Acute undifferentiated fevers: Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul MD Prince of Songkla University Hat yai, Songkla, Thailand
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1 Acute undifferentiated fevers: Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul MD Prince of Songkla University Hat yai, Songkla, Thailand
2 CASE 1 Male, 45 yr. old, Dean of a medical school. Hx: Had fever for 4 days, myalgia, headache Traveled to Rayong 1 mo ago. PE: T 39.7 o C P 90/min otherwise = NAD Lab: Hct 41 %, WBC 4,500 P 60 % L 25 %; UA= normal Malarial smears & blood cultures = negative Rx: Co - trimoxazole, not improved
3 CASE 1 OX-K OX-2 OX-19 IIP (R. typhi) 8/10/87 1:20 <1:20 1:20 1:400 18/10/87 1:20 1:40 >1:2,560 ND Rx: 200 mg. Doxycycline p.o afebrile in 24 hr.
4 Case 2 28 yrs. old man, rubber-planter from Songkla First admission: Dec CC. : Had fever for 5 days. Hx : Fever with nausea and headache, 5 days Blood exam. for malaria = neg.
5 PE: T 40.5 o C, P 100/min.,R 26/min, BP 100/50 not pale nor icteric Liver & Spleen not enlarged. LAB: Hct 41% WBC 4,900 P 68%, L 31%, M 1% Malaria = negative x 4. Urinalysis = WNL case2
6 14/12/83 21/12/83 IFA 1:5120 >=1:5120 (O. tsutsugamushi) Case2
7 Course : Rx with tetracycline, defervesed within 24 hrs. Second admission (2 mos. later ) CC : Had fever for 3 days with chill & headache PE : T 38 o C, pale, not icteric, liver and spleen not enlarged LAB: Hb 5.6 gm% WBC 8,100 P 66% L 34% Thin film smear: + for P. falciparum Course: Rx with quinine and tetracycline defervesed in 2 days.
8 Malarial Smear 2005 Annual Report, Malaria Division,Thai CDC Year No. of 3,339,072 3,069,490 2,524,788 smears done No. of 37,911 20,264 27,381 positive smears Positive rate 1.14% 0.98% 1.08%
9 Scrub Typhus Infection and Related Factors Among Patients at Malarial Clinics in 3 Thai-Myanmar Border Provinces. Kaewburong K Thesis,Mahidol University. Bangkok Sites: Ratchaburi, Petchaburi,Kanchanaburi 200 patients visiting 6 malarial clinics. 43 (21.5%) had malaria. 17 (8.5%) had serologic evidence of recent scrub typhus infection. 4 (2%) had coinfection of malaria and scrub typhus.
10 In Thailand,except in some Thai- Myanmar border provinces,,most febrile patients who present to malarial clinics have other diseases rather than malaria. A significant proportion of patients with malaria have other coinfections such as rickettsioses or leptospirosis. Ref.: Berman SJ et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973;22: Berman SJ et al. Ann Internal Med 1973;79:26-30 Brown GW et al. Am Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:311 Singhsilarak T et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Hyg 2006;37:1-4
11 Source: Division of Epidemiology, Thai CDC.
12 Acute fevers without apparent source on clinical examination: Terms Pyrexia of unknown origin or PUO (Carley JG et al. Australasian Annals of Medicine 1955;14:95) (McCrumb FR Jr. et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1957;6: )
13 (Chronic) Fever of unknown origin (FUO) Was defined by Drs.Petersdorf and Beeson in 1961 as: (1) temperatures of >38.3 C (>101 F) on several occasions; (2) a duration of fever of >3 weeks; (3) failure to reach a diagnosis despite 1 week of inpatient investigation. Petersdorf RO, Beeson PB. Medicine (Baltimore). 1961;40:1-30.
14 Acute Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (acute PUO) Fever > 100 o F Duration > 4 d. with > 2 d. in hospital Negative PE & Lab Ref : Berman SJ et al : Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973;22:796
15 Acute undifferentiated fevers: Magnitude of problem Vietnam: Acute, undifferentiated febrile disease is the most frequent causes of admission among (~500,000) US Army personnel in Vietnam accounting for 50% of all non surgical hospitalization. Incidence = cases per1000 average strength per year. Second only to venereal diseases( /1000) which, however, did not need hospitalization. Ref. Gilbert DN et al. Ann Intern Med 1968:662:
16 Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report, Thailand Ac. Diarrhea 1,055, ,760 1,161,877 Ac. PUO 242, , ,066 Dengue 114,800 63,657 39,135 Malaria 24,100 19,910 23,656 Ref : Division of Epidemiology, MOPH
17 Acute undifferentiated fevers: Etiologies
18 Acute PUO, Northern Australia No. of patients 131 O. tsutsugamushi isolated 31 (24%) Leptospira spp. isolated 4 Q fever 5 Ref : Carley JG et al. Australasian Ann Med 1955;14:95-99
19 Acute PUO, American Soldiers, Vietnam Total No Unknown Cause 377 (47.5%) 2. Leptospirosis 159 (20.1%) 3. Scrub typhus 92 (11.6%) 4. Japanese encephalitis 54 (6.8%) 5. Infectious Mononucleosis 43 (5.4%) 6. Gr. B Arboviruses 22 (2.8%) 7. Coxachie virus 10 (1.3%) 8. Dengue 5 (0.6%) 9. Murine typhus 4 (0.5%) Ref : Berman SJ. et al. Epidemiology of the acute fevers of unknown origin in South Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973;22:196
20 EID 2006;12: Year of study: Criteria for inclusion: Adults in-patients with fever and negative malarial smears.
21 Results: Total no. of patients: 427 (100%) Total acute rickettsioses 115 (26.9%) 1. Scrub typhus 63 (14.8%) 2. Murine typhus 41 (9.6%) 3. R. helvetica 8 (1.9%) 4. One each of Rickettsia AT1, R. Felis, R.conorii
22 Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand. Suttinont C et al. Ann Trop Med Parasitol ;100: Prospective observational study between hospitals. 845 adults patients with fever<15 d. and absence of an obvious focus of infection.
23 Causes of Acute Fevers at Various Study Sites Source:Yupin Suputtamongkol
24 845 patients Median duration of fever, on presentation, = 3.5 days Cause of their fever identified = 68.3% 1 Leptospirosis = 36.9% 2. Scrub typhus = 19.9% 3. Dengue infection = 10.7% 4. Murine typhus = 2.8% 5. R. helvetica infection = 1.3% 6. Q fever = 1%
25 Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report, Thailand Ac. Diarrhea 1,055, ,760 1,161,877 Ac. PUO 242, , ,066 Dengue 114,800 63,657 39,135 Malaria 24,100 19,910 23,656 Ref : Division of Epidemiology, MOPH
26 EID 2003;9:592-5
27 15/ 46 patients with suspected rickettsioses in Sangkhlaburi between Jun Feb patients had scrub typhus - 4 patients had murine typhus - 8 patients had SFG rickettsioses 1 case of R. felis : 1st case in Asia 2 cases of R. conorii Indian strain ( 1 had an eschar and skin rash) 5 cases of R. Helvetica ( 3 had Hx of tick bite,2 had an eschar and 1 had skin rash)
28 Human Ehrlichiosis in Thailand (Heppner DG et al : Lancet 1997; ) - Sangkhlaburi, Kanchanaburi - 50 healthy volunteers - 20 ( 44 % ) had E. chafeensis antibodies - 9 (18 %) > 1 :320 IFA titers - 14 (28 %) had spotted fever rickettsial titers - None had E. sennetsu antibody
29 Fever 1,629 Cases, Malaysia Brown GW et al. Am Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:311 Number Percentage 1. Unkown Etiology % 2. Rickettsial infections % Scrub typhus % 3. Enteric fever % 4. Flavivirus infections % 5. Leptospirosis % 6. Malaria %
30 Prospective (Oct 2002-Feb 2003) study of adult inpatients with fever of 5-30 days duration.
31 50/207(24.2%) had scrub typhus. 7/50 (14%) died.
32 Prospective study of all adults with fever during winter and monsoon seasons in year 2001.(Only 16% were in-patients.)
33 Results: Murine typhus = 97/876 = 9.9% Paratyphoid fever* = 57/876 = 6.5% Typhoid fever* = 50/876 = 5.7% Leptospirosis = 36/876 = 4.1% Scrub typhus = 28/876 = 3.2% Malaria = 0/876 = 0% Dengue = 0/876 = 0% * culture- proved
34 A total of 113 cases with 19 deaths (17.27 % case fatality rate) were reported in the three worst affected districts Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur in Himachal Pradesh (India) during scrub typhus outbreak in September 2003.
35 EID 2003;9:
36 157 febrile patients in the Philippines 2.5% were positive for R. typhi 1.3% were positive for R. japonica
37 EID 1998;4:641-4
38 Murine typhus (hatched region), Australia Graves S et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60:786-9
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41 Rickettsioses and Acute Fevers: Korea Ref.: Chang WH et al. Kor J Infect Dis 1988;20:
42 Scrub Typhus Map
43 EID 2004;10:964 Murine typhus has never been reported in Japan after the 1950s,except for the three suspected cases and this case.
44 Reemerging Murine Typhus, Hawaii 2002
45 During 2002, a total of 47 cases of murine typhus were identified in Hawaii, the largest number recorded annually since 1947.
46 Moderate-to-severe disease was observed Acute renal failure (two cases), Gastrointestinal bleeding (two), Meningitis (two), encephalitis (one), Pneumonitis (one), Congestive heart failure with pleural effusion (one).
47 Scrub Typhus Etiologic organism = Orientia tsutsugamushi Vectors = (Mite) Chiggers
48 Scrub Typhus Foci
49 Scrub typhus foci
50 Bandicoot rat
51 (Mite) Chigger ( Leptothrombidium spp.)
52 Mite Chigger:Size
53 Mite Chigger: Size
54 Murine Typhus Etiologic agent = Rickettsia typhi = Rickettsia felis (a spotted fever group rickettsia) causing murine typhuslike fever. Vectors = Rat Fleas (eg. Xenopsylla cheopis) = Cat Fleas (eg. Ctenocephalides felis)
55 Prevalence of R. Typhi vs. R felis in acute undifferentiated fevers in the tropics. Laos: 41/427(9.6%) vs. 1/427(0.2%) Phongmany S et al. EID 2006;12: Thailand-Myanmar border: 4/46 vs 1/46 Parola P et al. EID 2003;9:592-5
56 Rattus exulans
57 Oriental Rat flea: Xenophsylla cheopis
58 Incubation Period Scrub Typhus: 6-21d. Sayen JJ et al: Medicine 1946;25:155 Murine Typhus: 4-15 d. Stuart BM, Pullen RL : Ann Intern Med 1942; 23:520
59 Acute undifferentiated fevers : Duration of untreated fever. 1. Scrub typhus : 5-36 days Sayen JJ et al: Medicine 1946;25:155 Scrub typhus was labelled as Twenty days Fever in Japan. Tamiya T p Murine typhus : days Stuart BM, Pullen RL : Ann Intern Med 1942; 23: Leptospirosis : 4-13 days McCrumb FR Jr. et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1957;6:
60 Problems in the diagnosis of etiologies of acute undifferentiated fevers in the tropics: Similar signs and symptoms in Scrub and Murine typhus diseases,leptospirosis,typhoid and Flaviviruses infections. Ref.: 1. Edwards GA, Dooms BM : Medicine 1960,39, Trimble AP : Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1957, 50, Deller JJ et al : Ann. Intern. Med. 1967,66, Berman SJ. Et al : Am. J. Trop. Med. 1973;220,796
61 73 patients (M:F =1.8:1) Median age = 9 y. (only 8%< 5 y.none <1 y.) 86% lived in rural areas Mean Hx of fever =9 d.(range,1-30)
62 Pediatric Scrub Typhus:. Missed Dx Only 55% of these patients were initially diagnosed as having scrub typhus. 10% were dx as dengue hemorrhagic fever.
63 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers, Songkla,Thailand Hospital : Hat-Yai & Rattapum Hospitals Year : Oct Jan No. of patients = 335 Adults = 182 Children = 153
64 ACUTE PUO, SONGKLA Adults Children Total 1. Scrub typhus (12.2%) 2. Leptospirosis (7.5%) 3. Dengue infection (7.5%) 4. Murine typhus (5.7%) 5. Chikungunya (2.7%) 6. J.E.V (1.5%) Total known 124(37.0%)
65 Symptoms & Signs of Scrub typhus in US. Soldiers Ref.: Berman SJ & Kundin WD. Ann Intern Med 1973;79:26-30
66 Symptoms & Signs of Murine typhus Ref.: Dumler SJ,Taylor JP, Walker DH. JAMA1991;266:
67 Mod Pathol 2001;14(8): immunohistochemistry study using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against O. tsutsugamushi Karp strain in paraffin-embedded archived autopsy tissues of patients with scrub typhus who died during World War II and the Vietnam War. Rickettsiae were located in endothelial cells in all of the organs evaluated...
68 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers : Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of many diseases causing acute undifferentiated fevers are related to vascular involvement. eg..: Leptospirosis:Arean VM.Am J Pathol 1962;40: Leptospirosis:Perreira VA et al.j Pathol 1987;151:125 Dengue:Lei HY et al. J Biomed Sci 2001:8: Dengue: Schnittler HJ, Feldmann H. Thromb Hemost 2003;89:967 Malaria: Pasloke BL, Howard RJ:Annu Rev Med 1994;45:
69 In Thailand Typhus Disease is called Kai-raak-saad which literally means Big vomiting disease
70 Petechiae(11/58) Erosions(16/58) Ulcers(17/58) Gastric biopsy were done in 10 patients. All showed the presence of vasculitis. Endoscopy 2000; 32 (12): Endoscopy were done in 85 of 256 scrub typhus patients. Lesions of the 58 patients without Hx of NSAID Rx were:
71 EID 2006;42:6-8
72 Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 2004;35:
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75 118 patients with 2 or more of inclusion criteria: 1.Fevers> 5 d. 2. Skin rash 3. Rapid defervescence after Rx with tetracycline
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77 Eschar
78 EID 2006;12: eschar specimens were collected 6-15 days after chloramphenicol Rx. All were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by PCR reaction targeting the Sta56 gene.
79 Scrub typhus : Eschar If presents, it signifies either scrub typhus or spotted fevers. (Murine typhus produces no eschar.)
80 Scrub typhus : Prevalences of Eschar 46% of American patients in Vietnam Ref : Ann Intern Med 1973;79:26 60% of 535 Americans + Chinese in Assam & Burma Ref.:Medicine 1946;25:155 2% of 64 Malaysian in Pahang, Malaysia Ref.:Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976;70:444
81 Only 8% of the Indian patients had an eschar and 2% had maculo-papular rash.
82 None of 28 Nepalese patients with scrub typhus had an eschar.
83 Why low prevalences of eschar?
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87 Why low prevalences of eschar? 1.Because of the behaviour of the chiggers (negative geotaxis and negative phototaxis), only one-third of the bite-sites were on the sun-exposed areas. 2. The eschar may not have the characteristic black scab especially in moist areas or it may lose its top if examined late in the course of disease.
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92 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers: Skin Rash Scrub typhus % in Caucasians; onset: day 3-8 (Berman SJ, Kundin WE: Ann Intern Med 1973;79:26) (Sayen JJ et al : Medicine 1973;79:26) - 30% in Thais; evanescent ; petechiae 4 % (Silpapojakul K et al: Weekly Epidemiology Report 1986;17:341)
93 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers: Skin Rash Murine typhus % in Caucasians; onset = day 2-8 (Stuart BM,Pullen RL: Ann Intern Med 1945;23:520) (Miller ES, Beeson PB : Medicine 1946;25: 1) - 20 % of 137 Thais, 4% =petechiae (Silpapojakul K et al. QJM 1993;86:43-47)
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95 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers : Skin rash Leptospirosis - petechial rash (Fort Bragg Fever ) (JAMA 1943;122:361 ) (Ann Intern Med 1982;96:789) - 3 in 116 Thais. (Silpapojakul K:Weekly Epidemiological Report 1988;19:609)
96 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers : Rash Typhoid: 0/318 adult cases (Anderson KE et al : Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976;25:116 )
97 Acute Undifferentiated Fevers:Skin Rash - if present, think of rickettsial diseases or dengue rather than leptospirosis, malaria or typhoid fever - if petechial rash; think of Dengue, Spotted Fever or Meningococcemia
98 Scrub Typhus and Murine Typhus: Laboratory Diagnosis
99 Scrub Typhus and Murine Typhus:Laboratory Diagnosis 1. Mouse inoculation. Carley, J.G. et al. Australasian Ann. Med. 1955;4: Serologic methods. Pradutkanchana, J. et al. Trans. R. Soc. Trop.Med. Hyg.1997; 91,
100 IFA in Scrub Typhus: Sensitivity & Specificity Brown GW et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:1101
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102 Indirect Immunoperoxidase (IIP) antibody test
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105 Scrub Typhus: Indirect Immunoperoxidase Test Ref.: Pradutkanchana, J. et al. Trans. R. Soc. Trop.Med. Hyg.1997; 91,
106 Rapid Diagnostic Test for Scrub Typhus 1.Direct Immunofluorecent Staining. 2 Immunoalkaline phosphatase Staining 3. PCR
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109 PCR analysis: The oligonucleotide primers used were based on the nucleotide sequences of a gene encoding for the 56-kDa antigen of a Gillium strain of O. tsutsugamushi. Primers p34 (5 -TCA AGC TTA TTG CTA GTG CAA TGT CTGC 3 ) and p55 (5 -AGG GAT CCC TGC TGC TGT GCT TGC TGC G-3 ) were used to amplify a 1,003- bp fragment. then nested primers p10 (5 -GAT CAA GCT TCC TCA GCC TAC TAT AAT GCC-3 ) and p11 (5 -CTA GGG ATC CCG ACA GAT GCA CTA TTA GGC-3 ) were used to amplify a 483-bp fragment.
110 Specificity of the nested PCR assay: Lanes 2 11, Orientia tsutsugamushi strains Lane 12, Rickettsia typhi, Lane 13, Thai tick typhus rickettsia Lane 15, Vero cells; Lane 16, distilled water.
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112 Persistence of O. tsutsugamushi DNA
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114 Scrub Typhus: PCR vs. Cultures
115 Murine Typhus: Laboratory Diagnosis
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117 MURINE TYPHUS: LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST
118 Scrub Typhus: Rx
119 MICs of Anticiotics Against O.tsutsugamushi (Miyamura S et al) MICs (range) Breakpoints Low High Tetracyucline Doxycycline Minocycline Chloramphenicol Rifampicin
120 Scrub Typhus:Single Dose Doxycycline Rx Patients : 31 Malaysians Fever days before therapy=10.6 days (range 4-27 d.) Dosage: 200 mg single dose Results: 90 % afebrile within 48 hrs 100 % afebrile within 96 hrs 0 % relapse (Ref. : Brown GW et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72:412-6)
121 TREATMENT OF SCRUB TYPHUS 3-days Doxycycline 7-days Tetracycline No Duration of fever before treatment 7.7 +/- 4.4 days 7.0 +/- 4.4 days after treatment / hrs / hrs. Relapse 0 0 (Ref : Song JH et al : CID 1995 ; 21 : 506 )
122
123 TREATMENT OF SCRUB TYPHUS Chloramphenicol Tetracycline (3-6 days) (3-9 days) No Mean days of illness (before Rx) Afebrile in 24 hus. 10 (33 %) 23 (77 %) Afebrile in 48 hrs. 29 (97 %) 29 (97 %) Relapse 5 2 (Ref: Sheehy TW et al. Arch Intern Med 1973;132:77 )
124 1996; 348:86 89
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128 Patients & Outcome 12 from Chiangrai,7 from Mae Sod Presented during the first week of illness. Mild scrub typhus. Rx with a seven-day course of po.doxycycline All survived and were discharged.
129 J Med Assoc Thai 2005;85: patients ( 4 with pneumonitis, 2 with pneumonitis plus pulmonary edema and 1 with pneumonitis plus shock, 1 with encephalitis). Those who were Rx with chloramphenicol (14 patients) or doxycycline(2 patients) were afebrile within 72 hrs. and recovered well.
130 Lancet;2000;356:
131 SCRUB TYPHUS - AZITHROMYCIN In - vitro study showed that azithromycin was more effective than doxycycline against both the Karp strain and a doxycycline - resistant Thai (AFSC - 4) strain. (Ref.: Strickman D et al. AAC 1995,39: 2406)
132 CID 2004;39:
133
134 Scrub Typhus & New Macrolides : Three cases of scrub typhus were successfully treated with clarithromycin, all became afebrile within 2-3 d. :Dosage used = 400 mg/day for d. (Miura N et al: Acta Med Nagasaki 1996 ; 40 : 44)
135 MICs of Quinolones against O. tsutsugamushi (Miyamura et al ) MICs Breakpoints (range) Low High Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ofloxacin
136 * * * P <0.05
137 Rickettsioses & Complications
138 Case 18 (Nom, ) F 49 yrs, farmer from Rat-ta-pum CC : Had fever for 10 days Hx : Fever with myalgia and chest pain for 10 days developed dyspnea 2 days P.T.A. PE : T 38 o C tachypnic 30 /min. HR120 BP 80/50 Neck veins not engorged. Lungs : crepitation both lower lung fields Liver 4 cm. Below RCM. Skin : Rt. Groin
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140 Lab : Hct 29%, WBC 12,450, P 85%, L 15% Malaria = negative UA = WNL Serum creatinine 3.3 mg%, BUN 75 mg% Bilirubin = 2.1 mg% total SGOT 98 IU. SGPT 53 IU. Alk. Phos. 160 IU. EKG = WNL CXR HN
141 Nom 14/7/85
142 Lab :CSF = WBC = 9 (all = mono) glucose = 70 Prot = 140 Blood & urine culture = negative HN
143 Serology : 15/7/85 normal OXK 1:1,280 < 1:160 OX-2 1:40 < 1:40 OX-19 1:80 < 1:80 IFA (R. tsutsugaamushi) = > 1:2,560 (cut point = < 1:400) Leptospira titer = negative HN
144 Nom 14/7/85
145 Nom 18/7/85
146 Nom 23/7/85
147 Serious complications in scrub typhus. Tsay RW,Chang FY.J Microbiol Immunol Infect.1998;31: No. of cases 33 (100%) Pneumonitis 12 (33%) ARDS 5 (15%) Acute renal failure 3 ( 9%) Myocarditis 1 ( 3%) Septic shock 1 (3%)
148 Complications in scrub typhus. Song SW et al. J Korean Med Sci. 2004;19(5): No. of cases 101 (100%) Hypoxia 24 (23.8%) Hypotension 17 (16.8%) Acute renal failure 15 (14.9%) Septic shock 2 (1.9%) Death 4 (3.9%)
149 Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 2002;33: weeks study at Korat Hospital 110 patients had sepsis 51/110 patients had septic shock 18 (35.3%) had serologic evidence of scrub typhus 11/18 had eschar
150
151 Scrub typhus with septic shock 18 patients 14/18 (78%) had abnormal CXRs 3 died, all from respiratory failure 3 transferred and outcome not mentioned Lon Chan Thap et al.septic shock secondary to scrub typhus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 2002;33:780-6
152 Abnormal CXRs = 60/101 (59.4%) 52/60 (87%) = interstitial infiltration
153 WJ. 7/8/1992 WJ. 8/8/1992
154 31 Jul Aug Aug 2000
155 8 Nov Nov 1993
156 ARDS in scrub typhus 36% (12/33) had pneumonitis. 42% (5/12) progressed to ARDS. Median duration of symptoms=9 d. (only one< 7 d.). eschar=4/9 skin rash=3/9 Hepatosplenomegaly=5/9. Normal WBC count=7/9 Thrombocytopenia=8/8 Tsay RW, Chang FY. QJM 2002;95:126
157 Rickettsial Pneumonitis : Summary 1.Severe form usually developed in the elderly, after the first week and commonly accompanied by either jaundice, renal failure or meningitis 2.Less severe form commonly misdiagnosed as mycoplsma pneumonia (D/Dx clues : age, eschar, effusion) 3
158 . 3.Children and pregnant patients commonly were tachypnic. 4.Another clue: tachypnea or oxygen desaturation in the pressence of minimal interstitial infiltration. 5. Rapid change of pulmonary infiltrate.
159 ARDS in Scrub Typhus: Other organs involvement Tsay RW, Chang FY. QJM 2002;95:126
160 Despite the occurrence of serious complications, good response to antibiotic therapy was obtained and the average duration of defervescence was 2 days. Mortality was 22% (2/9) in this review. The major cause of mortality was delay in diagnosis.
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