Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Type GT (FLEX-GT) Car Test Results JAMA

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TEG- 2 April 27 4 th Flex-TEG MT BASt, Bergisch Gladbach Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Type GT (FLEX-GT) Car Test Results JAMA Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

1 TEG- 2 April 27 4 th Flex-TEG MT BASt, Bergisch Gladbach Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Type GT (FLEX-GT) Car Test Results JAMA Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Flex-GT Information Construction Measurement Items Items Normal Measurement Items Does not use for injury assessment Knee flexible bending with ligament restraint system Thigh flexible bending Impact Femur-3 Femur-2 Femur-1 ACL (Elongation) PCL (Elongation) MCL (Elongation) LCL (Elongation) 217 mm 137 mm 297 mm Tibia top flat surface Tibia mm Leg flexible bending Tibia-2 Tibia-3 Tibia mm 294 mm 374 mm * strain is converted to bending moment using quasi -static 3 point bone core bending test results

2 Flex-GT Tentative Threshold Values Human Human value value Body regions % injury risk level of AM (tentative) Human value References Leg (Tibia) BM (312 - Nm) Knee (MCL) BA (18-2 deg) BM (312 Nm): Kerrigan et al., 24 BM ( Nm): INF GR/PS/82 BA (18 deg).: Ivarsson et al., 24 BA (2 deg).: INF GR/PS/82 AM: percentile of american male BM: Bending moment, BA: Bending angle, EL: Elongation, SD: Shearing displacement. Convert: Convert: Human Human value value >>> >>> Flex-GT Flex-GT value value Human Human Model Flex-GT Model Flex-GT Tibia bending moment Tibia bending moment Tibia bending moment Tibia bending moment H TBM HM TBM FGTM TBM FGT TBM (Nm) (Nm) (Nm) (Nm) Tentative threshold values assumption: H TBM = HM TBM. FGT MTBM = FGT TBM FGT MTBM =.9977 * HM TBM (from reguration curve) Human Human Model Human Model Flex-GT model Flex-GT Knee bending angle Knee bending angle Knee MCL elongation Knee MCL elongation Knee MCL elongation H KBA HM KBA HM MCL FGTM MCL FGT MCL (deg.) (deg.) (mm) (mm) (mm) assumption: HKBA = HMKBA. FGTMMCL = FGT MCL HMMCL =.8 * HMKBA (from human model output) FGTM MCL =.6924 * HM MCL (from reguration curve) Convert human tolerance values to the Flex -GT ones (use correlation ratio/formula) Car7A, Center Flex-GT, H I = base + mm unit Max. Tibia-1 (Nm) Tibia-2 (Nm) Tibia-3 (Nm) 24. Tibia-4 (Nm) 11.9 Knee-ACL (mm) 3.7 Knee-PCL (mm) 3.1 Knee-MCL (mm).3 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms % injury risk level of AM (Tentative values for Tibia, MCL) Tibia-1 Tibia-2 Tibia-3 Tibia MCL ACL PCL Femur-1 Femur-2 Femur monitoring only

3 Car7A, Center TRL-LFI, H I = base Max. Min. Tibia-ACC (m/s 2 ) Knee-BA (deg.) 3.2. Knee-SD (mm) ACC: Acceleration BA: Bending angle SD: Shearind displacement ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms :GTR draft acceptance levels, June 26 : Initial injury detected timing Acceleration (m/s 2 ) Tibia Acceleration Displacement (mm) Shearing Displacement Bending Angle Car7B, Center Flex-GT, H I = base + mm unit Max. Tibia-1 (Nm) Tibia-2 (Nm) Tibia-3 (Nm) 23.7 Tibia-4 (Nm) 19.8 Knee-ACL (mm) 6.1 Knee-PCL (mm) 3.1 Knee-MCL (mm) 13.2 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms % injury risk level of AM (Tentative values for Tibia, MCL) Tibia-1 Tibia-2 Tibia-3 Tibia MCL ACL PCL Femur-1 Femur-2 Femur monitoring only

4 Car7B, Center TRL-LFI, H I = base Max. Min. Tibia-ACC (m/s 2 ) Knee-BA (deg.) Knee-SD (mm) ACC: Acceleration BA: Bending angle SD: Shearind displacement ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms :GTR draft acceptance levels, June 26 : Initial injury detected timing Acceleration (m/s 2 ) Tibia Acceleration Bending Angle Displacement (mm) Shearing Displacement Car7C, Center Flex-GT, H I = base + mm unit Max. Tibia-1 (Nm) Tibia-2 (Nm) Tibia-3 (Nm) 273. Tibia-4 (Nm) Knee-ACL (mm) 3.1 Knee-PCL (mm) 3.3 Knee-MCL (mm) 1. ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms % injury risk level of AM (Tentative values for Tibia, MCL) Tibia-1 Tibia-2 Tibia-3 Tibia MCL ACL PCL Femur-1 Femur-2 Femur monitoring only

5 Car7C, Center TRL-LFI, H I = base Max. Min. Tibia-ACC (m/s 2 ) Knee-BA (deg.) Knee-SD (mm) ACC: Acceleration BA: Bending angle SD: Shearind displacement ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms :GTR draft acceptance levels, June 26 : Initial injury detected timing Acceleration (m/s 2 ) Tibia Acceleration Bending Angle Displacement (mm) Shearing Displacement Car7C, R43 Flex-GT, H I = base + mm unit Max. Tibia-1 (Nm) 34. Tibia-2 (Nm) Tibia-3 (Nm) Tibia-4 (Nm) 2.2 Knee-ACL (mm) 7. Knee-PCL (mm).7 Knee-MCL (mm) 13.4 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms % injury risk level of AM (Tentative values for Tibia, MCL) Tibia-1 Tibia-2 Tibia-3 Tibia MCL ACL PCL Femur-1 Femur-2 Femur monitoring only

6 Car7C, R43 TRL-LFI, H I = base Max. Min. Tibia-ACC (m/s 2 ) Knee-BA (deg.) Knee-SD (mm) ACC: Acceleration BA: Bending angle SD: Shearind displacement ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms ms :GTR draft acceptance levels, June 26 : Initial injury detected timing Acceleration (m/s 2 ) Tibia Acceleration Bending Angle Displacement (mm) Shearing Displacement References Kerrigan, J.R., Drinkwater, D.C., Kam, C.Y., Murphy, D.B., Ivarsson, B.J., Crandall, J.R., Patrie, J. (24) Tolerance of the Human Leg and Thigh in Dynamic Latero- Medial Bending, ICRASH 24. Ivarsson, B.J., Lessley, D., Kerrigan, J.R., Bhalla, K.S., Bose, D., Crandall, J.R., Kent, R. 24 Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, Proc. International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, pp ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/INF GR PS (24) Discussion on Injury Threshold for Pedestrian Legform Test, INF/GR/PS/82, P. 2. ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP (26) Proposal for a Global Technical Regulation on Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to their Construction in order to Improve the Protection and Mitigate the Severity of Injuries to Pedestrians and other Vulnerable Road Users in the Event of a Collision, ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/26/2 (Rev. June 26).

7 References (referred contents) Injury Risk Curve for Mid-Leg Weibull Univariate Survival Model for the Probability of Fracture as a function of Peak Loading Moment P (fracture) Exact Censored Weibull Survival Model Lower 9% CI Upper 9% CI Scaled Moment (Nm) Kerrigan, J.R., Drinkwater, D.C., Kam, C.Y., Murphy, D.B., Ivarsson, B.J., Crandall, J.R., Patrie, J. (24) Tolerance of the Human Leg and Thigh in Dynamic Latero-Medial Bending, ICRASH 24. References (referred contents) Injury Risk Curve for Mid-Leg Tibia Bending Strength and Response Nyquist G. W. et al, 198 (SAE, Paper No ) Proposed injury threshold for tibia bending: Nm ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/INF GR PS (24) Discussion on Injury Threshold for Pedestrian Legform Test, INF/GR/PS/82, P. 2.

8 References (referred contents) Injury Risk Curve for Knee (Bending) Injury Risk (%) injury definition A injury definition A 9% CI injury definition B injury definition B 9% CI Injury definition A Acoustic Injury definition B Maxim Moment Ivarsson, B.J., Lessley, D., Kerrigan, J.R., Bhalla, K.S., Bose, D., Crandall, J.R., Kent, R. 24 Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, Proc. International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, pp References (referred contents) Injury Risk Curve for Knee (Bending) RECONSIDERATION OF INJURY CRITERIA FOR PEDESTRIAN SUBSYSTEM LEGFORM TEST - PROBLEMS OF RIGID LEGFORM IMPACTOR - Konosu A. et al, 21 (ESV, Paper No. 263) Proposed injury threshold for Knee bending: 2 deg. Injury risk ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/INF GR PS (24) Discussion on Injury Threshold for Pedestrian Legform Test, INF/GR/PS/82, P Observed data Injury risk curve (Logistic:MMLM) % risk (for Ligament injury) Local bending angle curve unknown % risk (19.8 deg.) Bending angle (degree) Global bending angle curve Dynamic bending test Local bending angle: Exclude Long Bone Bending Angle Global bending angle: Include Long Bone Bending Angle

9 References (referred contents) Injury Risk Curve for Knee (Shearing) IHRA/PS/39 2) Knee injury risk curve for shearing No injury risk curve is set by IHRA/PS because of its priority is low from the accident. IHRA/PS just described an example 1 mm from the Dr. Cesari s computer simulation analysis. International Harmonized Research Activity/Pedestrian Safety Working Group 24 IHRA/PS Decisions for the IHRA/PS Legform Test Procedures, IHRA/PS/39.

Flex-GTR: Open questions and proposals for ACL, PCL and MCL injury thresholds

Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute) TEG-078 Flex-GTR: Open questions and proposals for ACL, PCL and MCL injury thresholds 7th Meeting of the GRSP Flex PLI Technical Evaluation