Memory, Aging & the Brain

Transcription

1 Dr. Nathan S. Rose, Ph.D. Memory, Aging & the Brain Reunion Reunion Sat, June 20172, 2018

2 Outline - Memory different forms - Aging differential effects on memory - Brain key structures, decoding, stimulation - Tips on supporting memory IRL

3 Recent vs. Remote Explicit Implicit Semantic Episodic

4 Face-Name Mnemonic: Establish elaborate, meaningful association to connect visual cues to the (verbal) target information

5 -Shallow Levels of Processing are okay for immediate memory tests (Short-Term Memory) -Deeper Levels of Processing benefit delayed memory tests (Long-Term Memory) Differences between: STM & LTM Rose, Myerson, Roediger, & Hale, 2010, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition

6 Similarities between: STM & LTM Rose, Olsen, Craik, & Rosenbaum, 2012, Neuropsychologia

7 Forgetting due to problem with Availability (due to poor encoding or storage) or Accessibility (retrieval failure)?

8 Recent vs. Remote Explicit Implicit Semantic Episodic

9 * Aside: This is the pattern for cross-sectional data Cognitive Aging Park, 2000, Cognitive Aging

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11 Large inter-individual variability across age groups, and intra-individual variability over time Lines connect an individual measured at 2 or more time-points

12 Why do some forms of memory decline? Senility is not a normal part of aging (no longer use senile dementia ) Dementia is the result of slowly evolving neuropathological disease processes beginning much earlier in life

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15 Cortical Shrinkage, Enlarged Ventricles, Hippocampal Shrinkage

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18 *Aside on Mild Cognitive Impairment?

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20 What is modern cognitive neuroscience doing to address this problem?

21 Basic science mechanistic understanding of neurocognitive processes that support encoding, maintenance/consolidation, and retrieval of working memories - Simultaneous TMS-EEG Rose et al., 2016, Science Rose et al., 2016, Science

22 Navigated Brain Stimulation Motion Vs. Not > 90% & Face Vs. Word < 60% 55-75% stimulator output = V/m

23 Applied science ecological assessments of memory functioning, cognitive training, and memory enhancement techniques Have you ever forgotten... something at the store? to take a medication? to turn off the iron? why you got up and walked into the other room? Prospective Memory

24 Virtual Week Original version Computerized version Rendell & Craik, 2000, Applied Cog Psych Rose, Rendell, McDaniel, Aberle, & Kliegel (2010) Psych & Aging

25 Prospective Memory is a multiphase process Intention Formation Intention Retention Intention Initiation Intention Execution Time Neurocognitive Correlates Kliegel, Altgassen, Hering, & Rose, 2011, Neuropsychologia

26 Naturalistic Assessments of Prospective Memory Virtual Week (Rose et al., 2010, 2015) The Breakfast Task (Rose et al., 2015)

27 Large age-related declines in PM (for many tasks) Important for everyday functioning How to improve PM? Process-based training (Restorative) Cognitive training program Strategy-based training (Compensatory) Implementation Intentions (See it, Say it) Non-invasive brain stimulation Transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs)

28 Rose, Rendell, Hering, Bidelman, Kliegel & Craik (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience memorize concentrate visualize

29 Near Transfer Note: No differences between active and no-contact control, so they were combined Rose, Rendell, Hering, Bidelman, Kliegel & Craik (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

30 2-Back with PM Cues (during EEG) SPACEBAR No transfer to Lab-based PM Rose et al. (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

31 Far Transfer Call-Back Task Call lab back in exactly 10, 25, 35, & 40 min. -Short-term real-world PM task -Simulates turning off stove TIADL -Health (read directions on medication labels) -Shopping (find items on a shelf) -Finances (make change) -Cooking (check ingredients on cans) -Communications (lookup number in phone book) No transfer to Neuropsych tests Rose, Rendell, Hering, Bidelman, Kliegel & Craik (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

32 Improving PM in Healthy Older Adults and in Mild Alzheimer s Disease Implementation Intentions (II) Encoding Strategy: If then Healthy N=38 Early AD N=34 Main effects of CDR status and Encoding Condition (Fs>11, ps<.01); no interaction (F=1.1, p=.3) Shelton, Rose et al., 2016, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

33 Prospective Memory in VR Virtual Week (Rose et al., 2010, 2015) The Breakfast Task (Rose et al., 2015) Virtual Breakfast 2.0 Virtual Week 2.0

34 Tips for supporting memory Elaborative encoding See it, say it Do it or lose it Spaced Retrieval Practice Prosthetics

35 In addition to obvious benefits for connecting with friends and family via phone, text, videochat.. Apps to support everyday memory: Calendar (reminders, alerts) GPS (location-based prompts, share your location) Notes (to do lists) Camera/Video (record the forgettable)

36 Notable omissions Lumosity Direct electrical stimulation org/news/releases/no-evidencethat-brain-stimulation-techniqueboosts-cognitive-training.html

37 Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease from the International Conference on Nutrition and the Brain, published in Neurobiology of Aging Minimize your intake of saturated fats and trans fats. Saturated fat is found primarily in dairy products, meats, and certain oils (coconut and palm oils). Trans fats are found in many snack pastries and fried foods and are listed on labels as partially hydrogenated oils. 2. Vegetables, legumes (beans, peas, and lentils), fruits, and whole grains should replace meats and dairy products as primary staples of the diet. 3. Vitamin E should come from foods, rather than supplements. Healthful food sources of vitamin E include seeds, nuts, green leafy vegetables, and whole grains. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin E is 15 mg per day. 4. A reliable source of vitamin B12, such as fortified foods or a supplement providing at least the recommended daily allowance (2.4 μg per day for adults), should be part of your daily diet. Have your blood levels of vitamin B12 checked regularly as many factors, including age, may impair absorption. 5. If using multiple vitamins, choose those without iron and copper and consume iron supplements only when directed by your physician. 6. Although aluminum's role in Alzheimer's disease remains a matter of investigation, those who desire to minimize their exposure can avoid the use of cookware, antacids, baking powder, or other products that contain aluminum. 7. Include aerobic exercise in your routine, equivalent to 40 minutes of brisk walking 3 times per week.

38 Questions?

39 Thank you! Please submit your feedback in the Reunion app. Don t forget...fr. TED SAID starts at 1:30 pm in Washington Hall. Reunion

40 Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) Ngandu et al., 2015, The Lancet:, N= 1,260, 2 yrs Diet Nutrition consultant three sessions (individual recommendations) and seven to nine group sessions (discussions and exercises to facilitate lifestyle changes) % of daily energy from proteins, 25 35% daily energy from fat (<10% from saturated plus trans fatty acids, 10 20% from monounsaturated fatty acids, and 5 10% from polyunsaturated fatty acids [including g/day of omega-3 fatty acids]), 45 55% daily energy from carbohydrates (<10% from refined sugar), g/day of dietary fibre, less than 5 g/day of salt, and less than 5% daily energy from alcohol. 5 10% reduction in bodyweight (if necessary after taking into account BMI, health status, age, and diet of the participant). These goals were achieved by recommendation of high consumption of fruit and vegetables, consumption of wholegrain cereal products and low-fat milk and meat products, limiting of sucrose intake to less than 50 g/day, use of vegetable margarine and rapeseed oil instead of butter, and fish consumption at least two portions per week. Exercise Physiotherapist individually tailored strength training (1 3 times per week) and aerobic exercise (2 5 times per week), including exercises to improve postural balance. Cognitive Training Psychologist - six (educational content on agerelated cognitive changes, memory, and reasoning strategies applied to everyday activities) & four (computer-based training) group sessions, plus a visit to the local Alzheimer Association, & 72 individual computerizedcognitive training sessions (three times per week, min per session) testing executive processes (updating spatial, updating letter, updating number, and mental set shifting tasks), working memory (maintenance task), episodic memory (relational and spatial tasks), and mental speed (shape match task). Social activities the group sessions Management of metabolic and vascular risk factors Physician/Nurse 3x monitored blood pressure, weight and BMI, and hip & waist circumference

41 Months Time in Intervention Relative to Life Ngandu et al., 2015, The Lancet