AP Biology Chapter 29 Study Guide Multiple Choice

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1 AP Biology Chapter 29 Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Most of the water in the body is found a. in the interstices between cells. b. intracellularly. c. in the plasma. d. in the digestive tract. e. as cerebrospinal fluid that cushions nerves. 2. The mechanisms of homeostasis a. maintain a relatively constant internal physiological environment regardless of the changes in the external environment. b. keep vital organs working at their maximum potential. c. keep all cells working at the same metabolic rate. d. keep the body s metabolic rate constant in varying environmental temperatures. e. keep the body s temperature absolutely constant in varying environmental temperatures. 3. Homeostasis refers to the tendency to keep particular components of the internal environment a. matched to the external environment. b. the same relative to one another. c. in a relatively steady state over time. d. under the control of the brain. e. at the same specific temperature. 4. Which of the following tissue types is likely to be found lining an outer body surface? a. Nervous b. Epithelial c. Muscle d. Connective e. Glial 5. Although there are many kinds of specialized cell types, there are only kinds of tissue. a. 2 b. 14 c. 4 d. 3 e Which of the following is not a type of muscle tissue? a. Cardiac b. Connective c. Smooth d. Skeletal e. All of the above are types of muscle tissue. 7. Which of the following statements about body tissues is false? a. The protein elastin is found in tissues that are regularly stretched. b. An organ is usually composed of a single type of tissue. c. Epithelial tissue lines inner and outer body surfaces. d. Adipose tissue is a form of connective tissue. 8. While working in a laboratory, you are shown a slide containing animal tissue composed of elongated cells and are told that they represent the most abundant tissue type in the body. What is the function of this tissue? a. Thermoregulation b. Conducting nerve impulses c. Generating forces and causing movement d. Giving strength to the skin e. Carrying oxygen throughout the body 9. The strength of skin and of the connections between bones is due to the protein a. collagen. b. actin. c. elastin. d. myosin. e. Both a and c 10. Bone and blood are both types of tissue. a. connective b. epithelial c. matrix d. muscle e. nervous 11. Connective tissues differ from one another mostly in their a. cellular structure. b. function in support. c. matrix composition and properties. d. location in the body. e. cell packing.

2 12. Cartilage is a type of tissue. a. connective b. epithelial c. matrix d. muscle e. nervous 13. When the pool guy comes to maintain your swimming pool, he uses litmus paper to check its ph and compares that result against a predetermined value. He finds that your pool s ph is 1.5 units below the accepted value. That difference of 1.5 units represents a. an error signal. b. negative feedback. c. positive feedback. d. feedforward information. e. the set point. 14. In the human thermoregulatory system, skin temperature a. provides feedforward information. b. acts as a set point for metabolic heat production. c. provides positive feedback information. d. provides an error signal. e. provides negative feedback information. 15. In regulatory systems, the phenomenon of negative feedback a. is the least common type of feedback mechanism. b. stimulates a return to set point. c. amplifies a response. d. disrupts homeostasis. 16. Which of the following would serve to change the set point of a regulatory system? a. Negative feedback b. Positive feedback c. Feedforward information d. Insensitivity to information 17. Positive feedback responses a. are long-term, stable influences in the body. b. tend to return a system to its set point. c. are more common than negative feedback responses. d. tend to reach a limit and then terminate. e. cause physiological parameters to cycle above and below a set point. 18. The upper temperature limit at which cells can function is determined by the a. boiling point of water. b. melting point of water. c. melting point of fats. d. denaturation point of proteins. e. denaturation point of nucleic acids. 19. The Q 10, which describes the sensitivity of a reaction to temperature, is calculated as the a. rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at 10 C. b. rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at a temperature 10 C lower. c. rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at a temperature 10 C higher. d. temperature at which the rate of a certain process doubles. e. temperature at which the rate of a certain process becomes insignificant. 20. Which of the following Q 10 values indicates that a reaction is not temperature-sensitive? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 8 e A Q 10 value of 3 indicates that a reaction rate has over a temperature range of 10 C. a. increased by 3 orders of magnitude b. decreased by 3 orders of magnitude c. tripled d. decreased to one-third the normal rate 22. Most physiological processes a. occur more rapidly at higher temperatures. b. occur less rapidly at higher temperatures. c. are not temperature-sensitive. d. maintain a constant rate as temperature increases.

3 23. Environmental temperature influences the body temperature of many animals, especially those that live in environments. a. cave b. urban c. aquatic d. terrestrial e. mountaintop 24. Which of the following animals are endotherms? a. Fishes b. Amphibians c. Birds d. Mammals e. Both c and d 25. Readjustment of an ectotherm s metabolic rate to compensate for seasonal thermal change is caused by the production of a. fluorescent pigments that generate heat as a byproduct. b. pyrogens. c. different sets of enzymes that have different temperature optima. d. countercurrent exchangers. 26. In response to a 10 C rise in environmental temperature, an endotherm s body temperature will a. rise at a constant rate. b. fall at a constant rate. c. fall to a point and then become stable. d. rise to a point and then become stable. e. remain relatively constant. 27. Organisms that depend largely on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature are called a. homeothermic. b. endothermic. c. heterothermic. d. ectothermic. e. mesothermic. 28. As the environmental temperature in a closed, empty chamber increases (from 15 C up to 25 C), the metabolic rate of an ectotherm such as a lizard, and that of an endotherm such as a mouse. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases 29. Metabolic rate is frequently measured by a. the speed of neural transmission. b. a value called Q 10. c. the rate of protein digestion. d. the number of breaths per minute. e. the rate of O 2 consumption. 30. Choose the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to the environmental conditions described. The environmental temperature begins at the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone and decreases 3 5 C below that point. a. Increased metabolic rate b. Decreased metabolic rate c. No change in metabolic rate d. Death 31. Choose the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to the environmental conditions described. The environmental temperature fluctuates 3 5 C between the upper and the lower limits of the thermoneutral zone. a. Increased metabolic rate b. Decreased metabolic rate c. No change in metabolic rate d. Death 32. Choose the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to the environmental conditions described. The environmental temperature begins at the lower limit of the thermoneutral zone and increases 3 5 C above that point. a. Increased metabolic rate b. Decreased metabolic rate c. No change in metabolic rate d. Death 33. Choose the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to the environmental conditions described. The environmental temperature begins at the lower limit of the thermoneutral zone and decreases 3 5 C below that point. a. Increased metabolic rate b. Decreased metabolic rate c. No change in metabolic rate d. Death

4 34. Which of the following does not describe the limits of the thermoneutral zone in an endotherm? a. The range of environmental temperatures between the upper critical and lower critical temperatures b. The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism exhibits a basal metabolic rate c. The range of body temperatures at which the metabolic rate is maximum d. The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism s metabolic rate does not increase for thermoregulation e. All of the above describe the limits of the thermoneutral zone. 35. Endotherms invest energy to maintain their body temperature across most of the range of environmental temperatures they encounter, except in the range of environmental temperatures a. that allow them to sweat. b. compromising their thermoneutral zone. c. above 45 C. d. they encounter at night. e. below 0 C. 36. Within a range of environmental temperatures called the thermoneutral zone, the metabolic rate of an endotherm is a. variable. b. low, and independent of temperature. c. high, and independent of temperature. d. below the basal metabolic rate. e. dependent upon the temperature. 37. Which of the following statements about heat exchange is false? a. Conduction is the direct transfer of heat between two objects of different temperatures that have come into contact. b. Evaporation of water from the surface of the body heats the body. c. Some endotherms can change the rate of heat exchange between their bodies and the external environment by changing blood flow to the skin. d. Animals may lose heat by convection when they are exposed to wind with a temperature below that of their body surface. 38. Which statement about brown fat is true? a. It produces heat without producing ATP. b. It insulates animals acclimatized to cold. c. It is a major source of heat production for birds. d. It is found only in hibernators. e. It provides fuel for muscle cells. 39. Which of the following statements about brown fat is false? a. It contains abundant mitochondria. b. It provides the most energy for shivering. c. It allows metabolic fuels to be consumed without producing ATP. d. It has a rich supply of blood vessels. e. It is more abundant in hibernating animals. 40. The mechanism of heat production in brown fat depends on a. efficient use of ATP in metabolism. b. rapid breakdown of protein. c. rapid breakdown of fatty acids. d. the shivering of skeletal muscles. e. the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 41. Increased heat for thermoregulation (thermogenesis) is produced either by shivering or by non-shivering mechanisms. Which of the following is involved in non-shivering thermogenesis? a. Brown fat b. The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation c. High levels of iron in the diet d. The restriction of metabolic precursors e. Both a and b 42. One function of adipose tissue is a. in thermoregulation. b. to store genetic material. c. electrical signal transmission. d. to provide support against gravity. e. to transport oxygen. 43. Which of the following animals is behaving as an endotherm to warm its body? a. A moth that quivers its wings before flight b. A black beetle that absorbs solar radiation c. A snake that lies on a warm blacktop road d. A fish that moves to a warm, shallow part of a pond e. An insect that positions its body for maximum exposure to sunlight

5 44. Which of the following adaptations would not produce an increase in an ectotherm s body temperature? a. Repeated contraction of flight muscles without movement b. Cluster or huddling behavior c. Decreased surface-to-surface contact with a cold environment d. Circulatory changes to maintain core or internal temperatures greater than the animal s peripheral temperatures e. Metabolism of brown fat 45. Which of the following is an important adaptation of animals to cold climates? a. Increased tendency to shiver b. Thinner layers of body fat c. Reduced density of fur or feathers d. Reduced surface area-to-volume ratio e. Increased flow of blood to surface 46. Anatomical features that reduce heat loss in endotherms include a. rounder body shapes. b. shorter appendages. c. increased thermal insulation. d. Both b and c e. All of the above 47. Which of the following is the most important and most widespread characteristic of endotherms adapted to cold climates compared to those adapted to warm climates? a. Higher basal metabolic rates b. Higher Q 10 values c. Brown fat d. Greater insulation e. Ability to hibernate 48. Which of the following physiological control mechanisms is a response to a rise in body temperature? a. Slower heart rate b. Increased blood flow to the skin c. Constriction of blood vessels in the skin d. Contraction of muscles e. Retention of water 49. The elephant is better adapted to tropical habitats than to cold climates because of its a. sparse hair. b. large size. c. stocky appendages. d. vegetarian diet. 50. Which of the following is a major difference between a cold fish such as a trout and a hot fish such as a tuna? a. The temperature of the blood leaving the heart b. The temperature of the blood entering the gills c. The arrangement of blood vessels in the gills d. The temperature of the brain e. The volume of blood flowing in arteries just under the skin 51. Hot fish derive their heat a. from brown fat. b. by shivering. c. by eating prey that live in warm waters near the surface. d. through metabolically active muscles. e. by pressing against warm rocks in the intertidal zone. 52. Countercurrent heat exchange a. moves warm blood coming from the muscles past cold blood flowing into the muscles. b. allows hot fish to maintain body temperatures higher than the surrounding water temperature. c. is found in large, rapidly swimming fish. d. increases a fish s sustainable power output threefold for every 10 C rise in muscle temperature. e. All of the above 53. Compared to cold fish, hot fish, such as bluefin tuna, keep a higher temperature difference between their body and the surrounding water because they a. produce thermogenins. b. have a countercurrent heat exchange system of veins and arteries. c. shiver to create heat. d. have much brown fat tissue. e. have a large dorsal aorta that keeps them warm. 54. Evaporative cooling is used only as a last resort by animals in hot and dry environments because a. it is ineffective at dissipating heat. b. it can cause dehydration. c. sweating requires energy expenditure. d. it requires an insulating layer in the skin. e. it requires a resetting of the animal s thermostat.

6 55. Which of the following is not one of the thermoregulatory behaviors of a lizard (an ectotherm)? a. Staying in a burrow when the surface temperature is below 10 C b. Basking in the sun during early morning hours c. Moving into the shade during midday hours d. Climbing rocks and brush to reach convective air streams e. Consuming ectothermic prey 56. The vertebrate thermoregulatory center ( thermostat ) is located within the central nervous system in the a. pons. b. cerebellum. c. hypophysis. d. medulla. e. hypothalamus. 57. The thermoregulatory response of the hypothalamus to a rise in temperature is a. increased metabolic heat production. b. a resetting of the thermostat to a higher setting. c. dilation of blood vessels in the skin. d. an overall increase in body temperature. e. the initiation of shivering movements. 58. The hypothalamus serves in part as an integrated thermoregulatory center defining an organism s response to changes in its thermal environment. Because the hypothalamus normally serves to produce metabolic responses that reverse the direction of environmental temperature change, the control it exerts is termed a. positive feedback. b. metabolic compensation. c. negative feedback. d. feedforward control. 59. Which of the following would cause a decrease in the hypothalamic temperature set point for metabolic heat production? a. Being aroused from hibernation b. Getting an infection that causes a fever c. Entering a cold environment d. Taking an aspirin when you have a fever e. Cooling the hypothalamus 60. Which of the following statements about the thermoregulatory set point is true? a. The set point for shivering is the same as the set point for panting. b. In a given individual, the set points for all thermoregulatory processes are the same. c. The set points for thermoregulatory processes are the same for all members of the same species. d. Changes in skin temperature can change the metabolic set point. e. The temperature of the hypothalamus serves as a positive feedback signal. 61. Which of the following statements about thermoregulation is false? a. Thermoregulatory set points are highest during sleep. b. Entrance into hibernation begins with a decrease in metabolic rate. c. Aspirin can lower the hypothalamic set point of a person with a fever. d. Both ectotherms and endotherms thermoregulate by means of adjustments to their behavior. e. All of the above 62. The human immune system responds to an infection by producing many of the symptoms of sickness such as fever. The adaptive value of the rise in body temperature is that it a. inhibits mitosis in the cells. b. depletes glycogen reserves. c. causes dehydration. d. inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes. ; there is no adaptive value to fever. 63. Mammalian hibernation a. occurs when animals run out of metabolic fuel. b. is a regulated decrease in body temperature. c. is the same thing as torpor. d. can occur at any time of year. e. lasts for several months, during which body temperature remains close to the environmental temperature.

7 64. Which of the following statements about hibernation is false? a. It may be interrupted by brief returns to normal body temperature. b. It is a form of regulated lowering of body temperature. c. The body s thermostat is turned down to a low level. d. Metabolic rate is reduced to only a fraction of the basal metabolic rate. e. It involves a lengthy, continuous period in which body temperature is lowered. Figure 29-1 In this experiment, the same fish were caught and brought into the lab in both winter and summer. Their metabolic rates (O 2 consumption) were measured at the pond temperatures for each season (star) and at other temperatures (circle). 66. Refer to Figure This experiment demonstrates the phenomenon of a. homeostasis. b. acclimatization. c. declimatization. d. negative feedback. 67. In the experiment graphed below, researchers heated and cooled the hypothalamus of a mammal and determined the metabolic rates at different environmental (ambient) temperatures. Based on this experiment, which of the following statements is true? 65. Refer to Figure The winter fish have a Q 10 of ; the summer fish have a Q 10 of. a. 4; 4 b. 4; 1 c. 8; 2 d. 2; 2 e. The answer cannot be determined from the data provided. a. The basal metabolic rate is higher at 5 C. b. The basal metabolic rate is higher at 25 C. c. The lower critical temperature is higher at 5 C. d. The hypothalamic set point is increased by exposure to an ambient temperature of 25 C. e. Both c and d 68. Choose the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to the environmental conditions described. The environmental temperature begins at the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone and increases 3 5 C above that point. a. Increased metabolic rate b. Decreased metabolic rate c. No change in metabolic rate

8 Biology pter 29 Study Guide wer Section LTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 590 SKL: 3. Applying 9. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 590

9 13. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 591 TOP: Concept 29.2 Physiological Regulation Achieves Homeostasis of the Internal Environment SKL: 3. Applying 14. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page TOP: Concept 29.2 Physiological Regulation Achieves Homeostasis of the Internal Environment 15. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.2 Physiological Regulation Achieves Homeostasis of the Internal Environment 16. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.2 Physiological Regulation Achieves Homeostasis of the Internal Environment SKL: 3. Applying 17. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.2 Physiological Regulation Achieves Homeostasis of the Internal Environment 18. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 19. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 20. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 21. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 22. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 592 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 23. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 593 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 24. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page 593 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 25. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 593 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 26. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 593 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 28. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page 593 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive

10 30. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 35. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 594 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 36. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 594 TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 37. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 596

11 46. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 596 SKL: 5. Evaluating 48. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 599 SKL: 3. Applying 58. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page

12 SKL: 3. Applying 60. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 601 TOP: 29.6 Answer to Opening Question 64. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Page 601 TOP: 29.6 Answer to Opening Question 65. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 66. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page TOP: Concept 29.3 Living Systems Are Temperature-Sensitive 67. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Anatomy/Physiology Form and function are related Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Evolution