Supplemental Figure 1. Biosynthesis of vitamin A.
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1 Supplemental Figure 1. Biosynthesis of vitamin A. See main text for references. For Reviews on the biosynthesis of plant vitamins, see Rébeillé, F., and Douce, R., eds. (2011a). Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A -- Vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5. Advances in Bot. Res. 58: Elsevier, Ltd. Ireland. Rébeillé, F., and Douce, R., eds. (2011b). Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part B -- Vitamins B6, B7, B9, C, D, E. Advances in Bot. Res. 59: Elsevier, Ltd. Ireland.
2 Supplemental Figure 2. Biosynthesis of vitamin B1.
3 Supplemental Figure 3. Biosynthesis of vitamin B2.
4 Supplemental Figure 4. Biosynthesis of vitamin B3.
5 Supplemental Figure 5. Biosynthesis of vitamin B5.
6 Supplemental Figure 6. Biosynthesis of vitamin B6.
7 Supplemental Figure 7. Biosynthesis of vitamin B8.
8 Supplemental Figure 8. Biosynthesis of vitamin B9.
9 Supplemental Figure 9. Biosynthesis of vitamin C.
10 Supplemental Figure 10. Biosynthesis of vitamin D.
11 Supplemental Figure 11. Biosynthesis of vitamin E.
12 Supplemental Figure 12. Biosynthesis of vitamin K.
13 Supplemental Table 1: A comparison of the amount of vitamins in white versus brown rice as a function of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) and the fold increase required if either one represents 80% of the daily intake of calories. The data were obtained from the USDA nutrient laboratory web site ( The values for RDA are those sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in the indicated group, taken from Dietary reference intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids at National Academies Press ( The RDA is calculated from the estimated average requirement (EAR). If insufficient evidence is available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an Adequate Intake is used (denoted*). (Suff.) denotes when the nutrient is at sufficient levels and does not need to be increased to reach the RDA. (-) denotes not reported. Note, plants do not make vitamin B 12. Adult females 1 RDA %RDA 4 Fold increase to reach RDA Lactating females 1 2 White Rice Calories (kcal) Brown Rice 3 White Rice Brown Rice White Rice Brown Rice Vitamin A (μg/d) >100 >100 Vitamin D (μg/d) >100 >100 Vitamin E (mg/d) >100 >100 Vitamin K (mg/d) 90* 90* >100 >100 Vitamin B 1 (mg/d) Suff. Vitamin B 2 (mg/d) Vitamin B 3 (mg/d) Suff. Vitamin B 5 (mg/d) 5* 7* Vitamin B 6 (mg/d) Suff. Vitamin B 8 (μg/d) 30* 35* Vitamin B 9 (μg/d) Vitamin B 12 (μg/d) >100 >100 Vitamin C (mg/d) >100 >100 1 Values for year old female adults or lactating female adults as they represent the groups with the highest requirements. 2 White, medium grain, cooked, unenriched. 3 Brown, medium grain, cooked, unenriched. 4 Calculated for lactating women assuming 80% of daily calories (1600) comes from this crop. 5 As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE=1 μg retinol, 12 μg -carotene, 24 μg -carotene or 24 μg -cryptoxanthin. The RAE for provitamin A carotenoids is 2-fold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. 6 As cholecalciferol. 1μg cholecaliferol = 40 IU vitamin D. Values assume minimal sunlight. 7 As -tocopherol. 8 As niacin equivalents. 1 mg niacin=60 mg tryptophan.
14 Supplemental Table 2: A comparison of the amount of vitamins in four main vegetable sources as a function of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) and the fold increase required if any one of these foods represents 8% of the daily intake of calories. The data were obtained from the world s food web site ( The values for RDA are those sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in the indicated group, taken from Dietary reference intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids at National Academies Press ( The RDA is calculated from the estimated average requirement (EAR). If insufficient evidence is available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an Adequate Intake is used (denoted*). (-) denotes not reported. Note, plants do not make vitamin B 12. Adult females 1 RDA %RDA 6 Fold increase to reach RDA Tomato 2 Beans 3 Cabbage 4 Onion 5 Lactating females 1 /100g /100g /100g Calories (kcal) /100g Tomato Beans Cabbage Onion Tomato Beans Cabbage Onion Vitamin A (μg/d) >100 Vitamin D (μg/d) >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin E (mg/d) >100 Vitamin K (mg/d) 90* 90* >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin B 1 (mg/d) Vitamin B 2 (mg/d) Vitamin B 3 (mg/d) Vitamin B 5 (mg/d) 5* 7* Vitamin B 6 (mg/d) Vitamin B 8 (μg/d) 30* 35* Vitamin B 9 (μg/d) Vitamin B 12 (μg/d) >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin C (mg/d) Values for year old female adults or lactating female adults as they represent the groups with the highest requirements. 2 Red, ripe, raw, year round average. 3 Snap, green, raw. 4 Raw. 5 Raw. 6 Calculated for lactating women assuming 8% of daily calories (160) comes from this source. Based on consumptions of 1171 individuals from the French dietary survey INCA1, the average contribution of fruits and vegetables has been estimated at 23% of total weight of diets (Maillot, M. Drewnowski, A., Vieux, F., Darmon, N. (2011), Quantifying the contribution of foods with unfavorable nutrient profiles to nutritionally adequate diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 105, ). Using the same data, the energy contribution of fruits and vegetables was 8% of total energy (unpublished data). 7 As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE=1 μg retinol, 12 μg -carotene, 24 μg -carotene or 24 μg -cryptoxanthin. The RAE for provitamin A carotenoids is 2-fold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. 8 As cholecalciferol. 1μg cholecaliferol = 40 IU vitamin D. Values assume minimal sunlight. 9 As -tocopherol. 10 As niacin equivalents. 1 mg niacin=60 mg tryptophan.
15 Supplemental Table 3: A comparison of the amount of vitamins in four main fruit sources as a function of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) and the fold increase required if any one of these foods represents 8% of the daily intake of calories. The data were obtained from the world s food web site ( The values for RDA are those sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in the indicated group, taken from Dietary reference intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids at National Academies Press ( The RDA is calculated from the estimated average requirement (EAR). If insufficient evidence is available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an Adequate Intake is used (denoted*). (-) denotes not reported. Note, plants do not make vitamin B 12. Adult females 1 RDA %RDA 6 Fold increase to reach RDA Orange 2 Banana 3 Grapes 4 Apple 5 Lactating females 1 /100g /100g /100g Calories (kcal) /100g Orange Banana Grapes Apple Orange Banana Grapes Apple Vitamin A (μg/d) >100 >100 >100 Vitamin D (μg/d) >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin E (mg/d) > Vitamin K (mg/d) 90* 90* >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin B 1 (mg/d) Vitamin B 2 (mg/d) Vitamin B 3 (mg/d) Vitamin B 5 (mg/d) 5* 7* Vitamin B 6 (mg/d) Vitamin B 8 (μg/d) 30* 35* Vitamin B 9 (μg/d) > Vitamin B 12 (μg/d) >100 >100 >100 >100 Vitamin C (mg/d) Values for year old female adults or lactating female adults as they represent the groups with the highest requirements. 2 Raw, all commercial varieties. 3 Raw. 4 Red or green (European type, such as Thompson seedless). 5 Raw, with skin. 6 Calculated for lactating women assuming 8% of daily calories (160) comes from this source. Based on consumptions of 1171 individuals from the French dietary survey INCA1, the average contribution of fruits and vegetables has been estimated at 23% of total weight of diets (Maillot, M. Drewnowski, A., Vieux, F., Darmon, N. (2011), Quantifying the contribution of foods with unfavorable nutrient profiles to nutritionally adequate diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 105, ). Using the same data, the energy contribution of fruits and vegetables was 8% of total energy (unpublished data). 7 As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE=1 μg retinol, 12 μg -carotene, 24 μg -carotene or 24 μg -cryptoxanthin. The RAE for provitamin A carotenoids is 2-fold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. 8 As cholecalciferol. 1μg cholecaliferol = 40 IU vitamin D. Values assume minimal sunlight. 9 As -tocopherol. 10 As niacin equivalents. 1 mg niacin=60 mg tryptophan.
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