Relationship of blood lactate and meat quality in market hogs

Transcription

1 Relationship of blood lactate and meat quality in market hogs David B. Anderson Elanco Animal Health, retired Loveland, CO Affiliate Faculty Department of Animal Science Colorado State University, Ft. Collins Phone: Cell:

2 Acknowledgements Graduate student advising Lily Edwards Kristy Dorton Faculty collaboration Terry Engle, nutrition Research collaborations - CSU Temple Grandin, animal well-being Research support S. Porter, B. Carlson, S. Archibeque, K. Austin, D. Beckman, V.Brown, S. Case, N. Davis, L. Doran, G. Ekerle, T. Engle, Sr., H. Han, T. Harbert, N. Isenberg, B. Kessler, M. Klamm, S. McCurley, K. Peel, J. Sakugawa, J. Seabrook, K. Sellins, E. Sharman, T. Steiner, M. Stille, K. Swyers, A. Van Stelten, and L. Wittenberg.

3 Acknowledgements Graduate student advising Lily Edwards Kristy Dorton Faculty collaboration Terry Engle, nutrition Research collaborations - CSU Temple Grandin, animal well-being Research support S. Porter, B. Carlson, S. Archibeque, K. Austin, D. Beckman, V.Brown, S. Case, N. Davis, L. Doran, G. Ekerle, T. Engle, Sr., H. Han, T. Harbert, N. Isenberg, B. Kessler, M. Klamm, S. McCurley, K. Peel, J. Sakugawa, J. Seabrook, K. Sellins, E. Sharman, T. Steiner, M. Stille, K. Swyers, A. Van Stelten, and L. Wittenberg.

4 Acknowledgements Graduate student advising Lily Edwards Kristy Dorton Faculty collaboration Terry Engle, nutrition Research collaborations - CSU Temple Grandin, animal well-being Research support S. Porter, B. Carlson, S. Archibeque, K. Austin, D. Beckman, V.Brown, S. Case, N. Davis, L. Doran, G. Ekerle, T. Engle, Sr., H. Han, T. Harbert, N. Isenberg, B. Kessler, M. Klamm, S. McCurley, K. Peel, J. Sakugawa, J. Seabrook, K. Sellins, E. Sharman, T. Steiner, M. Stille, K. Swyers, A. Van Stelten, and L. Wittenberg.

5 Acknowledgements Research funding Church and Dwight, Ken Cummings CSU Ag Experiment Station Elanco Animal Health, Matt Ritter PIC, Andrzej Sosnicki, Emily Szenszy Hormel Foods, Jerry Cannon, Glee Goodner, John Summerfield Elanco Canada, Marie Anne Paradis,Stephane Beaudoin, Isabel Moreau F. Menard, Jorge Correa Grandin Livestock Consulting

6 BACKGROUND Work at CSU was follow-up to work started at Elanco Animal Health before retirement Characterization of physiology of the fatigue pig and development of laboratory model to study the fatigued pig Diet modification (increase deb) reduced incidence of fatigue pigs in model handling system

7 Packing Plant Assessments: Comparison of Fatigued vs. Non-Fatigued Parameter Stress hormones (Cortisol, Catecholamines) Insulin Blood lactate Fatigued Higher Lower Higher (11 vs 32mM) Blood ph Lower (7.35 vs 7.11) Base excess Ammonia Lipid mobilization (Re-esterified) Glycolytic potential (LD, ST red, Liver) Liver glycogen Lower Higher Higher Lower Lower Ivers, etal., 2002a

8 Serum Lactate in Aggressively Handled Pigs mm/l Pre Insert 2 Loops Insert 4 Loops Insert Post 0 hr Post 2 hr Post 6 hr Post 24 hr Post 48 hr 0 Pre 2 loop 4 loop Full circuit Benjamin, etal., 2001

9 Blood ph in Aggressively Handled Pigs Pre Insert 2 Loops Insert 4 Loops Insert Post 0 hr Post 2 hr Post 6 hr Post 24 hr Post 48 hr 6.8 Pre 2 loop 4 loop Full circuit Benjamin, etal., 2001

10 Research to understand blood lactate changes during marketing

11 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate: Is high in fatigued pigs Increases with aggressive handling Increases in high stress commercial systems Is a quick and sensitive responder to stress Related to meat quality

12 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate (mmol/l) Non-Fatigued 11.1 Fatigued 32.2 (Ivers et al., 2002)

13 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate: Is high in fatigued pigs Increases with aggressive handling Increases in high stress commercial systems Is a quick and sensitive responder to stress Related to meat quality

14 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate (mmol/l) Benjamin et al., 2001 Hambrecht et al., 2004 Hambrecht et al., 2005 Gentle Aggressive

15 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate: Is high in fatigued pigs Increases with aggressive handling Increases in high stress commercial systems Is a quick and sensitive responder to stress Related to meat quality

16 Lactate Research in Pigs LOW (4 mm) HIGH (13 mm) (Warris et al., 1994)

17 Lactate Research in Pigs LOW (4 mm) Cortisol Lactate HIGH (13 mm) CPK (Warris et al., 1994)

18 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate: Is high in fatigued pigs Increases with aggressive handling Increases in high stress commercial systems Is a quick and sensitive responder to stress Related to meat quality

19 Lactate Lactate Research in Pigs mm/l Serum Lactic Acid in Aggressively Handled Pigs 4 minutes Pre Insert 2 Loops Insert 4 Loops Insert Post 0 hr Post 2 hr Post 6 hr Post 24 hr Post 48 hr 0 Pre 2 loop 4 loop Full circuit Benjamin etal (Benjamin et al., 2001)

20 Lactate Lactate Research in Pigs mm/l Serum Lactic Acid in Aggressively Handled Pigs Pre 2 loop 4 loop 4 minutes IU/l Full circuit Pre Insert 2 Loops Insert 4 Loops Insert Post 0 hr Post 2 hr Post Pre 6 hr Insert Post 24 hr Serum CPK in Aggressively Handled Pigs Pre 2 loop 4 loop Full circuit 2 Loops Post Column 48 hr4 4 Loops Insert Post 0 hr Post 2 hr Post 6 hr Post 24 hr Post 48 hr Benjamin etal (Benjamin et al., 2001) Benjamin etal. 2001

21 Lactate Research in Pigs Blood Lactate: Is high in fatigued pigs Increases with aggressive handling Increases in high stress commercial systems Is a quick and sensitive responder to stress Related to meat quality

22 Exsanguination blood lactate, glycolytic potential and drip loss Hambrecht, etal., 2004

23 Exsanguination blood lactate, glycolytic potential and drip loss Multiple regression analysis Drip vs Lactate R 2 =0.32 Drip vs Lactate+GP R 2 =0.52 Hambrecht, etal., 2004

24 CSU Research Trials Can blood lactate (LAC) be used as an objective measure of animal handling and meat quality under practical industry conditions? Hormel - Austin Relationship of exsanguination LAC to pre-stun animal handling Relationship of LAC (farm to exsanguination) to meat quality F. Menard - Quebec Relationship of exsanguination LAC to meat quality

25 Relationship of exsanguination LAC to pre-stun animal handling Hormel trial 2 experiments (n=80, n=144)

26 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Electric prod use Vocalization with prod Jamming Rearing Turning back Backing up Falling Rooting behavior Vocalization score (Exp 2 only) Time in handling area Single-file chute Crowd pen

27 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Electric prod use Vocalization with prod Jamming Rearing Turning back Backing up Falling Rooting behavior Vocalization score (Exp 2 only) Time in handling area Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Entire handling area Single-file chute Crowd pen

28 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Handling Parameter Presence of parameter (# of animals) Absence of parameter (# of animals) p-value EXPERIMENT 1 Jamming Backing up Rear and/or Jam Rear, Jam and/or Back up EXPERIMENT 2 SINGLE-FILE CHUTE Jamming Backing up Rear and/or Jam Rear, Jam and/or Back up Vocalization

29 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Handling Parameter Presence of parameter Absence of parameter p-value (# of animals) (# of animals) EXPERIMENT 2 CIRCLE CORRAL Electric Prod Use Vocalization w/ Prod Use

30 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Electric prod use Vocalization with prod Jamming Rearing Turning back Backing up Falling Rooting behavior Vocalization score (Exp 2 only) Time in handling area Single-file chute Crowd pen

31 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Electric prod use Vocalization with prod Jamming Rearing Turning back Backing up Falling Rooting behavior Vocalization score (Exp 2 only) Time in handling area Single-file chute Crowd pen

32 Pre-stun handling and Lactate Conclusions Specific negative pre-slaughter handling events are related to an increase in blood lactate. (jamming, rearing, backing up, electric prod use, vocalization)

33 Pork quality and Lactate

34 Known*: Pork quality and Lactate Increased exsanguination LAC increased drip loss lighter muscle color No work reported on relationship of LAC to meat quality at other portions of marketing process. * Hambrecht et al., 2004, 2005; Warriss et al., 1994, 1998

35 Pork quality and Lactate Study 1: (Hormel - 2 Experiments; n=80, n=144) Each test animal was sampled 7 times during the market process using a low-stress blood sampling procedure. Study 2: (Quebec; n=128). Lowstress loading - flat ramp, hydraulic deck. Each test animal was sampled at exsanguination only.

36 Blood sampling points - Study 1 (1) baseline at the farm (2) following loading (3) following transport (4) following unloading (5) following lairage (6) following movement to stun (7) at exsanguination.

37 Low Stress Blood Sampling

38 Low Stress Blood Sampling 45 seconds for blood sampling

39 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Lactate changes during marketing Study 1 - Hormel Study 2 - F. Menard FARM I PLANT I

40 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Lactate changes during marketing Study 1 - Hormel Study 2 - F. Menard FARM I PLANT I

41 Lactate changes during marketing [LAC] was highest: Following loading at the farm At exsanguination Indicating areas of focus to improve animal handling during marketing.

42 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate FARM I PLANT I

43 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated with REDUCED pork quality Study 2; Wariss etal., 1994; Hambrecht etal., 2004v FARM I PLANT I

44 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated 10.0 with IMPROVED pork quality Study 1 Increased [LAC] associated with REDUCED pork quality Study 2; Wariss etal., 1994; Hambrecht etal., 2004v FARM I PLANT I

45 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated 10.0 with IMPROVED pork quality Study 1 Increased [LAC] associated with REDUCED pork quality Study 2; Wariss etal., 1994; Hambrecht etal., 2004v No relationship to pork quality Study 1 FARM I PLANT I

46 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated with REDUCED pork quality Study 2; Wariss etal., 1994; Hambrecht etal., 2004v FARM I PLANT I

47 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) lactate [LAC](mM) Pork quality and Lactate Exsanguination blood Range Study 2 N = r P = 60 min ph Drip Loss Increased [LAC] associated with REDUCED pork quality Study 2; Wariss etal., 1994; Hambrecht etal., 2004v FARM I PLANT I

48 Pork quality and Lactate

49 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated 10.0 with IMPROVED pork quality Study 1 FARM I PLANT I

50 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Increased [LAC] associated 10.0 with IMPROVED pork quality Study 1 Blood lactate after loading at the farm [LAC](mM) Range Study 1, Exp1 N = Study 1, Exp2 N = = r P = r P = 24 hr ph L* Drip Loss Glycolytic Potential FARM I PLANT I

51 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate No relationship to pork quality Study 1 FARM I PLANT I

52 Blood Lactate Concentration (mm) Pork quality and Lactate Positive correlation between LAC at loading and LAC at exsanguination. (P<0.003) i.e. Pigs with high lactate at 8.0 loading 7.0 tended to be the same pigs that had high LAC 6.0 at 5.0exsanguination. 4.0 Postulate: 3.0 Positive effects of stress at 2.0 loading (increased 24 ph) 1.0 predominate over negative 0.0 effects of stress immediately before slaughter (inceased rate of early post-mortem No relationship to pork quality Study 1 FARM I PLANT I metabolism)

53 Overall Conclusions Blood lactate in pigs: 1. Increases with aggressive handling 2. Sensitive and quick response to stress 3. Can distinguish high and low stress slaughter house environments 4. Related to individual negative handling behavioral events under standard handling practices Can an on-line measurement system be developed to monitor exsanguination lactate and improve pre-stun animal handling?

54 Potential on-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Speed of analysis 1 min/sample (1 carcass/7 seconds) Every 10th carcass Cost per sample $ /sample YSI, Inc., Yellow Springs, OH Real-time display Monitored by animal handllers Target level for LAC

55 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Instrumentation from YSI Life Sciences

56 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Instrumentation from YSI Life Sciences Lactate Oxidase

57 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Instrumentation from YSI Life Sciences Lactate Oxidase Lactate Pyruvate + Peroxide

58 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Will lowering exsanguination blood lactate improve meat quality? Reduce rate of early post-mortem metabolism Probably reduce drip loss

59 Many Thanks!!! End

60 BACKUP SLIDES

61 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate

62 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate Location of knife insertion

63 On-line measurement of exsanguination blood lactate

64 QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. NOTES: 1. The cooperating packing plant is harvesting 13,000 pigs per day with two slaughter lines. On a single slaughter line, this translates into a pig carcass going past the funnel every 7 seconds. 2. When carcasses are raised to the rail, a small stream of blood continues to exit from the knife incision in the neck. 3. Do we need to devise a way to rinse the funnel between blood samples? Is it possible to have a rinse overflow that accepts the larger volume of rinse water? 4. Since the analysis time of the YSI 2700 is approximately 1 minute, we will be sampling approximately 1 in 10 carcasses. Can motion detectors be positioned to identify when a carcass is in the correct location to stop rinsing and start blood collection when the 2700 indicates it is ready for another blood sample? 5. Can the funnel be covered at all time other than the period that the test carcass blood is being sampled? Automated cover?

65 BACKGROUND Work at CSU was follow-up to work started at Elanco Animal Health before retirement Characterization of physiology of the fatigue pig and development of laboratory model to study the fatigued pig

66 Fatigue pig NORMAL PIG Open-mouthed breathing Blotchy skin Refusal to move Muscle tremors Abnormal vocalization Collapse (fatigue) Death Ritter etal., 2005; Ritter, 2006

67 Packing Plant Assessments: Comparison of Fatigued vs. Non-Fatigued Parameter Stress hormones (Cortisol, Catecholamines) Insulin Blood lactate Blood ph Base excess Ammonia Lipid mobilization (Re-esterified) Glycolytic potential (LD, ST red, Liver) Liver glycogen Fatigued Higher Lower Higher Lower Lower Higher Higher Lower Lower Ivers, etal., 2002a

68 BACKGROUND Work at CSU was follow-up to work started at Elanco Animal Health before retirement Characterization of physiology of the fatigue pig and development of laboratory model to study the fatigued pig Diet modification reduced incidence of fatigue pigs in model handling system

69 Dietary Electrolyte Balance (deb)* deb (meq/kg of feed) = (Na + + K + ) - Cl - Increasing deb makes physiological environment more alkaline. * Also referred to as dietary cation anion difference (DCAD)

70 Dietary Electrolyte Balance (deb) Fatigued pig incidence* Lo deb Hi deb Total Fatigued 18 9 Euthanized 7 1 * 48 animals / treatment Ivers, etal., 2002b