-2% DDGS Diets With Phytase at Different Ca:Avail P Ratios on Percentage of P Intake Retained (%) 7 6 a a a b,x b,y b,y CSB 2:1 CSB 2.5:1 CSB 3:1 2% D 2:1 2% D 2.5:1 2% D 3:1 % of Phosphorus Intake Retained a,b Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.5). x,y Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P <.15).
51 Summary Adding 2% DDGS and phytase to swine diets: diet P concentration daily P intake fecal P concentration fecal and total P excretion P digestibility % of P intake retained by the pig
52 Summary Calcium:Available P ratio: No effect on DM digestibility 3:1 tended to have fecal P excreted than 2:1 No effect on fecal P concentration P digestibility tended to be for 2:1 vs. 2.5:1 and 3:1 No effect on P retention
53 Conclusion Adding 2% DDGS + phytase to nursery pig diets: reduces manure P excretion by 36% improves P retention compared to feeding a corn-soybean meal diet without DDGS and phytase Ca:Available P ratio is of little concern as long as it is between 2:1 to 3:1
54 Acknowledgements This study was funded by the: Iowa Corn Growers Association
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