TMI S SOCIAL PROGENY: PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACTS OF CHRONIC TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS

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1 TMI S SOCIAL PROGENY: PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACTS OF CHRONIC TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS Stephen R. Couch, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology The Pennsylvania State University The Schuylkill Campus

2 Comprehensive approach to crisis management Environmental Physical Psychological Cultural Social

3 AMELIORATED PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS SOCIAL PROCESS (Therapeutic Community) NATURAL DISASTER

4 EXACERBATED PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS SOCIAL PROCESS (Culture of Distress) ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

5 Disaster Victim Responses: My friends, who were luckier than I, and some local people dug me out only when I was being carried to the helicopter did I realize what a feat they performed. Armenian earthquake victim People hold grudges in this town. They don t forget. And I ll tell you, I no longer respect people unconditionally conditional respect, that s what the fire taught me. That is what it has taught me as a parent and I will pass it on to my children. Centralia mine fire victim

6 Chronic Technological Disasters Long-lasting High level of human/technological involvement Environmental Contamination

7 Examples of CTDs Coal Mine Fire

8 Centralia Mine Fire Centralia, PA

9 Centralia Mine Fire Centralia, PA

10 Centralia Mine Fire Centralia, PA

11 Examples of CTDs Coal Mine Fire Chemical contamination

12 Keystone Landfill Littlestown, PA

13 Escambia Superfund Site Pensacola, FL

14 Kennedy Heights Houston, TX

15 Minamata, Japan

16 Examples of CTDs Coal Mine Fire Chemical contamination Radiation

17 Three Mile Island Middletown, PA

18 Hiroshima, Japan

19

20 Physical Effects Ambiguous Invisible Poison Endless

21 Escambia Superfund Site Pensacola, FL

22 Escambia Superfund Site Pensacola, FL

23 Kennedy Heights Houston, TX

24 Kennedy Heights Houston, TX

25 Keystone Landfill Littlestown, PA

26 Keystone Landfill Littlestown, PA

27 Three Mile Island Middletown, PA

28 Social Effects Reality Disjuncture Institutionalized Liminality Internal Social Conflict Social Breakdown

29 Psychological Effects Anxiety Somatic Complaints (Post-) Traumatic Stress Disorder Intrusion/Hypervigilence Avoidance/Denial Depression

30 CTD effects LONG-TERM Increased levels of psychological distress found 6 years after TMI (Baum and Fleming, 1993) Increased levels of psycho-social distress found 8 years after benzene contamination (Couch and Mercuri, 2007)

31 CTD Conflict LONG-TERM 35 Minamata continued conflict after 35 years

32

33 Recovery or Transformation? RECOVERY? the regaining of something lost or taken away restoration or return to a former (and better) state or condition TRANSFORMATION change in form, appearance, nature, or character to change into another substance; transmute metamorphosis

34 Disaster Management: What to do? Two Basic Approaches: Expert Intervention top-down solution Empower people and communities

35 PARTICIPATORY CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Work with Communities toward EMPOWERMENT

36 Decision-making as PROCESS Proof of the Pudding is partly in the Doing Involve Communities from Beginning Involve Communities Seriously Build Trust Social justice issues

37 References Baum, Andrew; Fleming, India. Implications of psychological research on stress and technological accidents. American Psychologist 48.6 (June 1993): Couch, Stephen R.; Anne E. Mercuri. Toxic Water and the Anthill Effect: The Development of a Subculture of Distress in a Once Contaminated Community. Social Problems and Public Policy 14 (2007):

38 COMMUNITY, NOT COMMODITY

39 Communities Low Socio-economic Status Racial/Ethnic Minority Rural

40 Keystone Landfill Littlestown, PA

41 Damages --- Natural Disasters Buildings Damaged Human/Biospheric Relations Are OK

42 Damages --- CTD Buildings Are OK Human/Biospheric Relations Damaged

43 Culture of distress Alienation Anger Blame Mistrust Social conflict Preoccupation Change in home Endless problem Severe uncertainty Powerlessness Pervasive fear Constant vigilance Stigma Social isolation Disillusionment Anomia

44 Human Costs Health impacts Changes in Self Changes in Worldview Divorces Lost Friendships Broken Social Communities

45 Economic Costs Health-related expenses Lost productivity Decreased property values Decreased real estate development Decreased economic development

46 Outcomes Techfix (technological solution) Relocation (move people away from the problem)

47 Techfix --- Problem Solved

48 Techfix --- Problem Solved (OR IS IT??)

49 Relocation

50 Relocation The operation was a success, but the Community died.

51 Disasters: Environmental SOCIAL

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