Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs

Transcription

1 587 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 12 (2006), National Centre for Agrarian Sciences Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs P. PETROV Agricultural Institute, BG-9700 Shumen, Bulgaria Abstract PETROV, P., Mycelium waste in the compound feeds for growing pigs. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 12: Two experiments, comprising 54 pigs from the Shumen 1 hybrid were carried out at the Agricultural Institute - Shumen. The pigs were divided into three groups consisting of 9 castrated males. The experiments began immediately after weaning at days of age and finished at 97 and 93 days of age for the first and the second experiment respectively. The animals of the control and the experimental groups were fed compound feeds with equal level of energy, protein, amino acids and trace minerals. The difference in feeding consisted of the following: 10% dry matter of the basic compound feed (group I) were substituted by the same amount of dry matter of moist tylosine mycelium (group II) and the same percentage dry matter was substituted by dry tylosine mycelium (group III). It was established that including moist or dry non-inactivated mycelium in the feeds for the experimental groups led to the same results in relation to growth rate and feed conversion which decreased by 5-10%. No morphological changes were found out in the digestive organs and endocrinal glands in pigs fed non-inactivated mycelium. Tylosine was found out in the bile secretion in the pigs received moist non-inactivated mycelium and in the pigs received dry noninactivated mycelium, tylosine was found in the urine. Key words: pigs, feeding, mycelium, feed conversion Introduction Large amounts of mycelium waste are daily obtained in the process of antibiotic production. The mycelium is rich in nutrients and other biological active substances, but it also contains residual amounts of the produced antibiotic. In many cases, the mycelium is used without any control to feed animals. The presence of antibiotic in the mycelium and its perishables, especially in summer, cause additional difficulties in feeding animals. The studies on the mycelium waste are mainly connected either with determination of its chemical composition and nutritive value (Zivkovic, 1978; Paliev et al., 1983; Mateva et al., 1990; Petrov, 2002; Petrov and Panayotov, 2002) or with the feeding of different animal species (Matyaev et al., 1985; Mateva et al., 1990; Petrov and Panayotov, 1993). There are not sufficient number of studies in relation to the antibiotic influence of the non-inactivated mycelium on the clini-

2 588 P. Petrov cal and biochemical blood indices and its content in the organs and excretions in pigs, which have consumed non-inactivated mycelium (Petrov, 2002; Petrov and Panayotov, 2002 a). That's why it is indispensable the studies to be continued. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of mycelium, obtained in the tylosine production, the effect of its use on growing pigs, its influence on some blood indices and the tylosine content in the urine and bile secretion. Material and Methods Two experiments, comprising 54 growing pigs, divided into three groups, consisting of 9 castrated males from the Shumen 1 hybrid were carried out. The experiments began immediately after weaning at 34 days of age (6.9 kg live weight) and at 29 days of age (6.7 live weight) for the first and the second experiment respectively. The experiments finished on the 97th and the 93rd day after farrowing. Each experiment consisted of two sub-periods. The first one continued days and the second one days. The composition and the nutrient content of the compound feeds are given in Table 1. During the two growing sub-periods, the pigs of the control and the experimental groups took feeds with equal level of energy, protein, methionine+cystine, tryptophan, threoinine, calcium and phosphor. The compound feeds were prepared after preliminary determination of the procsimate Weende composition (Sandev, 1964). The difference in feeding consisted in the following: 10% dry matter of the basic feed (group I) were substituted by the same amount dry matter of moist tylosine mycelium (group II) and the same percentage dry matter was substituted by dry tylosine mycelium (group III). The moist tylosine mycelium is thick adhesive mash containing 30% dry matter and 20 µg tylosine. The dry mycelium is gray-white and contains 98% dry matter and 30 µg tylosine in 1 g. The animals were reared and fed in individual pens and the feed was given twice a day. The pigs of the different groups consumed equal quantity dry matter. The mycelium supplemented to the feeds for the experimental groups was homogenized with the basic feed. The animals drank water ad libitum from nipple drinkers. In order to establish the influence of the non-inactivated mycelium on the morphological changes in the digestive and parenhymal organs and the endocrine glands, 4 pigs of each group were slaughtered and after 14 days, 3 more animals from each group. Hematological analyses were done to check if there were any changes in the clinical and biochemical blood composition. The data was processed by the methods of the variation statistics (Snedekor, 1961). Results and Discussion The results of the chemical analysis of the components and mycelium participating in the compound feeds are given in Table 2. By comparison of data on dry matter basis, it is seen that the tylosine mycelium contains less organic matter than the carbohydrate and protein feeds. The protein content of mycelium is close to wheat bran, exceeds the carbohydrate feeds, but yields to the protein feeds. The trace minerals content is high %. The pigs of group II of the first experi-

3 Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs 589 Table 1 Composition and content of nutrients in 1 kg compound feed First sub-period Second sub-period Components, % Groups І,ІІ,ІІІ І,ІІ,ІІІ Maize Barley Wheat bran 8 10 Soybean meal Fish meal 6 4 Dry skimmed milk 5 Vitamin premix Dicalcium phosphate Limestone 0.2 Lysine concentrate 20% 0.4 Mixture of microelements Salt Total: kg compound feed contains, g: Food units Digestible nutrients (TDN) Digestible energy, kcal Metabolizable energy, kcal Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Lysine Methionine+cystine Tryptophane Calcium Phosphor Compound feed cost, % ment compared to those of group I, consumed less compound feed by 11% (P<0.01) than the animals of group III - 10% (P<0.001) (Table 3). The feed intake in the experimental pigs of the second experiment was less by 8% (P<0.001). The dry matter intake was less by 11% (P<0.001) in the pigs of group II of the

4 590 P. Petrov Table 2 Chemical composition of compound feed and mycelium to absolute dry matter, % Components Soybean meal Mixture of microelements Sodium chloride Dry Barley Wheat bran Traits Tylosine mycelium Maize Fish meal Vitamin premix 13 Lysine concentrate 20% Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Dry skimmed milk Biophurazolidon Moist І sub-period Organic matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber NFE Minerals Calcium Phosphor ІІ sub-period Organic matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber NFE Minerals Calcium Phosphor

5 Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs 591 Table 3 Experimental data First experiment Second experiment Traits Groups І ІІ ІІІ І ІІ ІІІ Feed in take, animal/day Compound feed, kg Tylosine mycelium, mois t, kg Tylosine mycelium, dry, kg Crude fiber, kg of compound feed of tylosine mycelium, most, kg of tylos ine mycelium, dry, kg total, kg Dry matter, kg of compound feed of tylos ine mycelium, most, kg of tylos ine mycelium, dry, kg total, kg Calcium, kg of compound feed of tylosine mycelium, most, kg of tylosine mycelium, dry, kg total, kg Phosphor, kg of compound feed of tylosine mycelium, most, kg of tylosine mycelium, dry, kg total, kg Live weight, kg at the beginning of the experiment at the end of the experiment A verag e d aily g ain, g S x Cx Feed conversion per 1 kg gain Compound feed, kg Tylosine mycelium, most, kg Tylosine mycelium, dry, kg Dry matter, kg Crude protein, kg Compound feed cost Per 1 kg gain, %

6 592 P. Petrov first experiment and in the animals of group III - less by 10% (P<0.01). The dry matter intake in the pigs of the two experimental groups of the second experiment was less by 8% (P<0.001). Practically, the total dry matter intake in the animals of the three groups was equal. This shows that the experimental scheme has been observed. The protein intake in the animals of the experimental groups of the first experiment was less by 11-10% (P<0.001) and in the pigs of the second experiment - less by 8% (P<0.001). The protein intake for each group of both experiments was equal. The pigs of group I took protein from the compound feed and the experimental animals took protein from the compound feed and mycelium. The calcium intake in the animals of the second and the third groups was higher by 17-22% (P<0.001) and 32-26% (P<0.001) respectively. The higher calcium intake was due to the higher calcium content of mycelium. The total phosphor intake was equal in the different groups of each experiment. The average daily gain was equal in the pigs of group I and III of the first experiment. The animals of these groups consumed dry non-inactivated mycelium (Table 3). The gain in the pigs of group II decreased by 8% and the difference between I-II and II-III group was significant (P<0.001). The gain in the animals of the second experiment was equal in the three groups, but the differences were insignificant. By summarizing the data of the average daily gain of the two experiments it is seen that the results are equal for all groups and the differences are insignificant. The animals of the second groups consumed per 1 kg gain less compound feed by 3-10% and those of the third groups - by 8-6%. The differences between the groups regarding the conversion of dry matter and protein, in most cases were unessential. Including moist tylosine mycelium into the compound feed for the second groups decreased the feed cost per 1 kg gain by 3-10%. The pigs of the third groups consumed compound feed with dry tylosine mycelium and as a result of it the feed cost increased by 9-11%. The difference was significant between group I - II (P<0.01) and between group II-III (P<0.05) of the second experiment. The histological analysis of the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, heart, small intestines, large intestines, intestinal content, stomach, skeleton musculature and thyroid of the pigs of the control and the experimental groups, slaughtered on the last experimental day, did not show degenerative and vessel injuries, which can be related to mycelium. The mycelium did not influence the structure of endocrine glands. The histological picture of the analyzed organs of the pigs of the experimental group was analogical to that one of the control group. The influence of non-inactivated mycelium on some clinical and biochemical blood indices of pigs slaughtered on the last experimental day and 14 days after that is given in Table 4. The results showed that there were not significant statistical differences of the traits studied between the pigs from the different groups. This indicated that the mycelium doses and the duration of application did not influence the clinical and biochemical blood composition. Judging by the clinical and biochemical blood composition, we could say that the mycelium did not have negative influence on the functions of the blood vessels, the liver and kidneys. The results in Table 5 showed that there

7 Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs 593 Table 4 Influence of the antibiotic mycelium on some clinical and biochemical blood traits in pigs Traits On the last experimental day Groups І ІІ ІІІ 14 days after the end of the experiment On the last experimental day 14 days after the end of the experiment On the last experimental day 14 days after the end of the experiment Hemoglobin, g % 5.00± ± ± ± ± ±0.10 Hamatocrit, % 42.70± ± ± ± ± ±3.10 Erythrocytes, 10 6 /mm ± ± ± ± ± ±0.26 Leucocytes, 10 3 /mm ± ± ± ± ± ±1.07 Differential blood picture, % Neutrophilus Sg St Lymphocytes Monocytes Basophylus Eosinophylus Sedimentatio erythocytorum, mm 1 st hour 6.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.0 2 nd hour 9.0± ± ± ± ± ±0.7 Urea in blood, mg/100 ml 15.2± ± ± ± ± ±1.6 SGOT, UI/1 14.5± ± ±1.9 SGOT, UI/1 4.5± ± ±0.4

8 594 P. Petrov Table 5 Tylosine concentration ( µ g/ml) in the urine and the bile secretion in pigs treated with antibiotic mycelium Group Pig number Urine Bile І І І І ІІ ІІ ІІ ІІ ІІІ ІІІ ІІІ ІІІ was no antibiotic in the urine and bile secretion of the pigs of group I. No tylosine was found out in the urine of the pigs of group II, but in the bile secretion of the same pigs, 2.3 to 3.5 µg/ml antibiotic was found out in all samples. Tylosine was found out in 2 out of 4 urine samples and in all 4 bile secretion samples taken from the pigs of group III. This makes the mycelium use futureless in animal breeding, since there is a probable danger that residual antibiotic amounts might remain in the foodstuffs and the pathogen microorganisms would become resistant to tylosine. It was established that after 14 days, without feeding non-inactivated mycelium, the antibiotic in the pigs' body was eliminated. Conclusions The chemical composition of non-inactivated moist tylosine mycelium to absolute dry matter is % organic matter, % crude protein, 7.50% crude fat, 16.93% NFE, 56.74% trace minerals, 2.55% Ca and 0.72% P. The chemical composition of non-inactivated dry tylosine mycelium to absolute dry matter is 45.18% organic matter, 19.99% crude protein, 6.92% crude fat, 1.92% crude fiber, 16.35% NFE, 54.82% trace minerals, 3.95% Ca and 0.59% P. Substituting 8-10% dry matter of the compound feed by moist or dry non-inactivated tylosine mycelium leads to equal results regarding growth rate. The feed conversion per 1 kg gain decreases by 5-10%. The feed cost per 1 kg gain increases by 9-11% in the animals consumed dry mycelium. There are no morphological changes in the digestive and the parenchymal organs and the endocrine glands in the pigs fed non-inactivated mycelium. Tylosine was found out in the bile secretion of the pigs consumed liquid noninactivated mycelium and in those con-

9 Mycelium Waste in the Compound Feeds for Growing Pigs 595 sumed dry non-inactivated mycelium, tylosine was found out in the urine and bile secretion. For this reason non-inactivated moist or dry mycelium is not suitable for feeding pigs. References Mateva, M., G. Grozev, S. Sandev and M. Petkova, Mycelium from antibiotic production used as feed for ruminants. Animal Science, 27 (7): (Bg). Paliev, H., H. Clisourov, S. Kanev and D. Tankov, Study on the waste mycelium mass from tylosine-phosphate production as a component of starter mixtures for early-weaned pigs. Animal Science, 20 (6): (Bg). Petrov, P., Study of the mycelium waste as a component in the mixtures for growing pigs. Collection of Reports of Scientific Conference with International Participation "Stara Zagora 2002", Stara Zagora, 6-7 July 2002, Union of Researchers, Stara Zagora, 2002, vol. II: (Bg). Petrov, P. and P. Panayotov, Establishing the effect of feeding inactivated mycelium in fattening pigs. Animal Science, 30 (8): (Bg). Petrov, P. and P. Panayotov, Effect of tylosine mycelium as a component in feeds for fattening pigs. I Chemical composition and fattening abilities. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 5 (3): (Bg). Petrov, P. and P. Panayotov, 2002 a. Effect of tylosine mycelium as a component in feeds for fattening pigs. II Concentration in the organs and influence on the clinical and biochemical blood traits. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 5 (5): (Bg). Snedekor, D., Statistical methods of application the studies in biology and agriculture. Kolos, Moscow, 504 pp. (Ru). Zivkovic, S., Utacaj micela u ishrani prasadi u starter pariodu, Krmiva, 20 (5): (Sr). Received June, 2, 2005; accepted April, 23, 2006.