igalen Klamax FAQs* You have questions? We have answers!

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1 igalen Klamax FAQs* You have questions? We have answers! What are stem cells? In the last decade, a growing scientific interest has underlined the potentially huge role of adult stem cells in the maintenance and repairing of human and animal life-sustaining tissues. Adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells only as they are produced after birth, but are very similar to embryonic stem cells in their ability to differentiate into new and specialized cells. This replaces dying or damaged cells - contributing to the regeneration of damaged bodily tissues. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent - they are able to differentiate in any cell of the body. Adult stem cells (ASC) can be multipotent but also be unipotent - are able to self-renew only into one type of cells. However, this is not necessarily a limitation. ASC are characterized as specific, compartmentalized cells. Some of them have many functions while others seem to have a more limited function. So far, the list includes: hematopoietic, neural, mesenchymal, endothelial, mammary, olfactory, intestinal and testicular stem cells. However, among the various types of ASC, only some seem to have this more systemic ability for the self-renewal of the organism: Hematopoietic stem cells: found in the bone marrow of adults. This gives rise to all the blood cell types, from red blood cells (erythrocytes) to immune cells (NK cells, T and B cells, macrophages); Neural stem cells: found in the adult human brain, and responsible for the ability of the brain to generate new neurons, as it happens for instance after a stroke. Unfortunately, neural stem cells proliferation declines with aging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): isolated from placenta, adipose tissue, lung, bone marrow and blood, and teeth. They can differentiate into fibroblasts (skin), osteoblasts (bones), chondroblasts (cartilage), adipocytes (fatty tissues), and hepatocytes (liver cells), while also modulating immune response. MSC can convert into endothelial stem cells (ESC), and vice versa, in a process that is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Research shows that these types of stem cells constitute a system of self-maintenance and selfrenewal able to keep the human and animal organism healthy and young. The secret is to find natural substances, such as AFA microalgae, that are able to strongly support and maintain the activity and metabolism of those most fundamental stem cells. What is AFA? What is unique about Klamath Lake? AFA stands for Aphanizomenon flos aquae, the Invisible flower of the water. There are about 60 different types of AFA. However, the one that is widely consumed as a nutritional supplement is the strain that is uniquely found in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, USA. It is specifically named Aphanizomenon flos aquae Ralfs ex Born. & Flah. Var. flos aquae. Page 1 of 8

2 Klamath AFA is unique due the special conditions of lake itself. Upper Klamath Lake is nested in an area of volcanic mountains. It is high up at 1300 meters of altitude. It is surrounded by a desert. As a result, it has 300 days of sunshine per year (great opportunities for photosynthesis), and very cold winters that force AFA algae to produce essential fatty acids such as Omega 3. The Lake itself is rather large (approx. 52 x 12 km), but also rather shallow, again favoring microalgal photosynthesis, but with a volcanic mineral deposit of up to 10 meters, explaining the unique mineral richness of Klamath AFA. In spite of the badmouthing of the lake by interested critics, the lake is as pristine as a lake can be today. It is one the most important sites for permanent and migrating birds in Western USA, and in the summer you can find tens of thousands of birds as the only inhabitants of the lake (of course besides the vast stock of fish they feed upon), ranging from the famous Dancing Grebes ( ) to Pelicans to Bald Eagles, the symbol of the United States which can survive only in unpolluted areas. In this extraordinary environment, Klamath AFA, is harvested wild and is possibly the richest food on earth. In absolute terms Klamath AFA beats pretty much any other food or superfood in terms of nutrition. Its super-rich nutritional profile includes: All the 14 vitamins, with high concentrations of vitamin A (in the form of pro-vitamin A carotenes) B vitamins, including a high quantity of vitamin B12 and folates (the natural form of folic acid or vitamin B9) which is extremely important to prevent the accumulation of the toxic amino acid homocysteine Vitamin K, important for bone and teeth health, and for proper blood coagulation Small but useful quantities of vitamin C and E Klamath AFA has also the widest content of more than 70 minerals and trace minerals, including significant quantities of iron, natural fluorine, and vanadium, essential for insulin metabolism and the metabolic syndrome. Klamath AFA is also a good source of Omega 3 fatty acids, and has the widest spectrum of carotenoids, including important xantophylls such as lutein, zaxanthin, astaxanthin and licopene. We recently discovered also that AFA has possibly the highest content of polyphenols. Speaking of nutraceutical molecules, Klamath AFA has such an important array of such molecules, that their discovery over time explained many of the apparently miraculous health effects that people reported experiencing. It is from the research developed mainly by my own (Dr. Scoglio s) research group that specific AFA extracts were invented that concentrated some of the most relevant AFA molecules: phenylethylamine (PEA) and supporting MAO-B enzymes inhibiting molecules, to create Klamin with its wide neuromodulating and immune-modulating properties. Page 2 of 8

3 AFA-phycocyanins, concentrated in the Aphamax extract, with their antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. These molecules, though, work together also to stimulate stem cells metabolism, an action that complements and completes the many essential properties we mentioned above, making the complex of the two extracts possibly the most perfect supplement to enhance health, wellness and youthfulness. How is AFA better than Spirulina and Chlorella? Spirulina is the other cyanobacterial microalgae consumed as a nutritional supplement. Both AFA and Spirulina are "blue-green algae", that is they belong to the class of primordial cyanobacteria, the first form of life on the planet, also called procaryotes, which differs from all other forms of subsequent life insofar as they do not have a cell wall, they are easily digested. On the other hand, Chlorella, which is a single celled microalgae, but not a cyanobacteria, has a tough membrane that needs to be mechanically destroyed to make it digestible for humans. They also precede the distinction between vegetables and animals, and so, while they are bluegreen and live in water, they have up to 70% of proteins. Both also have one of the highest concentration of chlorophyll of all green foods, and contain exclusively the specific cyanobacterial pigments phycocyanins, endowed with many and profound health properties. However, besides their common traits, there are also very significant differences between AFA Klamath, Spirulina and Chlorella, as made clear by the following table: Property Klamath Spirulina Chlorella Notes Growth Wild Ponds Ponds Wild foods have always been considered much more vital and healthy Vitamins Klamath has a much higher concentration of B vitamins, while vitamins C and E are practically present only in AFA. Carotenes & Xantophylls Complete spectrum Lesser spectrum, lower quantities. Even lesser spectrum and lower quantities Only AFA contains high quantities of : alpha/beta and gamma carotenes, in the form cis and trans; plus: astaxhantin, lutein, zeaxanthin, cantaxanthin, licopene Vitamin B12 Highest quantity (6-8 mcg) Low quantity (1-2 mcg) Low quantity (1-2 mcg) AFA is the only one with a human study showing the effectiveness of its B12 Minerals / Trace Minerals More than 70 minerals and trace minerals Limited variety and quantity of minerals Limited variety and quantity of minerals Only AFA has a significant content of iron, natural fluorine, vanadium, plus the complete spectrum of trace minerals. Omega 3 15 mg./gr. No No Phycocyanin AFA-phycocyanins 50 C-phycocyanin 50 No AFA-phycocyanins are up to 200 times more powerful than Spirulina C-PCs. Page 3 of 8

4 Property Klamath Spirulina Chlorella Notes mg/gr mg/gr Phenylethylamine (PEA) 3 mg./gr. No No Essential difference in neuro-modulation and immune-modulation Immune Mobilization of NK cells; activation of T and B cells + macrophages General immune support, but no mobilization General immune support, but no mobilization All 3 microalgae enhance the strength and activity of the immune system, but only AFA has shown to be able, thanks to its PEA, to mobilize immune cells. Stem cells Proven activity on release and mobilization No No This is probably the most essential difference, and very likely due again to PEA What is Klamax and how does it differ from AFA and other AFA products? Klamax is a proprietary combination of the two patented AFA extracts Klamin and AphaMax, which concentrates the relevant molecules from AFA 5-7:1. Each extract has independent and unique properties, but together they perform a complete action on both somatic and neuronal stem cells. Other AFA extracts were supposed to concentrate other molecules, even though they probably were secretly and illegally reproducing our patented Klamin and AphaMax extracts. However, today s available extracts are either fake, being presented as extracts but really having the same or less concentration that the whole algae; or they are diluted with other substances such as spirulina. As such, their molecular concentration is lower than the whole AFA. Only with Klamax you get the true extracts, endowed with many health-enhancing properties, including the ability to work synergistically to promote both the release and the circulation of somatic and neuronal stem cells. What are Klamin and AphaMax? Both Klamin and AphaMax are water extracts from AFA, and each represent a specific fraction of the whole microalgae. The difference between the two is that while both are water mechanical extracts, the water extract is produced through different Ultrafiltration membranes: Klamin concentrates for the most part the small molecular weight molecules, and only some of the higher molecular weight phycocyanins; AphaMax concentrates the mid-range of molecular weight, thus generating the highest concentration AFA-phycocyanins. Each extract concentrates its relevant molecules approximately 5:1. So, Klamin concentrates the unique phenylethylamine (PEA) molecule from approx. 3 mg/gr to mg/gr; and the mycosporine-like amino acids Porphyra and Shinorine from approx. 0.8 mg/gr to 2.7 mg/gr. Page 4 of 8

5 AphaMax concentrates the unique AFA-phycocyanins from approx. 50 mg/gr in the whole AFA to approx. 250 mg/gr in the extract. Overall, each gram of the extract provides the same quantity of molecules of 5 to 7 grams of whole AFA. Even though each extract has its own action on stem cells, and together they perform a total action on both somatic and neuronal stem cells, each extract has further and very important specific properties, backed by significant scientific evidence: Klamin : PEA has very wide neuro-modulating and immune-modulating properties. It is also considered the "molecule of love". Our brain produces it mostly when we are in love, or happy or enthusiastic about something. We all know that when we are in love we are happy, healthy and thin (also because love, by stimulating dopamine, makes one feel satiated and not hungry at all). PEA may be the molecule responsible for all that. PEA is known to be a general neuromodulator. It is also a powerful immune-modulator even with activities at the digestive and gastro-intestinal levels. Taking the PEA by itself would be useless, as once ingested is rapidly destroyed by the enzymes monoaminooxidase-b (MAO-B). Klamin solves this problem as it contains other molecules, such as AFA-phycocyanins and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which act as powerful yet physiological MAO-B inhibitors. Klamin has proven its efficacy in different clinical studies on mood, depression, anxiety and stress, fatigue, ADHD, autism, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, MS; as well as on the increase of libido and as a powerful appetite suppressant, inhibiting especially the so called nervous hunger, the nervous munching between meals. You can find a summary of these studies in my Booklet on Klamin and AphaMax clinical studies. AphaMax : the specific phycocyanins of AFA, the AFA-phycocyanins concentrated in AphaMax, have proven to be the most powerful antioxidant of all known molecules - up to 40 times more powerful than quercetine and catechines. They are also very powerful anti-inflammatory substances, comparable to the new COX-2 inhibiting drugs but without the side effects. Tested on mice that were injected with capsaicin in stomach and urinary bladder, with a huge increase in inflammation, when also given AphaMax the inflammation was completely, 100% inhibited. We have also done a human study on psoriasis, and with only 3 tablets a day of a product based on AphaMax, 8 out of 10 patients had their psoriasis solved within 3 months. We have done research related to cancer proliferation, and we have found a very strong ability of AFA-phycocyanins to generate the apoptosis (self-death) of cancer cells, as well as the ability to inhibit the generation of cancer metastases. They are only preliminary data, but very promising. As phycocyanins are also able to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts, the skin s own stem cells, and have also a very powerful fibrinolytic activity (the ability to dissolve the fibrin that keeps together both the cardiovascular plaque as well as cellulite tissues) AphaMax is also at the core of the transdermal project and patent. Page 5 of 8

6 Both Klamin and AphaMax have also a powerful activity on stem cells, and studies have proven the ability of all the molecules concentrated in the two extracts to promote both the release and the circulation of both somatic and neural stem cells. How does Klamax help stem cell release? What are stem cell releasers? Warning! This is going to get very technical. We have seen that stem cells are the repair and maintenance mechanism our body uses to keep us young and healthy. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are generated for the most part in the bone marrow of different bones, while neural stem cells are generated from within the brain through mechanisms that are still not fully understood. In order for stem cells to be able to perform their repairing function, they first have to be released from the original site of production, and then have to migrate toward the bodily site in need of repair. The ways in which stems cells are released are various, and still not fully known. Hematopoietic stem cells are kept in the bone marrow. They are attached to cell receptors called Selectins (L-selectin, E-selectin), so substances that attach to the Selectin receptor, prevent the attachment of the stem cells, which are thus released into the bloodstream. AFA algae has been shown to contain one such L-selectin ligand, which makes AFA able to stimulate the release of hematopoietic stem cells. But there are other mechanisms of release that are affected by AFA s molecular components. A major one is the degradation of stem cells niches (where stem cells are kept) by fibrinolysis (the dissolving of fibrin) and proteolysis (the dissolving of extra-cellular tissues by protease enzymes), something that AFA-phycocyanins do by stimulating both fibrinolysis and proteolysis directly, and by indirectly (via the stimulation of urokinase) activating the matrix metallo-proteinases, which are the endogenous molecules mainly responsible for the proteolytic degradation of unnecessary tissues. This is also the mechanism by which phycocyanins stimulate the proliferation and release of fibroblasts, the stem cells of the skin; but it also applies to almost all other mesenchymal stem cells, making thus AFA-phycocyanins a very powerful general somatic stem cells releaser. One more path to enhance the release of stem cells has been recently discovered, and is related to the circadian rhythms, insofar as they regulate the secretion of adrenaline into the bone marrow, adrenaline which through various mechanisms enhance the proliferation of stem cells. Here, Klamax plays another important role, as its PEA acts as an activator of the dopaminergic cascade, which leads to a higher production of adrenaline. Finally PEA, and the Klamin extract that concentrates it, have shown to play a very important role in the release and proliferation of neural stem cells, the brain and nervous system specific stem cells: Klamin does indeed very significantly increases, in animals, the production of brain erythropoietin (EPO), which is the general precursor of neuroblasts (the activated version of neural stem cells), which in turn is the mother of all neuronal tissues and neurotransmitters. Klamax thus promotes the release of stem cells, both somatic and neuronal, in almost all the various ways that have been identified as paths for their generation and release. When we then move to the migration of stem cells, here too Klamax helps significantly. Once in the blood, stem cells have to migrate towards the bodily site in need of repair. Here emerges the cheating that has been done by other AFA companies and their presumed "scientists". They patented an AFA compound they defined as a polysaccharide, to be concentrated through an Page 6 of 8

7 ethanol extraction. But soon after, realizing that the actual mobilizing compound was a different one, published an article explaining that the mobilizing factor for immune cells (which are very similar to stem cells) was a set of "low molecular weight peptides", without though defining the actual nature of such compounds. Among low molecular weight molecules there are both PEA and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), both of which are concentrated in the patented Klamin extract. Since they could not reveal they were actually reproducing my patented extract, they kept talking about ethanol extract and polysaccharides. But the reality is that the molecules activating the migration of stem cells from the blood into tissues are PEA and MAAs, both of which have receptors in immune cells and very likely in stem cells, that are moved to migrate once PEA and MAAs attach to them. This means that Klamax, concentrating both AFA-phycocyanins in the Aphamax extract, and PEA and MAAs in the Klamin extract, has the ability of acting on all types of stem cells, both somatic and neuronal, stimulating both their release into the bloodstream and their migration from the bloodstream into organs and tissues. Why is Klamax made in Italy when the AFA comes from Lake Klamath in the United States? While our AFA algae is harvested from Klamath Lake, in Oregon, USA, the manufacturing branch of the Nutrigea group of companies, which is the group that owns the patents and has licensed Klamax to igalen, is in Italy. It is at the Blue Lotus factory that the pre-mix beverage formula has been developed, and where very stringent quality controls guarantee that the product is clean, effective and free of any contaminants or excipients. How soon will I see benefits of taking Klamax? Some benefits can be immediate, such as mental clarity and mood improvement. Other benefits can emerge over time. Better energy, better sleep and stress reduction may appear within the first few weeks. Same also with sex drive and reduction of nervous appetite. The effects on the immune system, either for winter illnesses or for allergies, can be seen within the first 2-3 months (in case of allergies, better double the dose). For more therapeutic interventions, involving neurodegenerative conditions, improvements can be seen sometimes surprisingly fast, but deeper result will require at least 6 months. Does it interact with food? Does it interact with medicine? There are no known interactions with any pharmaceutical drugs. AphaMax has proven to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, but without reducing its activity. As to food, the only interaction can be better digestion, better assimilation, and reduction of the glycemic intake. However, for best results it would be better to drink Klamax on an empty stomach, but also up to 30 minutes before a meal. What are the innovations coming from igalen? The Klamax formula is exclusive to igalen worldwide. It is an innovative formula, since a product mixing Klamin and AphaMax was never before produced. Page 7 of 8

8 Moreover, igalen will launch in the next months the absolutely innovative Klamére Transdermal system, based on the concept of the delivery of the AFA-phycocyanins through the skin and into the derma, with extraordinary results on conditions such as cellulite, stretchmarks, skin tonicity and wrinkles, as well as physiotherapy conditions such as muscle lesions, joint inflammation and calcifications. Whoever has seen the results of such methodology, has concluded that this will be a real game changer, which has been licensed with a worldwide exclusive to igalen for home and personal use. *All information is from the corporate igalen website. Page 8 of 8