Transition, energy balance and reproduction

Transcription

1 Transition, energy balance and reproduction Do we all speak the same language? Jo Leroy DVM, PhD

2 TALK 1: Energy metabolism and fertility: what is the link? Linking NEB with fertility TALK 2: How to set optimal metabolic health and fertility: HACCP and how to measure reproductive outcome Feeding for optimal fertility is it possible? Conclusions

3 Reproduction is The most sensitive cornerstone of modern dairying sensitive cornerstone Metabolic pressure Disease Suboptimal management Social stress Inadequate housing NUTRITION Milk yield Replacement heifers Cost efficiency Longevity Sustainability Environmental pressure FARMER S INCOME

4 High milk production and fertility Lopez-Gatius et al., 2006 Is the cow adapted to the management and is the management adapted to the cow?

5 Is the dairy cow adapted to the modern management? Is the management adapted to the modern dairy cow?

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8 Negative energy balance is 1) Dry matter intake, energy intake If they (can) eat When they eat What they eat 1) Metabolic energy priority Energy is first used by Energy availability in the body

9 Energy balance and DMI IF Santos et al., 2010

10 So what is the most important concept when speaking about EB management? Energy uptake! Cows must be able to eat: IF ration competition taste health composition availability quantity BCS digestibility reachable freshness

11 IF Foto a^persç

12 IF

13 IF

14 Which cow do you prefer to manage at 1 week after calving?

15 IF BCS change is negatively correlated with the cow s ability to ADAPT (by doing what?). BCS change is positively correlated with the cow s vulnerability to malfunction, disease and subfertility.

16 So what is the most important concept when speaking about EB management? Energy uptake! Cows must be able to eat: WHEN ration BODY CONDITION digestibility taste composition competition availability quantity reachable DRY COW MANAGEMENT freshness

17 WHEN became this early post partum cow too fat? Too high energy intake in last trimester of previous lactation!

18 appetite?? Dry matter intake? WHEN Never speak about ENERGY BALANCE without discussing APPETITE first! Never speak about APPETITE without discussing DRY COW MANAGEMENT first! The energy balance early postpartum needs to be PREPROGRAMMED and cannot be adjusted in real time (too late)! DRY COW MANAGEMENT

19 Drop in appetite and DMI during last weeks of dry period determines postpartum DMI WHEN Janovick Guretzky and Drackley, 2006

20 Failing reproduction! Janovick Guretzky and Drackley, 2006 WHEN

21 In conclusion: WHEN DRY COW MANAGEMENT is a major driver of appetite APPETITE is the MAJOR driver of metabolic health! Dry Early lact. Higher NEFA is increased risk for DA, fatty liver, fertility issues

22 Taste, tailored for appetite According to needs and requirements WHAT Digestibility, fiber

23 Negative energy balance is 1) Dry matter intake, energy intake If they (can) eat When they eat What they eat 1) Metabolic energy priority Energy is first used by Energy availability in the body

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25 Nutrient prioritization GLUCOSE No glucose no lactose no milk

26 NEB Gravid uterus GLUCOSE mmol/l LACTOSE insulin Glut 1&3 Nutrient prioritization Milk HSL LIPOLYSIS VLDL gluconeogenesis oxaloacetate LIPIDS Ketone bodies NEFA mmol/l Alternative energy source in peripheral tissue (Glut 4) SAVE ON GLUCOSE BHB mmol/l Glut 4

27 Management, BCS, APPETITE DMI PAIN; STRESS; TOO HIGH BCS FAT FEEDING GLUCOSE mmol/l insulin HSL LIPOLYSIS Milk GH IGF-I adipokines FAT FEEDING VLDL LIPIDS Ketone bodies BHB NEFA mmol/l mmol/l

28 The fairy tale of mother nature:. leading to nutrient prioritization exploited by wise man ending in suffering cows!

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30 Message at the glance 1. NEB is determined by IF, WHEN and WHAT the cow (can/should) eat. 1. NEB is determined by the energy priority programming in the genes of the modern dairy cow 2. BCS changes are a good indicator. 1. Fertility is the best sensor for general well being of the cow (physically and mentally).

31 TALK 1: Energy metabolism and fertility: what is the link? Linking NEB with fertility TALK 2: How to set optimal metabolic health and fertility: HACCP and how to measure reproductive outcome Feeding for optimal fertility is it possible? Conclusions

32 Management, BCS, APPETITE DMI PAIN; STRESS; TOO HIGH BCS FAT FEEDING GLUCOSE mmol/l insulin HSL LIPOLYSIS Milk GH IGF-I adipokines FAT FEEDING VLDL LIPIDS Ketone bodies BHB NEFA mmol/l mmol/l

33 Hypothalamus GnRH Oestradiol + Pituitary Preovulatory oestradiol-surge + LH surge FSH LH pulses Follicle growth wave Selection & Deviation Pre-ovulatory follicle Ovulation Vanholder et al., 2006

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35 DIET: Milk production, - amount dry matter - intake, composition... Elevated BHB High NEFA - sugars - fat Energy Balance Low glucose - - Follicular fluid High urea FOLLICULAR GROWTH - *1 - *2 - *3 Blood Oocyte Primary follicle *1 : cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation of the oocyte *2 : induction of apoptosis in granulosa cells and cumulus cells *3 : hampered microtubuli formation Dominant follicle Leroy et al., 2008 Metabolic disturbances in HP dairy cows directly affect the oocyte s micro-environment and Indirect may affect effects follicular due to altered physiology endocrine and the pathways oocyte s (insulin, developmental IGF-I, sex competence. steroids) Direct effects due to altered concentrations of certain biochemical compounds

36 Experimental design embryo transfer Equal re-start based on morphology maturation fertilization culture Day -1 Day 0 Day 1 BASAL HIGH PA Day 7,5 8 synchronised cows at Day 7 of cycle (cross-over design) Embryo recovery at Day 14

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38 Carvalho et al., JDS 2014

39 blood Maternal metabolism (disorders)

40 The cow s story becomes the oocyte s history Successful Pregnancy oocyte Cow s metabolic health record follicle Embryo IFN-tau Corpus luteum Progesterone Endometrium PGF2α

41 Message at the glance Cows will only reproduce when they are metabolically healthy! Reproduction is a finely tuned interplay between many factors, ultimately resulting in a healthy oocyte that should be fertilised and lead to pregnancy at term. Always think about the oocyte s history! Managing fertility at the moment of breeding = TOO LATE!

42 Transition, energy balance and reproduction Do we all speak the same language? Jo Leroy DVM, PhD