DRUG ADDICTION DURING PREGNANCY RISK FACTOR FOR PERINATAL INFECTIONS

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1 CASE STUDIES 6 DRUG ADDICTION DURING PREGNANCY RISK FACTOR FOR PERINATAL INFECTIONS Doina Broscauncianu 1, Silvia Maria Stoicescu 1,2, Gabriel Banceanu 2,3, Anca Cabat 1 1 Neonatology Department, Institute for Mother and Child Care, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Polizu, Bucharest ²University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest 3 Institute for Mother and Child Care, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Polizu, Bucharest ABSTRACT Introduction. Neonatal infections are a major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Pregnancy complicated by illicit drug abuse is a risk for perinatal infection. Objective. To assess the incidence of early-onset neonatal sepsis (the fi rst 7 days of life) in newborns from high-risk pregnancies for perinatal infections: the ones affected by drug abuse, without medical assistance versus clinical and fully investigated pregnancies. Material and methods. Retrospective study on newborns from IOMC Emergency Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Gh Polizu, Bucharest, sorted in two separate groups: one of 25 newborns, from 2005 to 2012, coming from uninvestigated pregnancies in women with illicit drug dependencies and another of 50 newborns from properly managed pregnancies from the clinical and anamnestic point of view, but with known risk factors for perinatal infections. The data has been statistically analysed (correlation tests: Student T, Fisher exact, chi-square) Results. The incidence of newborns from pregnancies affected by drug abuse was 0,09% in all newborns, the highest percentage of 0,2% being recorded in Statistically signifi cant differences between the two groups of newborns with risk factors for perinatal infections (emerged from uninvestigated pregnancies with drug abuse and respectively from investigated pregnancies) were: the age of the mothers lower in drug addicted mothers (p_value 0,0002), the percentage of congenital infections (p_value 0,00003; OR 0,03; 95%CI) and respectively the mean length of hospital stay-days (p_value0,0180) higher in dug addicted mothers. On the other hand: the delivery by cesarean section (p_value 0,0010), urogenital colonisation (p_value 0,0016) were more frequent in newborns from investigated pregnancies. A percent of 22 of all investigated women were positive for Group B Streptococcus and the most frequent type was I b type. The share of perinatal infections among neonatal morbidity was 33% for the newborns from drug addicted mothers and 27% for the newborns from investigated mothers. The incidence of neonatal infections was 52% for the newborns from drug addicted mothers (a risk of 1 in 1,9 cases) and 18% for the newborns from investigated mothers (a risk of 1 in 5,5 cases) Conclusions. Drug addiction during pregnancy represents a high risk factor for perinatal infections due to sexual and blood transmitted diseases associated with lack of hygiene, precarious nutrition and low immunological status and leads to high medical and social costs. The correct medical management of pregnancies, through early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal infections may lower the incidence and the consequences of perinatal infections. Keywords: risk factors, perinatal infection, fallow up of pregnancy, maternal drug abuse INTRODUCTION Neonatal infections still are (in an era of imposing medical achievements like in vitro fertilisation assisted human reproduction technology and the survival of foetuses of lower and lower gestational ages and birth weights) major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Acknowledging the risk factors for the perinatal infections (between 22 weeks of gestation or 154 days of pregnancy and day 7 after birth W.H.O. definition (1)) enhance the prevention of their oc- Coresponding author: Doina Broscauncianu, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Polizu, Polizu St., Bucharest doinabroscauncianu@yahoo.com REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN

2 140 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN 2014 currence and/or augments the diagnose and efficient treatment. Both medical factors, like the mother s precarious health state, often with untreated infections, and social-cultural factors, like the lack of medical surveillance of the pregnancies, are indirectly contributing factors to the morbidity and mortality through perinatal infections. It is a widely known fact that medical science can improve the motherchild health status only when supported by an effective program of social actions (2). Drug addiction, especially for injected illicit drugs usually related to opiates use (although in some countries amphetamines injection represents a major problem), affects 1,3 to 1,7 million persons in EU and Norway (4), from which 34% are women, most of them at fertile age (5) and that constitutes an important risk factor for perinatal infections. These infections are acquired via parenteral or sexual way before and/or during pregnancy and they are transferred to the foetus/the newborn before or during delivery, the most frequent ones being caused by hepatitis B or C virus, human immunodeficiency virus or treponema pallidum(6,7,8,9). The determining factors of perinatal infections are micro-organisms passed from mother to foetus in utero (congenital infections), frequently identified as TORCH group (T = toxoplasma gondii, O = other agents, R = rubella virus, C = cytomegalovirus or CMV, H = herpes simplex virus or HSV), TORCHES CLAP group (TORCH and E = enterovirus, S = syphilis, C = chickenpox - varicella - zoster virus or VZV, L = Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi, A = AIDS or HIV, P = parvovirus B19) or CHEAP TORCHES (H = B and C hepatitis - hepatitic B (VHB) or C (VHC) virus and E = any other sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma and papillomavirus). The infections passed from mother to foetus/newborn during delivery or immediately after are produced by micro-organisms located within the vagina and are frequently (Grup B streptococci, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans, hlamydia trachomatis), seldom (Staphylococcus aureus, Alfahaemolytic streptococci, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Alkaligenes faecalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Vibrio fetus, Bacteroides, Clostridium species, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis) or extremely rare (Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Corynebacterium, Bacillus subtilis, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Bifi dobacterium, Eubacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) associated with neonatal sepsis (10). The correct management of the pregnancy with infectious hazards, early diagnosis and treatment of maternal infections can diminish the incidence and ameliorate the outcome of perinatal infections. In Romania, the consequences of drug abuse during pregnancy for the newborn have been reported for the first time in a written paper in the year 2005 (11). MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective study on newborns from IOMC Emergency Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Gh Polizu, Bucharest, sorted in two separate groups: one of 25 newborns, from 2005 to 2012, coming from uninvestigated pregnancies in women with illicit drug addictions and another of 50 newborns from properly managed pregnancies from the clinical and anamnestic point of view, but with known risk factors for perinatal infections. For the group of newborns from drug addicted mothers a clinical exam was performed (including assessment by FINNEGAN score) and toxicological (urine testing for 68% of the couples newborn mother), serological, bacteriological and biochemical tests were accomplished, along with radiologic and echographic exams and psycho-social inquiries made by the social workers and the psychologist. For the group of newborns with risk factors for perinatal infections coming from investigated pregnancies we have selected some of the cases already included in a prospective study realised during with The National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology Cantacuzino, Bucharest. The laboratory workup performed to identify the risk factors for perinatal infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes, B or C hepatitis, parvovirus infection, syphilis, listeriosis, chlamydia and B group streptococcus) in the stage of symptomatic or asymptomatic infections/healthy carrier subjected women in various points of their pregnancies and 28% of the newborns carried by them, who presented clinical signs suggestive for perinatal infections. To detect the Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) vaginal samples were taken (from the inferior third) during week and the lochia were tested after delivery. Bacterial culture identification was achieved with serological methods (se-

3 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN rotyping the specific antigen of group B streptococcus). The data has been statistically analysed (correlation tests: Student T, Fisher exact, chi-square). The significance level of the test was compared to p = 0,05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Drug addiction during pregnancy was described in 0,09% of all women (28 489) who delivered live babies in Polizu Hospital between 2005 and 2012, with a peak of incidence in 2011 (0,2%). The illicit drugs were in the vast majority of intra-venous type, fact that was alone a risk factor for perinatal infections, in addition to the overlooking of preventive measures for sexually transmitted diseases. More than one drug was consumed in 36% of cases. 12% of the drug addicted mothers were underaged (< 18 years), 40% had between 21 and 29 years and 24% between 30 and 34 years. 84% of them resided in urban environment, 12% in rural one, 4% had no residence and for 8% we had no available data. Drug addicted mothers were known for or they tested positive for Treponema pallidum (8 cases), hepatitis C virus (5 cases), hepatitis B virus (1 case) and human immunodeficiency virus HIV (1 case), representing altogether a total of 60% of the cases. Medical monitoring during pregnancy was widely absent in the group of drug addicted mothers. In addition to medical issues many of them also had psycho-social difficulties: psychosis (2 cases), attempted suicide (2 cases), penal detention (1 case), decease (1 case) and child abandonment (6 cases). Most of the investigations completed in mothers from the second group (preponderantly aged between 21 and 35 years 85% and with urban residence 70%) revealed the immunisation for rubella (97.95%), cytomegalovirus (92.68%), toxoplasmosis (41.46%) and parvovirus B (31.25%). The most frequent identified risk factors for perinatal infection were urogenital bacterial/group B Streptococcus colonisation (14%), abnormal amniotic fluid (6%), ruptured membranes for more than 18 hours (3%), cervical cerclage (3%) and fever in labour (2%). The Group B Streptococcus, which may transitory, chronically or intermittently colonise the maternal vagina, was found in 22% of investigated mothers, therefore representing a risk factor for infections in newborn (vertical transmission leads to colonisation and/or early or late-onset neonatal sepsis). Group B Streptococcus typing, based on capsular polysaccharides identification, has shown a prominence of Ib type (34%) followed by type III (22%) and type IV (22%) and associations between type III and IV and respectively type IV and V. The newborns from this study had the following characteristics: male sex was preponderant in newborns from drug addicted mothers (68%) versus 50% in the group of newborns from investigated mothers; 72% were term babies ( 37 weeks of gestation) in the group with drug addicted mothers and 70% in the second one; premature birth (gestational age 36 weeks and 6 days) affected 28% from newborns with drug addicted, uninvestigated mothers and 30% of those with investigated mothers during pregnancy. Low birth weight 2,500 g was a more frequent finding (48% versus 36%) in the group of newborns from drug addicted mothers, whereas birth weight 2,501 g was preponderant in the other group (64% versus 54%) The distribution of the newborns by gestational age and birth weight emphasised the following: prematurity was more frequent in babies from investigated pregnancies (34% versus 28%), intra- FIGURE 1. Illicit drugs consumed during pregnancy and no. of drug abusing mothers

4 142 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Infection + Infection - Factors associated to early-onset mether-to-child bacterial infection in newborns from investigated preganancies primiparity > parity urban rural cesarean section vaginal delivery males females prematurity 75% 25% 62.50% 37.50% 50% 50% 63% 37.50% 66.66% 57.15% 42.85% 71.40% 26.10% 59.50% 40.47% 47.60% 52.30% 24.39% FIGURE 2. Associated factors to early-onset mother-to-child bacterial infection in newborns from investigated pregnancies uterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurred twice as frequent in newborns from drug addicted mothers (20% versus 10%) and term babies from this group had often weighted under 3000 g at birth (24% versus 18% in the group with investigated mothers). The delivery was mainly vaginal (80%) for the drug addicted mothers and by cesarean section (58%) for the investigated mother with infectious risk factors in addition to other obstetrical risk factors. Neonatal morbidity was 88% for the newborns from drug addicted mothers and 34% for the ones from investigated pregnancies. For the newborns from uninvestigated, drug addicted mothers the incidence of perinatal infections was of 52% (13 cases out of 25) namely a risk for infection of 1 in 1,9 cases; interestingly, 9 cases out of this group had 1 type of perinatal infection bacterial mother-to-child infection (3 cases) or congenital infection (6 cases: 5 with syphilis and 1 with HIV) and 4 cases counted 2 types of infection: congenital (syphilis in 3 cases and CMV in 1 case) associated to bacterial gram-negative neonatal sepsis (Escherichia coli in 3 cases and Enterobacter, 1 case). Syphilitic infection was confirmed in 2 cases (both VDRL and TPHA positive testing) and suspected in 3 cases (only TPHA positive). In the group of newborns from investigated pregnancies the incidence of perinatal infections was of 18% (9 cases: 8 diagnosed with early-onset bacterial sepsis and 1 with congenital infection) representing an infection risk of 1 in 5,5 cases. Maternal bacterial colonisation as a risk factor for perinatal infection was not constantly associated to neonatal infection. From 9 cases (22,22%) of Group B Streptococcus maternal colonisation only 2 counted for neonatal sepsis (but the pathogen agent was not identified in the newborn). A reasonable explanation for this lack of identification of causal agents might be the antibiotic treatment provided for mothers with urogenital colonisation, other risk factors for infections or suspected/confirmed infection before delivery (in labour) for prophylactic reasons in order to prevent the early-onset neonatal sepsis. The prematurity was frequently linked to perinatal infection. Male sex was more often relat- TABLE 1. Results Variable Uninvestigated. drug abusing pregnancies n = 25 (%) Investigated pregnancies. with infectious risk factors n = 50 (%) p_ value Mother s age (years) ± (14-34) 29.7 ± (19-40) * Male sex 17 (68%) 25 (50%) ** Gestational age (weeks) ± (29-41) ± (27-42) * Birth weight (g) ± ( ) ± ( ) * Cesarean section 5 (20%) 29 (58%) ** Birth asphyxia 2 (8%) 8 (16%) *** Congenital infection 10 (40%) 1 (2%) *** Bacterial mother-to-child infection 7 (28%) 8 (16%) ** Mean duration of antibiotic treatment (days) * Mean duration of hospital stay (days) * *Student T. **Chi-square. *** Fisher exact

5 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN ed to the risk factors presence and to neonatal infection. The amount of congenital infections in the group of newborns from uninvestigated, drug abusing mothers was significantly higher from statistical point of view than in the group of newborns from pregnancies with infectious risk factors but with proper medical assistance. CONCLUSIONS Drug addiction during pregnancy represents a high risk factor for perinatal infections, especially for the congenital ones, due to sexual and blood transmitted diseases associated with lack of hygiene, precarious nutrition and low immunological status. The incidence of drug abuse during pregnancy might seam small but the effect is double, both on mother and her child. Perinatal infection was 2,88 times more frequent in newborns from uninvestigated, drug addicted mothers than in those born from pregnancies with infectious risk factors but correct medical management. Proper medical assistance during pregnancies, through early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal infections may lower both the incidence and the consequences of perinatal infections and the human and financial costs on short and long term. REFERENCES 1. maternal_perinatal/en/ 2. Barbara J. Stoll. Neonatal infections: A global perspective. in Jack S. Remington & Jerome O. Klein, Christopher B. Wilson & Carol J. Baker. Infectious diseases of fetus and newborn infant. Sixth edition. Elselvier, Saunders.2006: Raportul european privind drogurile tendinţe şi evoluţii, Observatorul European pentru Droguri şi Toxicomanie, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Annual report 2007 the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Lisbon: EMCDDA; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Statistical Bulletin Lisbon: EMCDDA; Available from 6. Weber A.E., Tyndall M.W., Spittal P.M., Li K., Coulter S., O Shaughnessy M.V., et al. High pregnancy rates and reproductive health indicators among female injection-drug users in Vancouver, Canada. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2003; 8(1): Lejeune C.C. Simmat-Durand L., Gourarier L., Aubisson S. Prospective multicenter observational study of 260 infants born to 259 opiate-dependent mothers on methadone or high-dose buprenophine substitution. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006; 82(3): Prévention des risques foetaux: toxicomanie et grossesse. www-ulpmed.u-strasbg.fr/medecine/cours_en_ligne/e_cours/ obstetrique/risques_foetaux_toxicomanie.pdf 9. Mirjana Vucinovic, Damir Roje, Zoran Vučinović, Vesna Capkun, Marija Bucat, and Ivo Banović. Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Substance Abuse during Pregnancy: Our Ten-year Experience. Yonsei Med J vol. 49. Nr. 5: , DOI /ymj Yvonne A. Maldonado, Victor nizet, Jerome O. Klein, Jack S. Remington, Christopher B. Wilson. Current concepts of infections of the fetus and newborn infant in Remington & Klein, Wilson, Nizet, Maldonado. Infectious diseases of fetus and newborn infant. Seventh edition. Elselvier, Saunders. 2011: Silvia-Maria Stoicescu, Doina Broscăuncianu. Nou-nascutul cu risc rezultat din sarcina marcata de toxicomanie. Medic.ro, februarie 2005; p Polin R.A., Elvira Parravicini, Regan J.A., Taeusch H.W. Bacterial sepsis and meningitis in Teusch H.W., Ballard A.R., Gleason C.A. Avery s Diseases of the Newborn. 8 th edition. Elsevier Saunders.2005: p Morven S. Edwards, Victor Nizet. Group B streptococcal infections in Remington $ Klein, Wilson, Nizet, Maldonado. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. Seventh Edition. Elsevier, Saunders. 2011: p Gary L. Darmstadt, Anita K.M. Zaidi, Barbara J. Stoll. Neonatal infections: a global perspective. in Remington $ Klein, Wilson, Nizet, Maldonado. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. Seventh Edition. Elsevier, Saunders. 2011: Amy J. Gagnon, Ronald Gibbs. Obstetric factors associated with infectios of the fetus and newborn infant. in Remington $ Klein, Wilson, Nizet, Maldonado. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. Seventh Edition. Elsevier, Saunders. 2011: 51-73

6 6 STUDII CAZUISTICE TOXICOMANIA ÎN SARCINĂ FACTOR DE RISC PENTRU INFECŢIE PERINATALĂ Doina Broscăuncianu 1, Silvia Maria Stoicescu 1,2, Gabriel Bănceanu 2,1, Anca Cabăţ 1 1 Secţia neonatologie, Spitalul Clinic de Obstetrică-Ginecologie Polizu, Bucureşti 2 Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Carol Davila, Bucureşti REZUMAT Introducere. Infecţiile neonatale sunt cauze majore de morbiditate şi mortalitate neonatală. Toxicomania prin injectarea de droguri ilicite este un important factor de risc pentru infecţii perinatale. Obiectivul studiului a fost evaluarea incidenţei infectiilor cu debut precoce la nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini cu risc de infecţie perinatală: sarcini neinvestigate, marcate de toxicomanie şi sarcini investigate clinico-paraclinic. Material şi metodă. Studiu retrospectiv care a cuprins nou-născuţi în Institutul pentru Ocrotirea Mamei şi Copilului, Spitalul Clinic de Obstetrică-Ginecologie POLIZU, grupaţi în 2 loturi: un lot de 25 nou-născuţi în perioada proveniţi din sarcini neinvestigate survenite la femei consumatoare de droguri ilicite şi un lot de 50 nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini corect investigate anamnestico-clinic cu factori de risc pentru infecţie perinatală. Datele au fost analizate statistic (teste specifice de corelaţie: Student T, Fisher exact, Chi-square). Rezultate. Incidenţa nou-născuţilor din sarcini marcate de toxicomanie a fost de 0,09% din totalul de naşteri, cu o maximă de 0,2% înregistrată în anul Diferenţe semnifi cativ statistic s-au înregistrat între cele două loturi de nou-născuţi cu factori de risc infecţios prezent în privinţa: vârstei mamelor mai mică la toxicomane (p_value = 0,0002) a procentului de infecţii congenitale (p_value = 0,00003) OR = 0,03; 95%CI precum şi a duratei medii (zile) de spitalizare (p_value = 0,0180) mai mari la nou-născuţi ai mamelor cu toxicomanie, dar şi în privinţa modului de naştere prin cezariană (p_value = 0,0010) a colonizării bacteriene a tractului uro-genital matern (p_value = 0,0016) mai frecvente la nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini investigate. 22% din femeile însărcinate investigate, au prezentat Streptococ grup B, cel mai frecvent tip fi ind serotipul Ib. Ponderea, în cadrul morbidităţii neonatale, a infecţiilor perinatale a fost pentru nou-născuţi din mame toxicomane de 33%, iar pentru nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini investigate de 27%. Incidenţa infecţiei perinatale a fost de 52% la nou-născuţi din mame toxicomane (risc de infecţie de 1/1,9 cazuri) şi de 18% la nou-născuţi din sarcini supravegheate (ceea ce reprezintă un risc de 1/5,5 cazuri). Concluzii. Toxicomania în cursul sarcinii constituie, prin boli infecţioase dobândite pe cale sexuală sau sanguină asociate cu defi cienţe de igienă pe fond de nutriţie precară şi de imunitate scăzută, un important factor de risc pentru infecţie perinatală. Asistenţa sanitară în cursul sarcinii, prin diagnostic şi tratament precoce al infecţiei materne, poate diminua incidenţa şi consecinţele medico-sociale ale infecţiei neonatale. Cuvinte cheie: toxicomanie în sarcină, factor de risc, infecţie perinatală INTRODUCERE Infecţiile neonatale sunt încă, în această epocă de mari progrese medicale ca fertilizarea in vitro tehnologie de reproducere umană asistată, supravieţuirea unor feţi cu vârste gestaţionale şi greutăţi din ce în ce mai mici, cauze majore de morbiditate şi mortalitate neonatală. Cunoaşterea factorilor de risc pentru infecţia produsă în perioada perinatală (cuprinsă între 22 săptămâni complete sau 154 zile de sarcină până în a 7-a zi după naştere (1) contribuie la prevenirea apariţiei şi/sau la depistarea şi tratarea eficientă a acestora. Factori medicali ca starea precară a sănătăţii mamei, deseori cu infecţii netratate, ca şi factori socio-culturali ca lipsa de asistenţă sanitară în cursul sarcinii, concură indirect ca factori favorizanţi la morbiditatea şi mortalitatea prin infecţii perinatale. Adresa de corespondenţă: Dr. Doina Broscăuncianu, Spitalul Clinic de Obstetrică-Ginecologie Polizu, Str. Polizu nr , Bucureşti doinabroscauncianu@yahoo.com 194 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN 2014

7 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN Se consideră de altfel că ştiinţa medicală poate ame liora starea de sănătate materno-infantilă, numai susţinută de acţiuni eficiente pe plan social (2). Toxicomania, şi în mod special consumul de dro guri ilicite prin injectare, asociat de regulă cu consumul de opiacee (deşi în unele ţări injectarea amfetaminelor reprezintă o problemă majoră) (3) afectează aproximativ 1,3-1,7 milioane persoane în Uniunea Europeană şi Norvegia (4) din care 34% sunt femei, majoritatea la vârsta fertilă (5) şi este un important factor de risc pentru infecţii perinatale. Dobândite pe cale sanguină sau sexuală înainte şi/sau în timpul sarcinii şi transmise fătului/nounăscutului înainte sau în timpul naşterii, cele mai frecvente infecţii sunt cele determinate de virus hepatitic C sau B, virusul imunodeficienţei umane sau de treponema pallidum (6,7,8,9). Factori determinanţi ai infecţiei perinatale sunt microorganisme ce pot fi transmise de la mamă la făt în timpul vietii intrauterine (infecţii congenitale) şi care sunt frecvent identificate prin acronime ca: TORCH (T = toxoplasma gondii, O = alte infecţii/ patogeni, R = rubeolic virus, C = citomegalic virus sau CMV, H = herpes simplex virus sau HSV) TORCHES CLAP (TORCH şi E = enterovirus, S = sifilis cauzat de treponema pallidum, C = chickenpox cauzat de virus varicela-zoster sau VZV, L = boala Lyme cauzata de Borrelia burgdorferi, A = AIDS sau HIV, P = parvovirus B19) sau CHEAP TORCHES (H = hepatita B şi C cauzată de virus hepatitic B (VHB) sau C (VHC) şi E = orice altceva care este transmis sexual ca gonoreea, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma şi papillomavirus. Infecţia transmisă de la mamă la făt/nou-născut în cursul naşterii sau imediat după naştere este determinată de microorganisme aflate în tractul vaginal, asociate cu infecţia neonatală în mod semnificativ (Grup B streptococci, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis) neobişnuit (Staphylococcus aureus, Alfa-haemolytic streptococci, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Alkaligenes faecalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Vibrio fetus, Bacteroides, Clostridium species, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis) sau foarte rar (Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Corynebacterium, Bacillus subtilis, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) (10). Supravegherea corectă a evoluţiei sarcinii cu risc infecţios, diagnosticul şi tratamentul precoce al infecţiei materne poate diminua incidenţa şi consecinţele infecţiei perinatale. În România efectele toxicomaniei din cursul sarcinii asupra nou-născutului au fost semnalate în scris prima dată în 2005 (11). MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ Studiu retrospectiv care a cuprins nou-născuţi în Institutul pentru Ocrotirea Mamei şi Copilului, Spitalul Clinic de Obstetrică Ginecologie Polizu grupaţi în 2 loturi: un lot de 25 nou-născuţi în perioada , proveniţi din sarcini survenite la femei consumatoare de droguri ilicite (sarcini neinvestigate) şi un lot de 50 nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini cu factori derisc pentru infecţie perinatală depistaţi prin corecta investigare anamnesticoclinică. Pentru lotul nou-născuţilor cu mame toxicomane s-au efectuat: examen clinic (inclusiv evaluarea prin scorul FINNEGAN ) examen toxicologic al urinei (recoltări efectuate la 68% din cupluri nounăscut-mamă) analize de serologie, bacteriologie, biochimie, radiologie şi ecografie, ancheta psihosocială realizată de asistent social şi de psiholog. Pentru lotul nou-născuţilor cu factori de risc pentru infecţie perinatală proveniţi din sarcini inves tigate, au fost selectate cazuri incluse într-un proiect de cercetare prospectivă în colaborare cu Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Microbiologie şi Imunologie Cantacuzino efectuat în perioada Investigaţiile de laborator, realizate în vederea depistării de factori de risc pentru infecţie perinatală (toxoplasmoza, rubeola, citomegaloviroza, herpes, hepatita B sau C, parvoviroza, sifilis, listerioza, infecţie cu Chlamydia şi Streptococ grup B) ca infecţii simptomatice sau asimptomatice/stare de purtător sănătos, au inclus femeile aflate în diverse momente ale sarcinii, precum şi 28% dintre nounăscuţii lor, care au prezentat semne clinice evocatoare de infecţie perinatală. Pentru depistarea de Streptococul grup B (Streptococcus agalactiae) au fost recoltate probe din vagin (1/3 inferioară) în săptămâna de sarcină şi probe din lohii, după naştere. Identificarea de certitudine s-a realizat prin metode serologice (serogruparea prin detectarea antigenului specific de grup B). Datele au fost analizate statistic (teste specifice de corelaţie: Student T, Fisher exact, Chi-square) Nivelul de semnificaţie a testului s-a comparat cu p = 0,05

8 196 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN 2014 REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII Toxicomania în sarcină a fost depistată la 0,09% din totalul femeilor (28.489) care au născut în Spitalul Polizu în anii , perioadă în care o incidenţă maximă de 0,2% s-a înregistrat în Drogurile ilicite consumate erau cu administrare intravenoasă în majoritatea cazurilor, ceea ce constituia factor de risc pentru infecţie perinatală, ca şi ignorarea măsurilor de profilaxie a bolilor cu transmitere sexuală. Politoxicomania a fost prezentă în 36% cazuri. 12% din mamele toxicomane erau minore (< 18 ani) 40% aveau între ani şi 24% între ani. Domiciliul acestor mame a fost în 84% cazuri în mediul urban, 12% în mediul rural, 4% erau fără domiciliu şi în 8% nu s-au putut obţine date. Mamele toxicomane se ştiau sau au fost depistate ca fiind afectate de Treponema pallidum (8 cazuri) de virus hepatitic C (5 cazuri), virus hepatitic B şi virusul imunodeficienţei umane (câte 1 caz), ceea ce reprezintă în total 60% din cazuri. Supravegherea medicală a sarcinilor mamelor toxicomane a fost în aproape toate cazurile absentă. Asociate problemelor medicale, la multe mame s-au înregistrat probleme psiho-sociale: psihoză (2 cazuri), tentativă suicid (2 cazuri), detenţie în penitenciar (1 caz), deces (1 caz), abandonarea nou-născutului (6 cazuri). Investigaţiile efectuate mamelor nou-născuţilor din al doilea lot, cele mai multe fiind cu vârste între ani (82%) şi cu domiciliul în mediul urban (70%), au evidenţiat faptul că în majoritatea cazurilor există imunizare pentru rubeolă (97,95%), citomegalovirus (92,68%), toxoplasmoză (41,46%) şi parvoviroză B (31,25%). Factorii de risc pentru infecţie perinatală depistaţi cel mai frecvent au fost colonizarea tractului uro-genital cu bacterii/ Streptococ grup B (14%), lichid amniotic anormal (6%), membrane rupte de > 18 ore (3%), cerclaj col uterin (3%), febră în travaliu (2%). Streptococul de grup B care poate coloniza tractul vaginal matern tranzitoriu, cronic sau intermitent, reprezentând astfel un factor de risc infecţios pentru nou-născut (prin transmiterea la nou-născut se produce colonizare şi /sau infecţie bacteriană cu debut precoce sau tardiv) s-a depistat la 22% din mamele investigate. Serotiparea Streptococilor de grup B, pe baza polizaharidului capsular, a indicat predominantă tip Ib (34%), urmat de tip III (22%) şi tip IV (22%) şi de asocieri între tip III cu IV şi tip IV cu tip V. Nou-născuţii proveniţi din sarcinile mamelor studiate au avut următoarele caracteristici: sexul predominant de 68% a fost cel masculin în rândul nou-născuţilor mamelor toxicomane, faţă de 50% în rândul celor investigate în timpul sarcinii; născuţi la termen ( 37 săptămâni) au fost 72% în lotul de nou-născuţi cu mame toxicomane şi 70% în al doilea lot; prematur (cu vârsta de gestaţie 36 săptămâni + 6 zile) s-au născut 28% din cei cu mame toxicomane, neinvestigate, şi 30% din cei cu mame investigate în sarcină. Greutatea la naştere g s-a înregistrat cu preponderenţă (48% faţă de 36%) în lotul nou-născuţilor proveniţi din mame toxicomane şi greutatea g a fost majoritară în celălat lot (64% faţă de 54%). Repartiţia nou-născuţilor în funcţie de vârsta de gestaţie şi de greutatea la naştere, a evidenţiat următoa rele: prematuritatea a fost mai frecventă la nounăscuţi din sarcini investigate (34% faţă de 28%) restricţia de creştere intrauterină RCIU) a fost mai frecventă de 2 ori la nou-născuţi din sarcini mar cate de toxicomanie (20% faţă de 10%), iar nou-născuţii la termen, proveniţi din aceste sarcini au avut mai frecvent greutăţi mai mici de g (24% faţă de 18% în lotul cu mame investigate). Modul naşterii a fost predominant pe cale vaginală (80%) pentru lotul cu mame cu toxicomanie şi prin ope raţie cezariană (58%) pentru lotul cu mame inves tigate cu factori de risc infecţios, dar şi cu alţi factori de risc obstetrical. Morbiditatea neonatală a fost de 88% la nounăscuţi din mame toxicomane şi de 34% pentru cei proveniţi din sarcini investigate. FIGURA 1. Droguri ilicite consumate în timpul sarcinii

9 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% IMF + IMF - paritate > paritate urban rural cezariană vaginal masculin feminin prematuritate 75% 25% 62,50% 37,50% 50% 50% 63% 37,50% 66,66% 57,15% 42,85% 71,40% 26,10% 59,50% 40,47% 47,60% 52,30% 24,39% FIGURA 2. Factori asociaţi cu infecţie precoce bacteriană materno-fetală (IMF) la nou-născuţi proveniţi din sarcini investigate Pentru nou-născuţii proveniţi din mame toxicomane neinvestigate în sarcină, incidenţa infecţiilor perinatale a fost de 52% (13 cazuri din 25) riscul de infecţie fiind de 1/1,9 cazuri; de remarcat că în acest lot, 9 cazuri au avut câte 1 tip de infecţie perinatală, bacteriană materno-fetală (3 cazuri) sau congenitală (6 cazuri, dintre care 5 cu sifilis şi 1 cu HIV), iar 4 cazuri au evoluat cu câte 2 tipuri de infecţii, infecţie congenitală (sifilis 3 cazuri şi CMV1 caz) asociată cu infecţie bacteriană materno-fetală cu germeni Gram-negativi (Escherichia coli în 3 cazuri şi enterobacter 1 caz). Sifilisul congenital a fost confirmat (VDRL şi TPHA pozitive) în 2 cazuri şi suspectat (TPHA pozitiv) în 3 cazuri. În lotul născuţilor din sarcini investigate incidenţa infecţiilor perinatale a fost de 18% (9 cazuri care au prezentat infecţii: infecţie bacteriană precoce materno-fetală 8 cazuri şi infecţie congenitală 1 caz), ceea ce reprezintă un risc de infecţie de 1/5,5 cazuri. Colonizarea maternă ca şi factor de risc pen tru infecţia neonatală nu a fost asociată constant cu infecţia neonatală. Din 9 cazuri (22,22%) de colonizare maternă cu Streptococ grup B, doar în 2 cazuri s-a produs sepsis neonatal precoce (cu ger mene neidentificat însă). Ad ministrarea de antibiotic înainte de naştere (în travaliu) la mamă colonizată sau cu alţi factori de risc infecţios, cu infecţie suspicionată sau confirmată, pentru pro filaxia in fec ţiei neonatale precoce, poate fi o explicaţie a lipsei de identificare a germenilor la nounăscut. Prematuritatea a fost frecvent asociată cu infecţia perinatală. Sexul masculin a fost mai frecvent aso ciat cu prezenţa factorilor de risc infecţios şi cu in fecţia neonatală. Procentul de infecţii congenitale din lotul nounăscuţilor proveniţi din sarcini marcate de toxicomanie, neinvestigate, a fost semnificativ statistic mai mare decât cel existent în lotul nou-născuţilor din sarcini cu risc infecţios, dar cu asistenţă corectă medical. TABELUL 1. Rezultate Variabilă Sarcini neinvestigate, cu toxicomanie n = 25 (%) Vârsta mamă (ani) 24,40 ± 6,0553 (14-34) Sarcini investigate, cu factori de risc infecţios n = 50 (%) 29,7 ± 5,2598 (19-40) p_ value 0,0002 * Sex masculin 17 (68%) 25 (50%) 0,138 ** Vârsta gestaţie (săptămâni) 37,36 ± 2, ,86 ± 3,3807 0,5321 * (29-41) (27-42) Greutate la naştere (g) 2510,00 ± 639, ,80 ± 861,18 0,1814 * ( ) ( ) Cezariană 5 (20%) 29 (58%) 0,0010 ** Asfixia la naştere 2 (8%) 8 (16%) 0,2822 *** Infecţie congenitală 10 (40%) 1 (2%) *** Infecţie materno-fetală bacteriană 7 (28%) 8 (16%) 0,2206 ** Antibioticoterapie durată medie (zile) 12,56 7,1 0,1191 * Spitalizare durată medie (zile) 22,16 11,7 0,0180 * *Student T, **Chi-square, *** Fisher exact

10 198 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 2, AN 2014 CONCLUZII Toxicomania în cursul sarcinii constituie, prin boli infecţioase dobândite pe cale sexuală sau sanguine, asociate cu deficienţe de igienă pe fond de nutriţie precară şi de imunitate scăzută, un important factor de risc pentru infecţie perinatală, preponderent infecţie congenitală. Incidenţa consumului de droguri în sarcină, aparent mică, are impact dublu asupra mamei şi copilului nou-născut. Infecţia perinatală a fost de 2,88 mai frecventă la nou-născuţi din mame toxicomane neinvestigate, decât la nounăscuţi din sarcini cu factori de risc infecţios investigate corect. Asistenţa sanitară în cursul sarcinii, prin diagnostic şi tratament precoce al infecţiei materne, poate diminua incidenţa şi consecinţele infecţiei perinatale, dar şi costurile umane şi financiare pe termen scurt şi lung.

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