BNF webinar: Why is everybody talking about gut microbiota?

Transcription

1 BNF webinar: Why is everybody talking about gut microbiota? Thursday 28 th June (BST)

2 The British Nutrition Foundation (BNF), a registered charity, delivers impartial, authoritative and evidence based information on food and nutrition. Its core purpose is to make nutrition science accessible to all, working with an extensive network of contacts across academia, education and the food chain, and through BNF work programmes focussing on education in schools and nutrition science communication. The key role of BNF s Council and Trustees is to ensure that the Foundation delivers its charitable aims, is impartial, transparent and acts with integrity. BNF s Articles of Association require a majority of Council s members to be leading academics from the nutrition science community, supported by leaders in education, communication and the food chain. BNF s funding comes from a variety of sources including EU projects; contracts with national government departments and agencies; conferences, publications and training; membership subscriptions; donations and project grants from food producers and manufacturers, retailers and food service companies; funding from grant providing bodies, trusts and other charities. BNF is not a lobbying organisation nor does it endorse any products or engage in food advertising campaigns. More details about BNF s work, funding and governance can be found at We would like to thank our Sustaining Member Companies for their continued support which enables us to offer an ongoing programme of events and training. BNF is also grateful to Tate & Lyle for providing an educational grant towards the success of this webinar. However, the programme has been directed by the Foundation alone, which is committed to producing independent, evidence-based science. At BNF webinars, each participating speaker/organisation is responsible for the accuracy of the information provided and is requested to declare any relevant interests. Are you on Twitter? and use #BNFMicrobiota18 for highlights from today s event. Upcoming BNF events Two free lunchtime BNF webinars coming in autumn 2018 on Importance of nutrition & body weight in pregnancy 2 Oct 2018 Save the date When, what and how: the complexity of diets for weight loss London, UK For more information on BNF events h.gibson-moore@nutrition.org.uk 2

3 Programme Gut microbiota and health: A diverse and complex association Prof Glenn Gibson, University of Reading A gut feeling the relationship between our gut microbiota and our brain Prof Ted Dinan, University College Cork Marvel or myth could gut microbiota be responsible for obesity and metabolic disease? Prof Ian Rowland, University of Reading Diet and gut microbiota: implications for public health Sara Stanner, British Nutrition Foundation Speakers Prof Glenn Gibson Professor of Food Microbiology, Head of Food Microbial Sciences University of Reading Gut microbiota and health: A diverse and complex association Prof Gibson is Professor of Food Microbiology at the University of Reading. He is also visiting Professor at Imperial College, London (Institute for Global Health Innovation), and has honorary positions at research institutes in New Zealand and China. He currently researches the bacteriology of humans in terms of acute and chronic gut disease. Specific projects on pro/prebiotics, gas production, gut microbiota development with age, gastroenteritis, obesity and colonic homeostasis are being carried out. Human trials are a major facet of the research, with initial principles being tested in gut models. Glenn has written 8 books and >450 research papers, and supervised 70 PhD students. He has 128 research contracts (h index= 88) Declaration of interest: None declared 3

4 Prof Ted Dinan Professor of Psychiatry University College Cork A gut feeling the relationship between our gut microbiota and our brain Ted Dinan is Professor of Psychiatry and a Principal Investigator in the APC Microbiome Institute at University College Cork. He was previously Chair of Clinical Neurosciences and Professor of Psychological Medicine at St. Bartholomew s Hospital, London. Prior to that, he was a Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry at Trinity College Dublin. He has worked in research laboratories on both sides of the Atlantic and has a PhD in Pharmacology from the University of London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Psychiatrists and a Fellow of the American College of Physicians. His main research interest is in the role of the gut microbiota in stress related disorders. He has also worked extensively on the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In 1995 he was awarded the Melvin Ramsey Prize for research into the biology of stress. His current research is funded by Science Foundation Ireland, the Health Research Board and European Union FP7. He has published over 400 papers and numerous books on pharmacology and neurobiology. He is on the Editorial Boards of several journals. Take home message Gut microbes influence brain function and behaviour. The brain-gut-microbiota axis plays an important role in regulating stress responses and resilience. Psychobiotics have potential in managing stress-related conditions and may improve cognition. Personalised diets may improve microbiota composition. Declaration of interest: Prof Dinan s studies were funded by Science Foundation Ireland through a Centre grant and by the European Union through an FP7 grant. His group has also collaborated with the following companies: Mead Johnson, Cremo, Suntory, DuPont, 4D Pharma. 4

5 Prof Ian Rowland Emeritus Professor of Human Nutrition University of Reading Marvel or myth could gut microbiota be responsible for obesity and metabolic disease? Ian graduated with a BSc (Hons, First Class) and PhD in microbiology from University College London. Prior to joining the University of Reading in 2007 as the Hugh Sinclair Professor of Human Nutrition, he was head of nutrition at the University of Ulster and Director of the Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health. Currently, he is Editor in Chief of the European Journal of Nutrition. His main research area is the interaction of diet, gut microbiota and health with a particular focus on the metabolism of phytochemicals and impact on health. In 2005 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Ghent in Belgium for his work on nutrition and cancer. He has published over 400 papers and is on the Thompson-Reuters List of Most Highly Cited Researchers Take home message Gut microbiota has an impact on the immune system, digestive function and metabolism. Differences in microbiota composition have been associated with a number of diseases and disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Further research is needed to establish whether the associations are causal and to identify the main organisms involved. Declaration of interest: Editor in Chief: European Journal of Nutrition Editorial Boards: Nutrition and Cancer, Molecular and Food Nutrition, Current Opinion in Biotechnology Scientific Advisory boards: McCormick Science Institute, European Natural Soybean Association, Alpro Foundation, Herbalife Nutrition Institute Consultancy: Comvita NZ, Global Stevia Institute ILSI Europe: Chair Expert working group Role of microbiota on nutritional & functional benefits of nutrients & non-nutrients 5

6 Sara Stanner Science Director British Nutrition Foundation Diet and gut microbiota: implications for public health Take home message Sara joined the BNF having completed an MSc in Public Health Nutrition from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Prior to this she worked at the Centre of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk at University College London Medical School where her activities included the coordination of a project in St Petersburg to investigate the relationship between intrauterine malnutrition and adult cardiovascular disease. Sara is Science Director at the BNF, where her main role is to ensure the accuracy and quality of the scientific output of the science team. She is one of the editors of Nutrition Bulletin and has been involved in editing several of the BNF s recent Task Force reports (including Cardiovascular Disease, Healthy Ageing and Nutrition and Development). Research into the effects of dietary factors on the gut microbiome is at a relatively early stage but has promising therapeutic potential. Acute diet modification (for example changing to a plant based diet from an animal based diet), can promptly cause a change in the gut microbiome, but such changes may not be not sufficiently large or enduring to be conducive to better health. We also need a clearer understanding of what constitutes a healthy population of gut microbes. Evidence to date suggests that a varied diet that is high in fibre containing foods such as wholegrains, fruit & veg and pulses, can support a healthy gut microbiota. This is represented by the Eatwell Guide in the UK and other models depicting healthy eating guidelines around the world. However variation in gut microbiota between individuals, which is likely to influence the potential benefit of dietary manipulation, may necessitate personalised dietary advice in the future. Declaration of interest: Employed by BNF. Details regarding BNF funding can be found at The following abbreviations are used in Sara Stanner s presentation: CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; FOS: Fructooligosaccharides; GOS: Galactooligosaccharide; IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; IBS: Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome; ISAPP: International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics; PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; RS: Resistant Starch; SCFA: Short Chain Fatty Acids 6

7 Webinar Delegates BNF would like to welcome all our registrants in the UK and Europe, and further afield including our delegates from the US and Canada, Africa, Asia, South America and Australia. We have had over 1000 registrations for this event. Delegate profile Why is everybody talking about gut microbiota? 1% 1% 4% 6% Public Health Education 28% 6% Health professionals (e.g GPs, nurses, dentists, psychologists) Wellbeing & fitness 7% General public Nutritionist (corporate) 12% Food industry (e.g. ingredients, CRP, regulatory) Academia/research 23% 12% Student (undergrad/postgrad) Nutritionist/dietitian (health) 7

8 Abstracts of interest Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A et al. (2018) Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 57(1):1-24. The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays. Castaner O, Goday A, Park YM et al. (2018) The Gut Microbiome Profile in Obesity: A Systematic Review. Int J Endocrinol Gut microbiome has been identified in the past decade as an important factor involved in obesity, but the magnitude of its contribution to obesity and its related comorbidities is still uncertain. Among the vast quantity of factors attributed to obesity, environmental, dietary, lifestyle, genetic, and others, the microbiome has aroused curiosity, and the scientific community has published many original articles. Most of the studies related to microbiome and obesity have been reported based on the associations between microbiota and obesity, and the in-depth study of the mechanisms related has been studied mainly in rodents and exceptionally in humans. Due to the quantity and diverse information published, the need of reviews is mandatory to recapitulate the relevant achievements. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current evidence on the association between intestinal microbiota and obesity. Additionally, we analyze the effects of an extreme weight loss intervention such as bariatric surgery on gut microbiota. The review is divided into 2 sections: first, the association of obesity and related metabolic disorders with different gut microbiome profiles, including metagenomics studies, and second, changes on gut microbiome after an extreme weight loss intervention such as bariatric surgery. Cussotto S, Sandhu KV, Dinan TG et al. (2018) The Neuroendocrinology of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Behavioural Perspective. Front Neuroendocrinol.pii: S (18)

9 The human gut harbours trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. These intestinal microbes are also key components of the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication pathway between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, the CNS is closely interconnected with the endocrine system to regulate many physiological processes. An expanding body of evidence is supporting the notion that gut microbiota modifications and/or manipulations may also play a crucial role in the manifestation of specific behavioural responses regulated by neuroendocrine pathways. In this review, we will focus on how the intestinal microorganisms interact with elements of the host neuroendocrine system to modify behaviours relevant to stress, eating behaviour, sexual behaviour, social behaviour, cognition and addiction. Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Dinan TG et al. (2017) The microbiota-gut-brain axis in obesity. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2(10): Changes in microbial diversity and composition are increasingly associated with several disease states including obesity and behavioural disorders. Obesity-associated microbiota alter host energy harvesting, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat deposition. Additionally, intestinal microbiota can regulate metabolism, adiposity, homoeostasis, and energy balance as well as central appetite and food reward signalling, which together have crucial roles in obesity. Moreover, some strains of bacteria and their metabolites might target the brain directly via vagal stimulation or indirectly through immune-neuroendocrine mechanisms. Therefore, the gut microbiota is becoming a target for new anti-obesity therapies. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the intricate gut-microbiota-host relationship and the potential of gut-microbiota-targeted strategies, such as dietary interventions and faecal microbiota transplantation, as promising metabolic therapies that help patients to maintain a healthy weight throughout life. Rasnik K. Singh, Hsin-Wen Chang, Di Yan et al. (2017) Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 15: 73. Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. Familiarity with these associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient. 9

10 Wilson K & Situ C (2017) Systematic Review on Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota in Relation to Metabolic Syndromes. J Clin Nutr Metab 1:2. The microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microbes, the bulk of which reside mainly in the colon, and has been shown to be significantly influenced by the diet. The biological functions of the microbiota have been strongly linked to health and disease, including the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this paper was to review current literature on the effects of the diet on gut microbiota in relation to the development of MetS through the following objectives: (i) to determine how the diet influences the composition and functions of the microbiota; (ii) evaluate evidence of how this is linked with development obesity and biomarkers of MetS; (iii) investigate the significance of dietmicrobiota interactions in relation to obesity and MetS. Multiple databases were used to find and collate relevant literatures. The main findings highlight that a plant-based diet, rich in indigestible carbohydrate was strongly associated with a richer, more diverse microbiota profile compared to a high-energy, high-fat Western diet. Studies in mice have indicated that weight gain can be induced via inoculation of an obese-type microbiota without changes in dietary intake. Additionally, polyphenols appear to interact with the microbiota, producing metabolites which have shown to possess more health potential than their precursors. Unabsorbed polyphenols also seem to beneficially modulate the microbiota, resulting in positive health outcomes. More in vivo human studies are necessary to conclude the significance of the microbiota and mechanisms of action in the development of MetS. With this knowledge, there may be potential to manipulate the gut microbiota toward the generation of desired health outcomes as an alternative to pharmaceuticals. 10