ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF ACID RAIN
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1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF ACID RAIN Anthropogenic acidification: result of sulphur dioxide emissions from coalfired power plants. (United States Geological Survey) TRIPLE WHAMMY OF ACID RAIN: REMOVAL OF NATURAL BUFFERING (Ca and Mg) MORE ALUMINUM LEACHED FROM SOIL ADDS MORE ACID TO SOIL & WATER
2 2 15 THRESHOLDS OF RESPONSE OF ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLTS TO ACID & ALUMINUM Day 6 Fresh water Seawater Smolts are more sensitive to acid and Al than other life stages. High levels of Al i are lethal, lower levels result in loss of salinity tolerance. Plasma chloride (mm) 1 % Mort 1 % Mort tality tality Even very low levels of Al i ph 5.3 can reverse salinity tolerance, without detectable impacts in fresh water. Gill Na +,K + ATPase activity (μmol ADP mg protein -1 h -1 ) 1 % Mortality 1 % Mortality µg/l ph Al ph Al ph Al ph Al ph Al ph Al (Monette & McCormick, unpublished) ph Al ph Al
3 GILL MORPHOLOGY OF ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLTS TO CHRONIC (6 DAYS) ACID & ALUMINUM EXPOSURE ph 6.5, 3 µg/l Al i ph 5.3, 11 µg/l Al i ph 5.3, 42 µg/l Al i (Matey, Monette & McCormick, unpublished) LAMELLAR FUSION
4 GILL MORPHOLOGY OF ATLANTIC SALMON SMOLTS TO CHRONIC (6 DAYS) ACID & ALUMINUM EXPOSURE ph 6.5, 3 µg/l Al i ph 5.3, 11 µg/l Al i ph 5.3, 42 µg/l Al i Smaller chloride cells Fewer chloride cells Na,K-ATPase immunoreactive chloride cells: number: cells/mm size: μm 2 (Monette & McCormick, unpublished)
5 STREAM-SIDE REARING OF SMOLTS IN EASTERN MAINE RIVERS: HOLD SMOLTS IN NATURAL WATERS FOR 3 AND 6 DAYS DURING NORMAL SPRING MIGRATION, MONITOR SURVIVAL AND PHYSIOLOGY NOAA-FISHERIES TRENT LIEBICH DAN KIRCHIES
6 Eastern Maine Upstream Pleasant & Narrguagus, 25 All other sites ride (mm) Pla asma Chlor ph ph-related LOSS OF PLASMA IONS; BASED ON LAB STUDIES, THESE FISH ARE LIKELY TO HAVE LOST SALINITY TOLERANCE
7 Paired ph and Aluminum measurements from New England Waters: 27 5 June April September c Aluminum m (μg/l) Inorgani lethal to smolts loss of salinity tolerance in smolts Vermont New Hampshire Maine ph
8 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN ATLANTIC SALMON Increased spraying of matacil (containing 2% nonylphenol) is correlated with poorer smolt-to-adult survival of Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick rivers arge salmon Smolt- -to-adult Su urvival (%) nt survival of l Perce Matapedia Patapedia Upsalquitch p<.14 Kedgwick Percent of Basin Sprayed (Fairchild et al., 1999)
9 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF THE PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON PLAS SMA SODIUM (mm) (ng/ml) LASMA IGF-I PL NONYLPHENOL CAUSED LOSS OF SEAWATER TOLERANCE THROUGH AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR PATHWAY ( IGF-I). I). BUT THIS ONLY OCCURRED AT RELATIVELY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS, HIGHER THAN THOSE SEEN IN NATURE. ARE OTHER LIFE STAGES MORE SENSITIVE? (McCormick et al. 25)
10 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF THE PARR-SMOLT TRANSFORMATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON Exposure as yolk-sac larvae for 21 days Nonylphenol yp (6 & 6 ppb) and estradiol (2 ppb) 1 Year, in clean water Smolts-sampling sampling Freshwater Seawater challenge Stress Seawater preference (LERNER, BJORNSSON & MCCORMICK, 27)
11 EFFECT OF NONYLPHENOL ON SURVIVAL OF ATLANTIC SALMON EXPOSED AS YOLK-SAC LARVAE Cumm mulative mo ortality (%) Vehicle E 2 NP-L NP-H NP Day Day 21 Day 51 Day 81 Exposure MORTALITY OCCURRED AT HIGH NP (6 ppb) CONCENTRATIONS (THIS DOSE DID NOT KILL SMOLTS) DELAYED MORTALITY 3 DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE AT LOW NP (6 ppb)
12 EFFECT OF NONYLPHENOL AND ESTRADIOL ON SMOLT DEVELOPMENT, ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE (mm) Plasma chloride FW SW Vehicle E 2 NP A Gill Na +, K + -ATPase and seawater tolerance are significantly reduced in smolts 1 year after exposure to NP as larvae. e activity in -1. h) Gill l Na +,K + - ATPas (μ μmol. mg prote B Vehicle E 2 NP
13 EFFECT OF NONYLPHENOL AND ESTRADIOL ON SMOLT ENDOCRINOLOGY, ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE p = Plasma Thyroxine (ng ml -1 ) Plasma Triiodothyronine (ng ml -1 ) ) VC E 2 NP VC E 2 NP Plasma IGF-I (ng ml -1 ) Plasma Growthh Hormone (ng ml -1 ) p =.232 VC E VC E 2 NP 2 NP
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