Effectively Communicating Your Research

Transcription

1 Effectively Communicating Your Research Kyushu University 21 March 2015 Jeffrey Robens, PhD Andrew Jackson, PhD

2 Your goal is not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited Be an effective communicator Choose the most appropriate journal Logically organize your ideas in your manuscript Write impressive cover letters to the journal editor Successfully navigate peer review S

3 Section 1 Journal selection

4 When should you choose a journal? 1. After you have written your manuscript? 2. Before you write your manuscript?

5 Journal selection Choose your journal first! Author guidelines Manuscript structure Word limits Reference style Aims and scope Topics Readership Be sure to emphasize Relevant references Writing style

6 Journal selection Evaluating significance: Novelty How new are my results compared with those already published? New findings Incremental advances Conceptual advances Low to medium impact Medium to high impact

7 Journal selection Evaluating significance: Novelty How new are my results compared with those already published? IF: Show for the first time that carbon nitride can produce hydrogen from water under visible light IF: Improved the cost and efficiency of carbon nitride photocatalysts

8 Journal selection Evaluating significance: Relevance How broadly relevant is your work? Can it be used now? Or is it currently not practical? Where is it relevant? International or regional journal? How applicable are my findings to other fields? Broad or specialized journal?

9 Journal selection International/regional writing the introduction BMC Family Practice: Worldwide relevance Health workforce shortages may be felt most keenly by developing nations, but are a concern for all. Developed nations are particularly worried about the number of general practitioners (GPs) available to service their ageing populations. Dwan et al. BMC Fam Prac. 2014; 15: 154.

10 Journal selection International/regional writing the introduction Asia-Pacific Family Medicine: Geographically restricted All citizens in Japan are covered by a national health insurance system in which there are no official gatekeepers. Patients can freely choose between attending a local physician s office (clinic) or a hospital and Japanese physicians can freely practice internal medicine. But recently, Japan has faced the problems of a rapidly aging population Tsukamoto et al. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014; 13: 9.

11 Journal selection Broad vs. narrow focus Aims and scope Broad focus Narrow focus Make sure your findings will be of broad interest Make sure your findings will be of interest to specific area(s)

12 Journal selection General journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition Aims and scope Angewandte Chemie is maintaining its position as a leader among general chemistry journals. Readership Chemists of all disciplines

13 Journal selection Specialized journal Aims and scope Desalination Desalination is the premier international journal dedicated to communicating the latest developments in desalination Desalination welcomes submissions describing use of desalting technologies such as thermal, membrane, sorption and hybrid processes.

14 Journal selection General journal writing the Introduction Angewandte Chemie: Electrochemically-mediated seawater desalination With global demand rising faster than availability, fresh water is quickly becoming a limited resource. In fact, the United Nations estimates onethird of the world's population is living in water stressed regions, and by 2025 this number is expected to double. Seawater desalination is an attractive solution to this problem, because seawater accounts for more than 97% of the world's water supply. Currently, the primary limitation preventing the widespread use of seawater desalination as a fresh water supply is the immense amount of energy required to drive the process. Here, we describe a new, electrochemically-mediated desalination method for membraneless seawater desalination. Knust et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013; 52:

15 Journal selection Specialized journal writing the Introduction Desalination: Interfacial polymerization of polyamide-aluminosilicate SWNT nanocomposite membranes for reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used desalination technology as response to fresh water shortage and enormous global demand of drinking water. Over the last few decades, remarkable advances in the preparation of RO membranes from different materials and fabrication processes have been made. Polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis membrane is one of the most widely used membrane materials. These PA RO membranes are fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) of two monomers reacting in a two phase system, where polymerization takes place in the interface between the aqueous and organic phases... Barona et al. Desalination. 2013; 325:

16 Journal selection Factors to consider when choosing a journal Aims & scope Readership Indexing Open access Impact factor Varies by field Which factor is most important to you?

17 Journal selection Open access myths The quality of OA journals is not good OA journals have the same peer review process as subscription-based journals IFs are lower partly because they are newer Less visibility in the field Fewer citations

18 Journal selection Predatory journals Some OA journals are not good Easy way to get money from authors Promise quick and easy publication Often ask for a submission/handling fee If you are ever unsure, please check the Beall s List of Predatory Publishers

19 Journal selection Trustworthy journals Reputable publisher Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, PLoS, etc. Editorial board International and familiar Indexed Indexed by common databases Authors Do you recognize the authors? Fees Only paid after acceptance

20 Journal selection Journal Selector Insert your proposed abstract

21 Journal selection Journal Selector Matching journals Filter by: Impact factor Publishing frequency Open access

22 Journal selection Journal Selector Journal s aims & scope, IF, and publication frequency Similar published articles Are they currently publishing similar articles? Have you cited any of these articles?

23 Journal selection Tips to identify the most suitable journal Identify the interests of the journal editor Identify the interests of the readers S Editorials Review articles Special issues Most viewed Most cited

24 Journal selection Advancing your career Publishing in the same journal Peer reviewer Guest Editor Publishing 2 3 manuscripts in the same journal Meet journal editors at conferences Write good peer review reports Member of the editorial board

25 Results activity Please see Activity 1 in your Workbook

26 Journal selection activity Based on the summary in your handout, which journal do you think is most appropriate and why? 1. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 2. Science 3. Environmental Health 4. Environmental Research

27 Journal selection activity Based on the summary in your handout, which journal do you think is most appropriate and why? 1. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 2. Science 3. Environmental Health 4. Environmental Research

28 Journal selection activity Based on the summary in your handout, which journal do you think is most appropriate and why? 1. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 2. Science (IF ) Too high 3. Environmental Health 4. Environmental Research

29 Journal selection activity Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry (0.723) This subscription-based journal publishes articles evaluating the chemistry, environmental behavior, toxicology, and ecotoxicology of environmental toxins and contaminants. Features Lower impact factor Targeted audience Subscription-based Likely not appropriate for this audience Study also concerned with children s cognitive development

30 Journal selection activity Environmental Health (2.71) This open access journal is aimed at scientists and practitioners and publishes articles on all aspects of environmental science where human health and wellbeing are involved. Features Average factor Appropriate audience Open access Appropriate if: Findings are novel Editor/reader interests Reach broadest audience Cost is not an issue ~25,000 yen

31 Journal selection activity Environmental Research (3.951) This subscription-based journal publishes articles describing the adverse effects of environmental agents, including chemicals and microbiological pollutants, on human health. Features Higher impact factor Appropriate audience Subscription-based Appropriate if: Findings are more novel Editor/reader interests Published previously in this journal

32 Journal selection activity Please see the screen for this activity

33 Journal selection activity You have used TiO 2 and graphene oxide to improve the efficacy of available membranes for water treatment. Which of the following journals would be most suitable? 1. Water Research (5.323) 2. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (5.008) 3. Environmental Science & Technology (5.257)

34 Journal selection activity Water Research (5.323) An international journal for researchers interested in water quality and its management. It publishes original research on treatment processes for municipal, agricultural and industrial water and wastewaters, water quality standards and analysis by chemical, physical and biological methods.

35 Journal selection activity ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (5.008) Interdisciplinary journal for chemists, engineers, physicists and biologists focusing on how newly-discovered materials and interfacial processes can be developed and used for specific applications. Topics covered include: advanced active and passive electronic/optical materials, coatings, colloids, biomaterials and bio-interfaces, polymer materials, hybrid and composite materials, and friction and wear.

36 Journal selection activity Environmental Science & Technology (5.257) An authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of environmental disciplines. This journal presents objective reports and analyses of the major advances, trends, and challenges in environmental science, technology, and policy for a diverse professional audience.

37 Journal selection activity Water Research (5.323) An international journal for researchers interested in water quality and its management. It publishes original research on treatment processes for municipal, agricultural and industrial water and wastewaters, water quality standards and analysis by chemical, physical and biological methods.

38 Journal selection activity ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (5.008) Interdisciplinary journal for chemists, engineers, physicists and biologists focusing on how newly-discovered materials and interfacial processes can be developed and used for specific applications. Topics covered include: advanced active and passive electronic/optical materials, coatings, colloids, biomaterials and bio-interfaces, polymer materials, hybrid and composite materials, and friction and wear.

39 Journal selection activity Environmental Science & Technology (5.257) An authoritative source of information for professionals in a wide range of environmental disciplines. This journal presents objective reports and analyses of the major advances, trends, and challenges in environmental science, technology, and policy for a diverse professional audience.

40 Section 2 Methods and Results

41 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Methods Study design

42 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Methods Study design

43 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Methods Study design What/who was used How it was done How it was analyzed Samples or participants Materials General methods Specific techniques (discuss controls) Quantification methods Statistical tests

44 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Statistical problems Surveyed 25 editors from high impact journals respondents expressed concern over researchers choice of statistical tests. Specifically, frequent problems exist in the appropriateness of statistical tests... When in doubt, consult a statistician Fernandes-Taylor et al. BMC Res Notes. 2011; 4: 304.

45 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Resources for statistics

46 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Common statistical problems: normality Distribution of data affects analysis and presentation Parametric tests (e.g., t-test and ANOVA) only used with normally distributed continuous data with a large enough sample size The mean ± SD only for normally distributed data Simple guide: If SD is mean, most likely not normally distributed If SD is > 0.5 mean, may not be normally distributed Use Shapiro-Wilk s W test for normality

47 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Common statistical problems: P-values Statistical significance does not equal biological significance! When possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals). Avoid relying solely on statistical hypothesis testing, such as P values, which fail to convey important information about effect size and precision of estimates.

48 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Common statistical problems: P-values Statistical significance does not equal biological significance! Drug A significantly reduced LDL cholesterol by 28% (p<0.05). Therefore, Drug A is effective in reducing cholesterol levels How much is 28%? Is this a clinically relevant reduction? How does this effect generalize to the population? What is the 95% CI?

49 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Common statistical problems: P-values Drug A significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels from 4.7±0.3 mmol/l to 3.2±0.6 mmol/l (p=0.02, 95% CI: ). Because a minimal reduction of 1.4 mmol/l is required to be clinically effective, the efficacy of Drug A is still unclear. Use absolute values State exact P-values State 95% CI and minimal clinically relevant difference

50 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Methods Organization Arrange in subsections In parallel to the figures Established techniques Cite previously published studies Briefly state modifications New techniques Enough detail for reproducibility Use Supplementary Information

51 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Results Logical presentation 1. Initial observation 2. Characterization 3. Application Example: 1. Observe a correlation between depression and Internet use 2. Characterize the severity of depression, time spent online, websites visited 3. Demonstrate decreased Internet use improves severity of depression

52 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Results Logical presentation Subsections 1. Initial observation 2. Characterization 3. Application Each subsection corresponds to one figure Factual description What you found, not what it means

53 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Factually describe results Which of these statements should be used in the Results section? Interpretation 1. Drug A is more effective in treating liver cancer as we observed a 32.7% decrease in tumor size compared with only a 22.1% decrease after Drug B treatment. 2. The efficacy of Drug A was higher than that of Drug B, with decreased tumor sizes of 32.7% and 22.1%, respectively.

54 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Describe relationships among your results Drug A reduced tumor volume by 32.7%, increased blood pressure by 12.3%, and increased the patient s weight by 7.3 kg. Drug B reduced tumor volume by 22.3%, increased blood pressure by 15.6%, and increased the patient s weight by 2.4 kg. Drug C reduced tumor volume by 38.1%, increased blood pressure by 6.9%, and increased the patient s weight by 9.2 kg.

55 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Describe relationships among your results Drug A reduced tumor volume by 32.7%, increased blood pressure by 12.3%, and increased the patient s weight by 7.3 kg. Drug B reduced tumor volume by 22.3%, increased blood pressure by 15.6%, and increased the patient s weight by 2.4 kg. Drug C reduced tumor volume by 38.1%, increased blood pressure by 6.9%, and increased the patient s weight by 9.2 kg.

56 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Describe relationships among your results Patients treated with Drug C showed the greatest reduction in tumor volume (28.1%) compared with those treated with Drug A (32.7%) or Drug B (22.3%). Drug C also had the lowest increase in blood pressure (6.9%) compared with that seen after treatment with Drug A (12.3%) or Drug B (15.65). However, patients treated with Drug C had the highest weight gain among the three groups (Drug A, 7.3 kg; Drug B, 2.4 kg; Drug C, 9.2 kg).

57 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Figure 1 Results Interpretation Figure 2 Results Interpretation Figure 3 Results Interpretation Figure 4 Results Interpretation Combined Results and Discussion Logical presentation Observation Characterization Application

58 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Additional figures/data What to do with additional figures or related data? Supplementary information Integrated into article Not discoverable Data repositories May be linked to article Discoverable/citable Data journals May be linked to article Discoverable/citable Peer-reviewed

59 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Data repositories Dryad Only data associated with published article Discoverable independent of article Receives DOI/citable Curated/monitored Updatable

60 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Data repositories Figshare All data is acceptable (e.g., negative results) Increase cooperativity and reduce research waste Can share presentations and posters Receives DOI/citable Updatable Private space: 1 GB Public space: Unlimited

61 Methods Coverage and Staffing Results Plan Data journals Scientific Data Data in Brief Published by Nature Publishing Group Does not host data Published by Elsevier Hosts data < 10 GB Peer reviewed Clear data descriptions Utility explained Clear protocols Reusable data format

62 Results activity Please see Activity 2 in your Workbook

63 Activity 2: Results Results Food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a significant increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

64 Activity 2: Results Results More descriptive heading Food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a significant increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

65 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a significant increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

66 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption significant increase The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a significant increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

67 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

68 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the Belongs main earthquake in Introduction (Figure 2A). Measuring the food consumption of mice after earthquakes and other natural disasters has long been ignored in the literature. Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

69 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

70 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main Belongs earthquake in Methods (Figure 2A). Daily food consumption per mouse was measured by subtracting the weight of the food at the end of the eating period with the weight at the beginning of the eating period. The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

71 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

72 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption Group results immediately Spacing after the main Inappropriate earthquake (Figure words 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, the day after the earthquake, food consumption increased to 2.2±0.19g. Shockingly, two days after the seismic event, food consumption continued to increase to 2.3±0.11g. Three days after the earthquake, mean food consumption was 2.5±0.16 g (Figure 2A). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

73 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, there was a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake, with mean consumptions of 2.2±0.19, 2.3±0.11, 2.5±0.16 g at one, two, and three days, respectively, following the seismic event (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

74 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, there was a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake, with mean consumptions of 2.2±0.19, 2.3±0.11, 2.5±0.16 g at one, two, and three days, respectively, following the Belongs seismic in event Discussion (p<0.001). This demonstrates that earthquakes can dramatically affect the food consumption in laboratory animals, likely caused by increased stress hormone levels. Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

75 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, there was a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake, with mean consumptions of 2.2±0.19, 2.3±0.11, 2.5±0.16 g at one, two, and three days, respectively, following the seismic event (p<0.001). Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquakeexperienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

76 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, there was a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake, with mean consumptions of 2.2±0.19, 2.3±0.11, 2.5±0.16 g at one, two, and three days, respectively, following the Should seismic show event the (p<0.001). data Even though food consumption continued for over one month, the body weight of earthquakeexperienced mice increased only slightly during that period.

77 Activity 2: Results Results Increased food consumption The first behavioral abnormality we noticed was a considerable increase in food consumption immediately after the main earthquake (Figure 2A). The day before the earthquake, food consumption was 1.7±0.13 (mean±sd) g. However, there was a significant increase in food consumption after the earthquake, with mean consumptions of 2.2±0.19, 2.3±0.11, 2.5±0.16 g at one, two, and three days, respectively, following the seismic event (p<0.001). Even though food consumption continued for over one month with an average daily consumption of 2.3±0.12 g, the body weight of earthquake-experienced mice increased only slightly during that period (186.3±1.2 g on day 1 and 188.2±1.6 g on day 30).

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