5th Annual National Biosafety Conference August 17 18, 2016.

Transcription

1 Africa Biofortified Sorghum Event Focused Strategy In The Development, Introgression And Biosafety Consideration For Nutrient Enhanced Sorghum 5th Annual National Biosafety Conference August 17 18, Titus Magomere 1,2, Silas Obukosia 1, Mark Albertsen 3, Florence Wambugu 1, Daniel Kamanga 1, Michael Njuguna 1, Jim Gaffney 3, Z.Y Zhao 3, Ping Che 3, Antony Aseta 1, Esther Kimani 4, Evans Mwasame 4

2 Outline of Presentation Malnutrition and micronutrients Why Sorghum ABS Partnerships ABS Technology Development, ABS events and their characteristics New events Introgression and Intellectual Property Food Safety Risk Assessment ABS environmental release Way forward

3 Malnutrition in developing countries >Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness and increases the risk of death from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea. >The World Health Organization has classified vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem affecting about one third of children aged 6 to 59 months in >The highest rates of vitamin A deficiency are in sub-saharan Africa (48 per cent) and South Asia (44 per cent).

4 Nutritional and Status in Africa _future.pdf).) 1. WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva, World Health Organization, United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) April improving child nutrition Country Burkina Faso 146 Niger 125 Mali 176 Togo 110 Gambia 101 Nigeria 124 Ghana 78 Kenya 73 Uganda 90 Rwanda 54 South Africa 47 Zambia 83 Zimbabwe 67 Egypt 21 Sudan 121 Ethiopia 77 USA 8 Under-five mortality rate / 1000

5 Nutritional and Status in Africa- Fe & Zn Deficiency 1. WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva, World Health Organization, United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) April improving child nutrition Country Population at risk of inadequate intake of Zn Burkina Faso 13.3% Niger 9.4% Mali 11.1 Togo 22.9 Gambia 36.1 Nigeria 12.8% Ghana 21.0 Kenya 32.9% Uganda 23.8 Rwanda 39.8 South Africa 19.7% Zambia 38.0 Zimbabwe 38.0 Egypt 8.6% Sudan 10.8 Ethiopia 21.7 USA 9.1%

6 grain for food use globally Why Sorghum Improvement? Adapted to Africa- Center of origin in Ethiopia and Sudan Primary cereal in arid and semi-arid geographies-sahel Drought Tolerant Crop Staple food for 300 million people in Africa

7 Sorghum Grain and Food Quality High energy value Low Pro-Vitamin A content Low Iron and Zinc availability Low protein quantity Poor protein digestibility Poor protein quality Low in Lysine,

8 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

9 Vitamin E 15-20% in GR % in ABS Pro-vitamin A Pathway and Genes LCY-e LCY-b α-carotene (1β-ring & 1ε-ring) (Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate) G3A+Pyruvate DXS (1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase) (Isopentenyl diphosphate) IPP (Geranyl geranyl diphosphate) GGPP (GGDP) PSY-1 (phytoene synthase) Phytoene CrtI (carotene cis-transisomerase ) Lycopene LCY-b β-carotene (2β-rings) Vitamin A 80-85% in GR % in ABS HYD-3 Zeinoxanthin Lutein Astaxanthin ε-ring β-ring HYD-3 β -cryptoxanthin HYD-3 Zeaxanthin ZEP Violaxanthin Capsorubin BETA Neoxanthin HGGT (homosgentisate geranylgeranyl transferase) -condensation of) homogentisate with geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), the initial step in tocotrienol biosynthesis ABA

10 ABS Products Prioritization (ABS 188) ABS with Vitamin A Zn and Fe 12 CFTs in Kenya & Nigeria (ABS203) ABS with vitamin A CFTSs ongoing-5yrs permit by NBA in Kenya & NABDA Nigeria (Future events) ABS

11 Increase β carotene Accumulation with Improved Stability Gene Sorting WT ABS168 ABS198 ABS μg/g 5μg/g 5-9μg/g 12μg/g (First demonstration of Increased stability) Gene expression optimization ABS214 ABS235 ABS239 25μg/g 30~40μg/g 40~50μg/g Stability optimization New ABS Events 60 μg/g

12 ABS Event 203 β-carotene accumulated to 12μg/g with visible golden seeds- Event 203 β-carotene stability improved 150% with half-life extended weeks upon room temperature storage Potentially provide 11-50% Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in 6 months. Results from both 2012 CFT in Iowa and 2013 CFT in Hawaii did not show yield, germination and other agronomic penalties related to the increased β- carotene accumulation Age 0-8 Years 400 Males 9-13 Years 600 >14years 900 Females 9-13 Years 600 >14years 900 Pregnant 770 Lactating 900 RDA (μg)

13 Characteristics of Other ABS events under consideration Improved β-carotene accumulation upto (55µg/g) Improved β-carotene stability with half-life extended weeks upon room temperature storage Potentially provide 42%-89% of EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) in 3 months and 19%-23% of EAR in 6 months across events. Research is targeted towards 50% of EAR for women and >3yrs children Improved Zn and Fe availability. These new events are being obtained directly in preferred African varieties to reduce the genetic drag from introgression from the initial TX430

14 actors determining Bio-efficacy availability of β- Carotene Stability of vitamin A during storage Stability of pro-vitamin A during food preparations and processing Percent Intestinal Absorption of β- carotene into the blood stream Bio-conversion of β-carotene into retinol

15 β-carotene into Retinol Sorghum Study is ongoing at Iowa State University Vitamin A equivalency rations for β-carotene from plants Range in plant (2.7μg β-carotene :1μg Retinol to 28μg β- carotene :1μg Retinol by weight) Golden Rice (3.8:1) Orange Sweet Potato ( 13:1) Hashell et al (2004) Biofortified orange Maize (6.5:1) ABS-Biofortified sorghum (4.3:1) Carrots (14.8 :1) Spinach (20.9 : 1 ) Cassava (2.7: 1) Note: smaller ratio better conversion, so ABS better than carrots & spinach!

16 INTROGRESSION

17 Introgression into Farmer preferred Local Varieties Improved White/ sweet red grains Reduced tannins Medium to large grains Yield potentials: 2-5t/ha Local adaptation Regional Impact Multiple release status Varieties selected: Macia, Sima, KARI Mtama I, Tegemeo, Gadam, SAMSORG 14, 40 and 17

18 Introgression of ABS into high yielding, locally adapted farmer preferred varieties CFTs in Africa target countries build the capacities for trait integration and agronomic performance evaluation Trait integration through backcross Confirmation of transgene integration (PMI-test) from donor parent. Evaluation of recovery of recurrent parent. Agronomic performance and yield evaluation Seeds storage and usage Convert the leading event into local germplasm Cross 1-2 leading events with local varieties Confirmation of transgene integration and trait stability Confirm trait stability in the converted local germplasm Determine β-carotene levels in local varieties Determine stability of β-carotene in local varieties under

19 Introgression of ABS into high yielding, locally adapted farmer preferred varieties NIGERIA SAMSORG 14 x ABS188 SAMSORG 40 x ABS188 SAMSORG 17 x ABS188 F1 BC1 BC2 - SAMSORG 14,17 BC3 - SAMSORG 40 BC4 NIGERIA SAMSORG 14 x ABS203 SAMSORG 40 x ABS203 SAMSORG 17 x ABS203 F1 BC1

20 Introgression of ABS into high yielding, locally adapted farmer preferred varieties KENYA KENYA Kari Mtama1 x ABS188 Tegemeo x ABS188 F1 BC1 BC2 BC3 BC4 Kari Mtama1 x ABS203 Tegemeo x ABS203 Gadam x ABS203 F1 Trait integration, heritability and stability over these backcross generations have been evaluated. Demonstrating the presence of the ABS construct in advanced BC populations.

21 BIOSAFETY CONSIDERATION

22 ABS Observes Stringent Regulatory Compliance in Africa >CFTs, Genetic material confinement and storage are carried out in compliance with the stupulated local biosafety regulations. >Nigeria- NBMA (National Biosafety Management Agency) >Kenya NBA (National Biosafety Authority) -KEPHIS(Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service) > Officials from regulatory institutions participate in site selection, preparation, pre-planting site audit, seed storage, transport, planting, monitoring and harvest.

23 Importance of ABS CFT in Africa Confinement of transgenic parents their progenies and all plant parts Monitoring of planted material during growth phase Monitoring of harvested plots To meet environmental and legal imperatives for the use of GMOs in Kenya and Nigeria Record all activities and prepare for regulatory approval

24 Confined Field Trial Kenya- movable

25 Partnerships for the CFT s in Kenya

26 KARI Mtama I, Local Sorghum

27 ABS F1 and Parents--Null, ABS 188, F1 and Tegemeo

28 ABS F1 and Parents--Null, ABS 188, F1 and KARI Mtama I

29 Framework of Standard ABS Food Safety Risk Assessment Kornberg (2004)

30 Allergenicity evaluation of ABS This assessment is based on what is known about allergens, including the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; Protein structure (amino acid sequence identity to human allergens) Major allergens of plant-derived foods -legumes (peanuts, soybean) Allergen online database (www:/allergenonline.org) Precautionary 80 amino acid searches, looking for identities greater than 35% (CODEX Alimentarius guidelines, 2003). None of the results meet the criteria that the sequences has potential cross-reactivity.: CRT: chloroplast transit peptide CPT-CRT (carotene desaturase) PSY: Phytoene synthase: PMI : Phosphomannose Isomerase

31 Impact of ABS on the Environment Effects of ABS on non-target insect- data from toxicity, allergenicity tests & composition analysis data Impact of ABS genes in wild sorghum Preliminary studies (University of Nairobi in parallel with Nebraska Sate University) Sorghum bicolor subsp. Bicolor (TX430), Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii, sorghum bicolor subsp. Verticilliflorum -Selfing to homozygozity ABS 188, ABS null (control) Morphological characteristics that indicate

32 100 Seed Weight 100 Seed weight of F2 compared to parents TX 430 NULL ABS S.DRUM ABS XS.DRUM S. DRUM X NULL NULL X S. DRUM

33 Number of tillers Total seed weight Total Seed weight per panicle TX 430 NULL ABS S.DRUM ABS XS.DRUM S. DRUM X NULL NULL X S. DRUM Number of tillers TX 430 NULL ABS S.DRUM ABS XS.DRUM S. DRUM X NULL NULL X S. DRUM

34 Above and below ground vegetative biomass

35 Enabling Confined Field Trials in Kenya and Nigeria Acknowledge regulatory Institutions (NBA, KEPHIS)- professional Processing and provision of CFT permits Provide regulatory roles at all steps from planting to harvesting in CFTs Current ABS trial permits involve; CFT trials Event ABS 188 -introgression Event ABS 203 -introgression Gene flow studies

36 Way Forward Biosafety data-food safety and environmental Multilocation trials permits Step by step program for environmental release Programme for product release and commercialization Opportunity to gain from good practices from countries that have released GM crops for commercial utilization.

37 Thank You Merci Beaucoup Asante Sana