Swine nutrition and management systems that alter productivity and carcass traits

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1 Swine nutrition and management systems that alter productivity and carcass traits Mike Tokach Extension specialist and swine nutritionist Kansas State University

2 Swine Industry Changes Genetic changes and increased litter size (ramifications on muscle fiber development and meat quality). Increased feeding of ethanol byproducts (ex. DDGS and fiber). The use of carcass modifiers and approval of immunological castration. Expectations of different processers results in different costs of production for production systems. We will focus on these industry changes and potential ramification on producer profitability and downstream carcass traits.

3 Production Efficiency Since 1930, the U.S. has reduced sow inventory by over 40% and annual pork production has increased by 230% Source: Ron Plain

4 Head 25 Pigs Per Sow Per Year, USDA Hogs & Pigs Reports

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6 Genetic changes Three breed rotations and home-raised gilts are gone Maternal line sows (F-1 Landrace x Yorkshire) Terminal boars Predominant = Pietran- or Duroc-based lines Less common = Hampshire-based lines

7 Rapid increases in litter size in last 15 years due to genetic selection Canadian purebred records

8 Changes in swine productivity from 2005 to 2010 Averages Slope R 2 Sow productivity Pigs weaned per litter Preweaning mortality, % Pigs per mated female Finisher, 50 to 260 lb Mortality, % Exit weight, lb Average daily gain, lb Feed efficiency Caloric efficiency, kcal/kg 9,403 9,361 9,233 9,220 9,259 9, Knauer and Hostetler, 2012

9 Impact of litter size on meat quality??? Litter size = Lower and more variable birth weight (Foxcroft et al., 2006) Light weight pigs = Slower growth and less feed efficient (Gondret et al., 2004; Nissen et al., 2004; Berard et al., 2008) Lower number of myofibers, % muscle tissue, total protein, total fat and semitendinosus weight Higher percentage of internal organs, skin, bone, and total water (Rehfeldt et al., 2004) Larger myofibers and greater longissimus drip loss (Rehfeldt et al., 2004) and tenderness (Gondret et al., 2004).

10 Birth weight or litter size effect?? Berard et al., 2008; Beaulieu et al., 2010 Litter size = Decreased birth weight Slower growth and less feed efficient No major impact on meat quality Negative impact of birthweight: May only be with smallest pigs in the litter May be genotype dependent

11 Foxcroft et al., 2012

12 Foxcroft et al., 2012

13 Weight, lb Average U.S. Hog Carcass Weight

14 Steve Meyer, Paragon Economics

15 Increased use of byproducts Corn processing byproducts DDGS, corn germ, etc Bakery byproducts Wheat byproducts Middlings, bran, etc. Increased unsaturated fat and fiber in diets

16 Changes in feed cost in last 5 years Prices Diet Expected FG $/ton $ $ $ $/pig $40.49 $ $93.22 Difference from $68.45 $52.73 Diet Diff w/2011 Prices ($15.72) Continued feeding of 2006 diets in 2011 would have cost an extra $15.72 per pig Dritz et al., 2012

17 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) ADG, lb Duration P>0.36 Level P=0.83 SEM d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

18 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) Duration P=0.004 Level P=0.96 SEM 0.03 Feed/gain d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

19 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) Yield, % Duration P=.002 Level P= SEM d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

20 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) Carcass weight, lb Duration P>.38 SEM d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

21 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) Full large intestine, lb Duration P<0.01 Level P< 0.05 SEM d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

22 Effect of DDGS (0, 15, 30%) and Midds (0, 9.5, 19%) on pig performance (90 to 270 lb) Jowl iodine value Duration P<0.001 Level P< SEM d 0 to 43: Low High High High High High d 43 to 67: Low Low Med High High High d 67 to 90: Low Low Med Low Med High Asmus et al., 2011

23 Ractopamine Increased growth rate and feed efficiency Increased lean deposition, dressing percentage, loin muscle are and FFLI Increased unsaturation of fatty acids IV increases by 2 to 3 mg/g with greater response in backfat than fatty acids in loin muscle response with feeding duration Minimal, but variable influence on fresh pork color, firmness, or water holding capacity (increased WBSF) Apple et al., 2007

24 Influence of Ractopamine feeding level and duration on net return

25 Influence of feed prices and Ractopamine feeding duration on net return

26 Ractopamine Alters heart rate, catecholamine profile, and makes pigs more difficult to handle (Marchant-Forde et al., 2003). Increases susceptibility to handling and transport stress Has increased focus on handling training for on-farm and trucking employees Increased feeding duration and dose highlight need for continual focus on handling.

27 Immunological castration (Immunized male barrow) Effect SED P < Studies ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Live wt, lb Carcass wt, lb Dressing % Backfat, mm Dunshea et al., 2011

28 Immunological castration (Immunized male barrow) Carcass traits depend on feeding duration Feed intake increases dramatically after second vaccination Similar fatty acid profile Increased primal cut yield Thinner, less firm bellies Boler et al., 2012

29 Processor requirements Iodine value Lower DDGS and oil to hit target No limits Results in $2.50 to 4/pig difference in feed cost Genetic source requirement May cost $2 to 5/pig due to differences in live production (mortality) Ractopamine requirements ($2 to 4/pig) Optimal market weight differences

30 Optimal market weight for different pork processors Maximum facility utilization 85% 95%

31 Impact of wide weight window on production Increased pigs marketed on initial loads Fewer marketing events (improved biosecurity) Greater percentage of pigs in primary market Increased facility utilization Increased market weight Lower labor and trucking cost (fewer partial loads) Lower cost of production

32 Conclusion The swine industry continues to undergo rapid changes that impact production costs and the quality of pork delivered to the processor. Litter size is increasing at 0.13 pigs per litter each year. Use of ethanol byproducts (ex. DDGS) = fat quality concerns Higher feed cost = increased ractopamine dose and duration Immunological castration = new challenge to capture value Pork processors purchasing programs and specifications regarding ideal carcass weight ranges have led to major differences in barn utilization, feed cost, and cost of production for different swine producers.

33 Thank You!

34 Influence of Paylean Level on Margin $/pig greater than controls $4 $3 $0.38 $0.54 $0.67 $2 $1 $2.17 $2.14 $2.53 Lean Weight $ Paylean, g/ton Main et al., 2001

35 Weight, lb Advantage in weight gain during each week after initiation of feeding Paylean (pounds above the control within each week) Paylean, g/ton Week on Paylean Summary of 12 experiments

36 Changes in Pig Performance from 1980 to 2005 Adapted from Fix, 2007

37 $4.50 $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 US Cash Corn $7.00 $- Jan-08 Jan-18 Jan-28 Jan-38 Jan-48 Jan-58 Jan-68 Jan-78 Jan-88 Jan-98 Jan-08 Source: USDA, WF Ag Economics

38 $60 Historic Hog Prices $50 $40 $30 $20 $ years Avg 8.41 $ years Avg $ years Avg $44.92