Information on the Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor GT Alpha (Flex-GTa)

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1 24 April 26 3 rd Flex-TEG MT BASt, Bergisch Information on the Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor GT Alpha (Flex-GTa) Atsuhiro Konosu Flex-TEG Chairperson /Japan

2 Background At At the the 2 nd nd Flex-TEG meeting, a request is is made to to increase the the knee bending angle limit of of Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor G (Flex-G). Japan addressed the the issue, and developed the the Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor GT GT Alpha () in in March 26. The is is obtained a modified knee bending angle limit, and is is also obtained modified specifications to to improve injury assessment ability. This presentation explains the the specifications. Then the the other presentation introduces the the evaluation methodologies and results concerning the the injury assessment ability of of.

3 General

4 Basic Structure Flex-G Thigh flexible bending Thigh flexible bending Knee flexible bending with ligament restraint system Knee flexible bending with ligament restraint system Leg flexible bending Leg flexible bending Basic Basic structure structure is is the the same. same.

5 Length, C.G. Location, and Mass Thigh and Leg Length, C.G. Location, and Mass 5th percentile of American Males* Flex-GT α *** Flex-G a) Thigh length (mm) b) Leg length (mm) c) C.G. location of thigh (mm) ** d) C.G. location of leg (mm) ** e) Total legform impactor mass (kg) f) Thigh mass (kg) g) Leg mass (kg) * Robbins, D.H. ' Anthropometry of Motor Vehicle Occupants, Volume 2' NHTSA Contract DTNH22-8-C- 752 Pub ** From the knee joint center *** Prototype (estimated values) differs slightly slightly from from the the 5th 5th percentile American American male male in in thigh/leg thigh/leg lengths, lengths, C.G. C.G. locations locations and and mass. mass. These differences give a better injury assessment ability than that of Flex-G.

6 Long Bones

7 Long Bones Materials uses uses different different material material for for long long bones bones as as compared with with that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Impact facing MC Flex-G SUS SUS SUS Top cover Exterior housing Connection bolt and plate Impact facing MC SUS AL MC AL Mg Top cover Exterior housing Exterior housing Connection bolt and plate Exterior housing Knee condyle To make the long bones lighter Impact Impact Mg Exterior housing Impact facing MC AL Exterior housing Impact facing MC MC Exterior housing SUS Connection bolt and plate AL Connection bolt and plate SUS: Stainless steel AL: Aluminum MC: MC-nylon AL Exterior housing

8 Long Bones Bone and knee condyle connection Flex-G Bending direction Exterior housing Bone core Exterior housing Exterior housing Bending direction Bone core Exterior housing connects connects the the long long bone bone and and the the knee knee condyle condyle differently differently from from the the connection in in Flex-G. Flex-G. Impact Buffer Impact Buffer To install longer knee springs at the knee condyle Knee condyle Knee condyle Knee springs Knee springs

impact facing facing as as compared with with that that

9 Long Bones Impact facing Flex-G Flex-G Impact facing 6mm Impact facing has has a thicker thicker impact impact facing facing as as compared with with that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. To align the impact facing with the knee

10 Long Bones Sectional dimensions of bone core Flex-G Thigh Impact Leg Impact Thigh 3 Impact Leg 25 Impact (Unit: mm) Sectional image has has a thinner thinner and and wider wider bone bone core core as as compared with with that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. (Long (Long bones bones of of has has smaller smaller bending bending stiffness stiffness as as compared with with that that of of Flex-G). Flex-G). 4 (Unit: mm) The difference gives a better injury assessment ability than that of Flex-G. Sectional image

11 Long Bones Bone core binding method Flex-G Spacer method Just tight enough Binding image Spacer Bone core Direction of binding image Spacer method Just tight enough Binding image No bone core binding by screw. (Just keep the spacers in position.) Spacer Bone core Direction of binding image uses the the same same bone bone core core binding binding method method as as Flex-G. Flex-G. No bone core binding by screw. (Just keep the spacers in position.)

12 Long Bones Bending stopper cables Flex-G Bending stopper cables Bending stopper cables has has the the same same bending bending stopper stopper cables cables as as those those of of Flex-G. Flex-G.

Long Bones Bending characteristics (Thigh) Flex-G and and Moment (Nm) 7 6 5 4 3 2 PMHS corridor (upper)* PMHS corridor (lower)* PMHS corridor (avg.)* Flex-G Flex-GTa * Ivarson et al. (24) Rum (67.

13 Long Bones Bending characteristics (Thigh) Flex-G and and Moment (Nm) PMHS corridor (upper)* PMHS corridor (lower)* PMHS corridor (avg.)* Flex-G Flex-GTa * Ivarson et al. (24) Rum (67.8 kg, r= 25 mm, h= 45-5mm) r h: drop height Deflection (mm) (Thigh) (Thigh) has has slightly slightly smaller smaller bending bending stiffness stiffness than than that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Support length (Flex-G and : 4 mm) (PMHS test: 44.1 mm) The difference gives a better injury assessment ability than that of Flex-G.

Long Bones Bending characteristics (Leg) Flex-G and and Moment (Nm) 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 PMHS corridor (upper)* PMHS corridor (lower)* PMHS corridor (avg.)* Flex-G Flex-GTa * Ivarson et al.

14 Long Bones Bending characteristics (Leg) Flex-G and and Moment (Nm) PMHS corridor (upper)* PMHS corridor (lower)* PMHS corridor (avg.)* Flex-G Flex-GTa * Ivarson et al. (24) Deflection (mm) Rum (67.8 kg, r= 25 mm, h= 35-5mm) h: drop height r Support length (Flex-G and : 33 mm) (PMHS test: mm) (Leg) (Leg) has has slightly slightly smaller smaller bending bending stiffness stiffness than than that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. The difference gives a better injury assessment ability than that of Flex-G.

15 Knee

16 Knee Materials basically basically uses uses the the same same knee knee material material as as that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Flex-G AL Knee condyle Impact facing MC AL Knee condyle Impact AL MC Knee condyle Contact surface Impact facing Impact MC MC AL Contact surface Knee condyle Impact face is added to the knee of Flex- GTα AL: Aluminum MC: MC-nylon

Knee Size and design has has different different knee knee size size and and

Eminence (flat shape) 55 52 Concave Flat impact face Knee ligaments Flat impact face

impact face (R 13 mm) 6 48 94 Round impact face (R 13 mm) 118 Eminence (oblique

17 Knee Size and design has has different different knee knee size size and and different different designs designs as as compared with with those those of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Flex-G Front view Side view Flat impact face Impact Flat impact face Eminence (flat shape) Concave Flat impact face Knee ligaments Flat impact face Convex Size To install longer springs Round impact face Smooth impact with car Round impact face (R 13 mm) Round impact face (R 13 mm) 118 Eminence (oblique shape) Smooth condyle movement Impact Convex Convex Convex position Changed its positions Round impact face (R 13 mm) Eminence (oblique shape) 91 Round impact face (R 13 mm) Knee ligaments

18 Knee Knee ligaments has has different different knee knee ligaments ligaments as as compare compare with with those those of of Flex-G Flex-G K (x2) Flex-G (knee (knee spring spring length: length: 4mm) 4mm) K (x2).77k (x 4) (knee (knee spring spring length: length: 8 8 mm) mm).77k (x4) Longer springs To increase the maximum knee bending angle Spring constant Longer springs tend to have small number of spring constant K (x2) K (x1) K (x1) K (x2) Number of knee ligaments To do not weaken Flex- GTα knee bending stiffness 2 sets of knee ligaments are installed in parallel. 1 set of knee ligament is installed. 2 sets of knee ligaments are installed in parallel..77k (x4).77k (x1).77k (x1).77k (x4) K: spring constant 4 sets of knee ligaments are installed in parallel. 1 set of knee ligament is installed. 4 sets of knee ligaments are installed in parallel.

19 Knee Moment (Nm) Bending characteristics (Knee) Flex-G,, and and TRL-LFI PMHS corridor (upper)* PMHS corridor (lower)* PMHS corridor (avg.)* Flex-G Flex-GTa TRL-LFI** Improved knee bending limit (+3%) Rubber Rum (69.8 kg, r= 5 mm, h= 5-14 mm) r h: drop height Neoprene Angle (deg.) * Ivarson et al. (24) ** Bhalla et al. (23) Support length (Flex-G and : 4 mm) (Knee) (Knee) has has slightly slightly greater greater bending bending stiffness stiffness than than that that of of Flex-G Flex-G (but (but not not stiffer stiffer than than that that of of TRL-LFI). TRL-LFI). The difference gives a better injury assessment ability than that of Flex-G.

20 Flesh

21 Flesh Construction has has similar similar flesh flesh construction as as compared with with that that of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Flex-G Sectional image Outer view Sectional image Outer view Human leg illustration Impact Impact Neoprene Neoprene Rubber(3) The different outer views of and Flex-G reflect the differences in inner construction. Rubber(3)

22 Flesh Materials Stress (MPa) (Flesh) (Flesh) uses uses the the same same materials materials as as those those of of Flex-G. Flex-G. Rubber(3) Neoprene Strain

23 Measurements

24 Measurements Measurement items and positions Flex-G and and Flex-G Flex-G are are identical identical in in their their measurement items items and and positions. positions. Thigh-3 (strain) 297 mm Thigh-3 (strain) 297 mm Thigh-2 (strain) 217 mm Thigh-2 (strain) 217 mm Thigh-1 (strain) 137 mm Thigh-1 (strain) 137 mm Impact ACL (Elongation) PCL (Elongation) MCL (Elongation) LCL (Elongation) Knee joint Impact ACL (Elongation) PCL (Elongation) MCL (Elongation) LCL (Elongation) Knee joint Leg-1 (strain) 134 mm Leg-1 (strain) 134 mm Leg-2 (strain) 214 mm Leg-2 (strain) 214 mm Leg-3 (strain) 294 mm Leg-3 (strain) 294 mm Leg-4 (strain) 374 mm Leg-4 (strain) 374 mm

25 Measurements Measurement cables Flex-G and and uses the thesame measurement cables cables as as those those of of Flex-G. Flex-G. φ 1.7 mm Outer cover Shield cable φ 1.7 mm Measurement cables

26 Calibration

27 Thigh (3-point bending) Thigh-4M-R5: Test method Accelerometer (a) Guide for ram Drop height: h= 4mm (V int =.886 m/s) Ram (Mass: 69.8kg, r = 5mm) Knee end of thigh 2 r h h+25 Neoprene (5mm x 1) Rubber3 (5mm x 2) Neoprene (5mm x 2) Double stick tape Fixing position of the round end Strain gage position Load transducer (F 1 ) Thigh-1 Thigh-2 (M c, D c ) Thigh-3 Load transducer (F 2 ) 1 (M T1 ) (M T2 ) Load center (Thigh) (Thigh) adopts adopts the the same same calibration method method as as that that for for Flex-G. Flex-G. (M T3 ) (+) Unit: mm

28 Thigh (3-point bending) Thigh-4M-R5: Equations Bending moment estimation (at loading center) M c D ( t) F ( t) F F ( t) + F 1 ( t) ( t) Deflection estimation M (at loading center) 1 2 ( t) Vinitt + gt + a( t dt 2 Evaluate: Bending characteristics c ) Test Type: Thigh-4M-R5 Bending moment estimation (at strain gage positions) M M T 1 T 2 T 3 ( t) ( t) ( t) F ( t) 1 1 F ( t) 18 1 F ( t) 14 2 M : Bending moment ( Nm) F : Force( kn) D : Deflection( m) V init : Initial velocity( m/ s) g : Gravity( m/ s a: Acceleration( m/ s t : time( s) Obtain: Strain-moment relationship 4 35 Test Type: Thigh-4M-R5 2 ) 2 ) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha_T1 Flex-GT-alpha_T2 Flex-GT-alpha_T3 Corridor_U (April 26) Corridor_L (April 26) Moment (Nm) A 2A 3A y = 38339x y = 37682x y = 37543x Deflection (mm) Strain (strain)

29 (Leg) (Leg) adopts adopts the the same same calibration method method as as that that for for Flex-G. Flex-G. Leg (3-point bending) Leg-41M-R5: Test method Guide for ram Accelerometer (a) Drop height: h= 35mm (V init =.829 m/s) Knee end of leg 25 h+25 h r Ram (Mass: 69.8kg, r = 5mm) Neoprene (5mm x 1) Rubber3 (5mm x 2) Neoprene (5mm x 2) Double stick tape Fixing position of the round end Strain gage position Load transducer (F 1 ) Leg-1 Leg-2 (M c, D c ) Leg-3 Leg-4 Load transducer (F 2 ) 65 (M L1 ) (M L2 ) Load center (M L3 ) (M L4 ) Unit: mm

30 Leg (3-point bending) Leg-41M-R5: Equations Bending moment estimation (at loading center) M c ( t) F ( t) F F ( t) + F 1 ( t) ( t) Deflection estimation (at loading center) 1 2 D ( t) Vinitt + gt + a( t 2 c ) 2 dt Evaluate: Bending characteristics Bending moment estimation (at strain gage positions) M M M M L1 L 2 L3 L 4 ( t) ( t) ( t) ( t) F ( t) 65 1 F ( t) F ( t) F ( t) 15 2 M : Bending moment ( Nm) F : Force( kn) D : Deflection( m) V init : Initial velocity( m/ s) g : Gravity( m/ s a: Acceleration( m/ s t : time( s) Obtain: Strain-moment relationship 2 ) 2 ) 5 45 Test Type: Leg-41M-R Test Type: Leg-41M-R Moment (Nm) Flex-PLI-alpha_T1 Flex-PLI-alpha_T2 Flex-PLI-alpha_T3 Corridor_U (April 26) Corridor_L (April 26) Moment (Nm) A 2A 3A 4A y = 42426x y = 3615x y = 3775x y = 37764x Deflection (mm) Strain (strain)

31 Knee (3-point bending) Knee-3PB-4-R5: Test method Guide for ram Accelerometer (a) Drop height: h= 5mm (V init = 1. m/s) Ram (Mass: 69.8kg, r = 5mm) 2 r h+25 h Neoprene (5mm x 1) Rubber3 (5mm x 2) Neoprene (5mm x 2) Double stick tape LCL ACL MCL PCL Load center Load transducer (F 1 ) (M c ) Load transducer (F 2 ) 4 * * Flex-G: mm Unit: mm (Knee) (Knee) adopts adopts a calibration method method similar similar to to that that for for Flex-G. Flex-G.

32 Knee (3-point bending) Knee-3PB-4-R5: Equation Bending moment estimation (at loading center) M c ( t) F1 ( t) 2 F : Force t : time( s) M : Bendingmoment ( Nm) ( kn) 6 Evaluate: Bending characteristics Test Type: Knee-3PB-4-R5 5 4 Moment (Nm) 3 2 Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T2 1 Flex-GT-alpha-T3 Corridor_U (April 26) Corridor_L (April 26) MCL (mm)

33 Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Flex-G and and Pin joint Angular measurement tool 15 deg. Leg suspension angle 15 deg. Without flesh Rubber 3 (5mm x3) Neoprene (5mm x2) Free fall Knee joint surface level Put neoprene and rubber sheets (5 sheets in total) on the impact face. Supporting rig adopts the the same same assembly assembly dynamic dynamic calibration method method as as that that for for Flex-G. Flex-G.

34 Results Waveform Moment (Nm) Moment (Nm) Thigh-3(avg.) Thigh-2(avg.) Moment (Nm) Thigh-1(avg.) Elongation (mm) ACL PCL MCL Moment (Nm) Leg-1(avg.) Moment (Nm) Leg-2(avg.) Moment (Nm) Leg-3(avg.) Moment (Nm) Leg-4(avg.) Time (ms)

35 Results Thigh-3 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Thigh output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Thigh 3 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

36 Results Thigh-2 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Thigh output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Thigh 2 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

37 Results Thigh-1 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Thigh output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Thigh 1 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

38 Results ACL (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Knee ligament output (Flex-GT-Alpha) ACL Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Elongation (mm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T2 Flex-GT-alpha-T3 Flex-GT-alpha-T4 Flex-GT-alpha-T5 Flex-GT-alpha-T6 Flex-GT-alpha-T7 Flex-GT-alpha-T8 Flex-GT-alpha-T9 Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T11 Flex-GT-alpha-T12 Flex-GT-alpha-T13 Flex-GT-alpha-T14 Flex-GT-alpha-T15 Flex-GT-alpha-T16 Flex-GT-alpha-T17 Flex-GT-alpha-T18

39 Results PCL (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Knee ligament output (Flex-GT-Alpha) PCL Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Elongation (mm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T2 Flex-GT-alpha-T3 Flex-GT-alpha-T4 Flex-GT-alpha-T5 Flex-GT-alpha-T6 Flex-GT-alpha-T7 Flex-GT-alpha-T8 Flex-GT-alpha-T9 Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T11 Flex-GT-alpha-T12 Flex-GT-alpha-T13 Flex-GT-alpha-T14 Flex-GT-alpha-T15 Flex-GT-alpha-T16 Flex-GT-alpha-T17 Flex-GT-alpha-T18

40 Results MCL (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Knee ligament output (Flex-GT-Alpha) 2 18 MCL Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) 16 Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) 14 Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Elongation (mm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T2 Flex-GT-alpha-T3 Flex-GT-alpha-T4 Flex-GT-alpha-T5 Flex-GT-alpha-T6 Flex-GT-alpha-T7 Flex-GT-alpha-T8 Flex-GT-alpha-T9 Flex-GT-alpha-T1 Flex-GT-alpha-T11 Flex-GT-alpha-T12 Flex-GT-alpha-T13 Flex-GT-alpha-T14 Flex-GT-alpha-T15 Flex-GT-alpha-T16 Flex-GT-alpha-T17 Flex-GT-alpha-T18

41 Results Leg-1 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Leg output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Leg 1 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

42 Results Leg-2 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Leg output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Leg 2 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

43 Results Leg-3 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Leg output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Leg 3 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

44 Results Leg-4 (maximum value) Assembly Dynamic Certification Test Leg output (Flex-GT-Alpha) Leg 4 Tentative corridor_upper (April 26) Tentative corridor_lower (April 26) Tentative corridor_middle (April 26) Moment (Nm) Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T2a Flex-GT-alpha-T2b Flex-GT-alpha-T3a Flex-GT-alpha-T3b Flex-GT-alpha-T4a Flex-GT-alpha-T4b Flex-GT-alpha-T5a Flex-GT-alpha-T5b Flex-GT-alpha-T6a Flex-GT-alpha-T6b Flex-GT-alpha-T7a Flex-GT-alpha-T7b Flex-GT-alpha-T8a Flex-GT-alpha-T8b Flex-GT-alpha-T9a Flex-GT-alpha-T9b Flex-GT-alpha-T1a Flex-GT-alpha-T1b Flex-GT-alpha-T11a Flex-GT-alpha-T11b Flex-GT-alpha-T12a Flex-GT-alpha-T12b Flex-GT-alpha-T13a Flex-GT-alpha-T13b Flex-GT-alpha-T14a Flex-GT-alpha-T14b Flex-GT-alpha-T15a Flex-GT-alpha-T15b Flex-GT-alpha-T16a Flex-GT-alpha-T16b Flex-GT-alpha-T17a Flex-GT-alpha-T17b Flex-GT-alpha-T18a Flex-GT-alpha-T18b

45 Conclusions The Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor GT GT Alpha () was developed in in March 26. The knee bending limit angle is is increased by by around 3% (+6 degrees). The other presentation will will introduce the the evaluation method and results concerning the the injury assessment ability of of.

46 Thank you for your attention!

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