Glaser, D. 18 Green, C. 129 Groeneveld, C Ha, M.-A. 88 Ha, T.K.K. 88 Hoek, A.C. 133 Howlett, J Jensen, B.B. 98

Transcription

1 Corti A (ed): Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future. World Rev Nutr Diet. Basel, Karger, 1999, vol 85, pp Author Index Bakker, D.J.G. 146 BanÄo n, J. 125 Beauchamp, G.K. 10 Bertelsen, H. 98 Biacs, P.AÂ. 1 Blackburn, G.L. 77 Borrego, F. 39, 125 Bright, G. 3 Buemann, B. 98 Canales, I. 125 Cano, J. 39, 125 Cock, P. de 110 Corti, A. 230 Drewnowski, A. 64 Everitt, M. 58 Fry, J. 201 Glaser, D. 18 Green, C. 129 Groeneveld, C. 133 Ha, M.-A. 88 Ha, T.K.K. 88 Hoek, A.C. 133 Howlett, J. 212 Ishii, H. 164 Jensen, B.B. 98 Lanton, B.R. 171 Lean, M.E.J. 88 Lindley, M.G. 44 Lo pez-cremades, F.J. 39, 125 Mialon, V. 58 Montijano, H. 39, 125 O'Brien Nabors, L. 140 Peris, A. 39 Quinlan, M. 58 Renwick, A.G. 178 Rymon Lipinski, G.-W. von 218 Vleugels, L.F.W. 133 Walker, R. 117 Witt, J. 52 Yokoyama, S.M

2 ... Subject Index Acceptable daily intake definition 178 pharmacokinetic testing 121±123 risk management 178, 179 setting XI, 180, 223, 224, 227, 228 toxicity testing 119, 121 Acesulfame K blend with aspartame cola drink storage effects on flavor 59± 61, 63 Twinsweet, see Twinsweet discovery and uses 6, 33 generic compound 45 intake survey in Denmark 192, 193, 197, 198 world market share 208 Africa food processing 171, 172 food product distribution of sweeteners 173 nutritional aspects of sweetener use disposable income correlation with intake 174±176, 234 energy intake from sugar 174, 175 nutritional enhancers 176, 177 processed foods and sweetener intake 173, 174 partial sugar replacement with sweeteners 172, 173, 175 regulation of sweeteners 171, 172 sugar cartels 171 Super Sugar marketing 175, 176 Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, background 220, 221 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, background 220 Alitame, Analgesia, sweeteners 10 Appetite definition 71 energy density role 65, 71 exercise effects 80, 81 sweetener effects on food intake aspartame effects in weight control 82, 83 mechanisms of action 83, 84 overview 81 rationale in weight control 81 sweetness effects on control 78 Aspartame aftertaste modulation 48 blend with acesulfame K cola drink storage effects on flavor 59± 61, 63 economics 207 Twinsweet, see Twinsweet 238

3 discovery 33, 52 flavor profile changes over time 61 forms 45, 50 history of use 6, 44 intake survey in Denmark 193, 198 safety testing 118 stability 49, 50 structure 52, 53 weight control effects 82, 83 mechanisms of action 83, 84 world market share 207, 208 Australia, intake survey of intense sweeteners 185, 186 Beet, history as sugar source 31 Bernadame, structure and sweetness 34, 35 Canada, intake survey of intense sweeteners 183 Carrelame, structure and sweetness 34, 35 China market for sweeteners 9, 209, 211 sweetener consumption 165, 166, 211, 234 Codex alimentarius draft general standard for food additives annex A 226 annex B 226, 227 annex C 227 general status 224 index 227 outline 224 preamble 224, 225 status and changes in standard 227 sweetener status 227, 228 table table table Food Standards Program 222, 223 functions 218, 219, 235 history 221 membership 222 outlook for General Standard for Food Additives 228, 229 specifications for food additives 228 standardization in relationship to other international activities 223, 224 standards, development 223 structure 221 World Trade Organization obligations 229 Cyclamate Asian demand 206, 207 history of use 5, 44, 48, 205, 206 intake survey in Denmark 193, 195, 197, 198 safety testing 121, 122 world market share 205±207 Diabetes mellitus complications 90 normal glucose metabolism 88, 89 nutrition diabetic foods 95, 96 recommendations 93, 94 sweeteners in diet fructose 92±94 glycemic index 91 nonnutritive sweeteners in weight control 95, 96 sucrose 91±93 sugar alcohols 92, 95 type I, overview 88 type II overview 88, 89 risk factors 89 weight control in treatment 90 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, sweet taste enhancement 49 Draft general standard, see Codex alimentarius Energy density appetite role 65, 71 carbohydrate contributions 67, 69 energy intake relationship 73, 74, 79, 80, 232 fat content relationship 67 protein and fiber contributions 69 satiety relationship 71 Subject Index 239

4 sweetness and palatability relationship 69, 70, 72, 73 table of foods 65 water content relationship 65, 67 Erythritol attributes for sensorial testing 111 health benefits 110, 111, 115 metabolism 110, 111 mouthfeel attributes 112, 113 nonsweet flavor attributes 113 off-flavor masking in beverages 113, 115 regulatory status 115 sweet taste modifier 49, 112 synthesis 110 Europe approved sweeteners XII, 35, 41, 42 food additive directives 179 intake surveys of intense sweeteners Denmark acesulfame-k 192, 193, 197, 198 aspartame 193, 198 calculated intakes 190 comparison with other European Union countries 197, 198 conduct of study 189 cyclamate 193, 195, 197, 198 data recorded 189 determination of consumption levels 189, 190 high consumers 196, 197 proportion of consumers 190, 192 saccharin 195, 196, 198 study population 188 Finland 182 Germany 184 Italy 186, 187 Netherlands 185 Norway 187 Spain 185 United Kingdom 183, 184, 186 light product market body weight correlations 153±157 consumer attitudes about fat and sugar 152, 153, 155±158 consumption of light products 151, 152 low-fat products and consumer profiles 148±150, 152, 155 low-sugar products and consumer profiles 150, 151 overview 8, 146 penetration by country and product category 146±148, 152, 158 study design 146 weight of users 155±157 Figs, history of use 31 Fructose, diabetes diet recommendations 92±94 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, background 219 Gross domestic product, correlation with sugar and sweetener consumption 164 Gustatory sense, see Taste Henning's tetrahedron, taste modeling 22, 23 High fructose corn syrup, worldwide demand 201 Honey, history of use 3, 30, 31 India, market for sweeteners 9, 166 Intake surveys, intense sweeteners Australia 185, 186 Brazil 184, 185 Canada 183 Denmark acesulfame-k 192, 193, 197, 198 aspartame 193, 198 calculated intakes 190 comparison with other European Union countries 197, 198 conduct of study 189 cyclamate 193, 195, 197, 198 data recorded 189 determination of consumption levels 189, 190 high consumers 196, 197 proportion of consumers 190, 192 saccharin 195, 196, 198 study population 188 Finland 182 general considerations 179, 180 Germany 184 Subject Index 240

5 Italy 186, 187 Netherlands 185 Norway 187 overview 180, 181, 199 prospective recommendations 199 Spain 185 United Kingdom 183, 184, 186 United States 182 International Sweeteners Association overview X roles X, XI World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners, see World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners International Union of Food Science and Technology background 1, 2 World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners, see World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners Inulin, blends with aspartame 50 Japan perception of sweeteners 167±170 sugar consumption trends over time 169, 170 vs gross domestic product 164 sweetener consumption 166, 167 taste preferences 168±170 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives human data in safety testing 117, 121 sweetener testing 118, 119 Kiesow's circle, taste modeling 21 Lactisole, sweetness inhibition 14 Latin America Brazil, intake survey of intense sweeteners 184, 185 consumer perceptions of sweetened products 160 history of product introduction containing sweeteners 159, 160 penetration of low-calorie products by region 162, 163 sugar attitudes 159 Light products European market body weight correlations 153±157 consumer attitudes about fat and sugar 152, 153, 155±158 consumption of light products 151, 152 low-fat products and consumer profiles 148±150, 152, 155 low-sugar products and consumer profiles 150, 151 overview 8, 146, 233 penetration by country and product category 146±148, 152, 158 study design 146 weight of users 155±157 Japanese perceptions of sweeteners 167± 170, 234 Latin America market consumer perceptions of sweetened products 160 history of product introduction containing sweeteners 159, 160 penetration of low-calorie products by region 162, 163 market demand 8, 44, 233, 234 United States market desire for additional products 142 health awareness 144 overview 8, 140 popularity of product types 141 preferred label descriptors 143 reasons for use by consumers 142 teens 143, 144 typical consumer 144 Lugduname, structure and sweetness 34, 35 Multipoint attachment theory, sweetness receptors 27, 29 Neohespiridine DC bitterness-reducing effects 41, 42 flavor modification 7, 33, 39, 41, 42, 125, 231 quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography detection limits 125±127 Subject Index 241

6 linearity and repeatability 126 quantitation limits 125±127 running conditions 125, 126 regulatory history and applications 41, 42 sweetness profile 39, 125 synthesis 33 Neotame applications 56, 57 flavor profile 54, 55 potency in water 54 regulatory history 232 stability 52, 55±57 structure 35, 52, 53 sweetness 35, 52 Obesity, see also Weight control definition 77, 153 exercise prevention 80, 81 health risks 77 population trends 78 Overweight, see also Weight control age dependence 154, 158 definition 77, 153 health risks 77 population trends Europe 154, 158 United States 78 Palatability, energy density relationship 69, 70, 72, 73 PROP, taste sensitivity 14, 15 Regulation, see also specific compounds and regions aims in European Union 217 constituents of regulators and industry 214, 215 food industry, overview of regulations 213 industry relations with regulators 212± 217, 234, 235 international legislation 218±221 media-driven priorities 216 Saccharin Asian demand 205 costs 203, 204, 209 history of use 5, 33 intake survey in Denmark 195, 196, 198 nonfood applications 204, 205 safety testing 118 world market share 203±205 Satiety energy density relationship 71, 72 energy intake relationship 72 measurement 70 sweetness effects 70, 71 SMART, blend components 48 Specifications, safety testing 118±123 Spherical model, taste 23, 24 Stevioside Asian market 167 safety testing 119, 122, 123, 48 Sucralose cola drink storage effects on flavor 58± 61, 63 features 6, 7, 34, 58 flavor profile changes over time 61 safety testing 118 stability 58 tannic acid modulation of aftertaste 49 Sucrononate, structure and sweetness 26, 34, 35 Sucrose, see Sugar Sugar artificial vs natural sweeteners 4 demand, worldwide growth rate 201 diabetes diet recommendations 91±93 economic incentives for partial replacement 208, 209 flavor profile changes over time 60 health problems in consumption 10, 11 history of use 3, 4, 30 Latin American attitudes 159 price stability 209 Sugar alcohols, diabetes diet recommendations 92, 95 Super Sugar, marketing in Africa 175, 176 Sweeteners blends carbohydrate uses 49 Subject Index 242

7 potency 6 taste modulation 48, 49 foodstuff distribution 9, 46 functionality requirements 46, 47 intake surveys, see Intake surveys, intense sweeteners potency evolution 36 price stability 209 rational design 15, 16 reasons for using 7±9, 18 structural diversity 29 technical limitations of low-calorie sweeteners 47, 48 world consumption by region 201, 202 Sweetness food choice and preference modulation 10 food selection role 64 lactisole inhibition 14 sensitivity genetic variability 14, 15 individual variability 12 lifespan variability 11, 64, 230 signal transduction 12, 13 Sweetness receptors bipartite hydrogen-bonding principle 24, 25 evolution in primates 29 G protein-coupled receptors 26, 27 history of theories 24±26 multipoint attachment theory 27, 29 TR1 receptor 14 tripartite binding theory 25, 26 D-Tagatose commercial propositions 108 intestinal absorption 98 intestinal flora influences 106, 107 short-chain fatty acids absorption 102±105, 107 benefits of intestinal production 107, 108 fecal studies in humans 105, 106 production in intestine 98, 100, 102, 107 structure 98, 99 sweet taste modifier 49 Talin, see Thaumatin Tannic acid, modulation of sucralose aftertaste 49 Taste, see also Sweetness compound toxicity correlation with taste 19 evolution of models on quality of taste ancient Greece 20 Henning's tetrahedron 22, 23 nineteenth century 21, 22 prehistoric period 19, 20 spherical model 23, 24 genetic variability 14, 15 origin of life considerations 30, 230 psychological classes 12, 21, 22 stereoselectivity of compounds 19 umami 12, 24 Thaumatin applications 129, 131, 132 discovery 33 flavor modification 7, 129, 131 masking effects in palatability improvement 131 regulatory history 132 safety testing 121 source 129 stability 34, 129, 48 Toxicity testing, sweeteners acute testing 120, 121 artificial vs natural sweeteners 124, 233 overview 119, 120 subacute/subchronic studies 121 TR1, sweetness receptor 14 Twinsweet background and advantages 133, 134, 139 effective ratio of sweeteners 136 formulations of beverage powder 134, 135 sweetener concentration variation, comparison with mechanical mixing ribbon blender 135, 137, 138 vibration 136, 138 Y-cone mixer 133, 137 United States approved sweeteners XII, 45, 82 Subject Index 243

8 intake surveys of intense sweeteners 182 light product market desire for additional products 142 health awareness 144 overview 8, 140 popularity of product types 141 preferred label descriptors 143 reasons for use by consumers 142 teens 143, 144 typical consumer 144 Weight control, see also Appetite aspartame effects in weight control 82, 83, 232, 233 mechanisms of action 83, 84 diabetes patients 90, 95, 96 exercise effects 80, 81 health benefits 77, 84 physiological-behavioral factors 78±80 World Conference on Low-Calorie Sweeteners framework program XII, XIII papers and posters XIV regulator role XIII, XIV welcome address 1, 2 world market examination XIII World Trade Organization background 219 Codex alimentarius obligations 229 dispute settlement 219, 220 Wundt's square, taste modeling 21, 22 Subject Index 244