Outcome of and Prognostic Factors for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in Adult Patients: Results of a Multicenter Study
|
|
- Darcy Roberts
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MAJOR ARTICLE Outcome of and Prognostic Factors for Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in Adult Patients: Results of a Multicenter Study Franck Raschilas, 1,2 Michel Wolff, 2 Frédérique Delatour, 3 Cendrine Chaffaut, 4 Thomas De Broucker, 5 Sylvie Chevret, 4 Pierre Lebon, 1 Philippe Canton, 6 and Flore Rozenberg, 1 for the French Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Study Group a 1 Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 2 Service de Réanimation des Maladies Infectieuses and 3 INSERM U13, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, and 4 Département de Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris; 5 Service de Neurologie, Hopital Delafontaine, Saint-Denis; and 6 Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brabois, Nancy, France Management of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) has been considerably improved by the availability of acyclovir therapy and rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnostic assays. Prognostic factors for this rare affliction are, however, misestimated. We conducted a large retrospective multicenter study that included 93 adult patients in whom HSE was diagnosed by PCR from 1991 through 1998 and who were treated with intravenous acyclovir. Among the 85 patients assessed at 6 months, 30 (35%) had a poor outcome, which led to death in 13 patients (15%) and severe disability in 17 (20%). The outcome was favorable for 55 patients (65%). A multivariate analysis identified 2 factors that were found to be independently associated with poor outcome: a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II 27 at admission and a delay of 12 days between admission to the hospital and initiation of acyclovir therapy. Early administration of antiviral therapy is the only parameter that can be modified to improve the prognosis of patients with HSE. Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic necrotizing encephalitis in the Western world [1]. The spontaneous mortality rate associated with HSE is 70%, and, before the advent of antiviral therapy, most survivors had severe neurological impairment [2]. Two major advances have considerably improved the management of HSE. First, 2 large randomized trials performed in the mid-1980s showed that use of intravenous acyclovir reduced the 6-month mortality rate to 20% and significantly decreased morbidity (i.e., minor or no Received 8 November 2001; revised 8 March 2002; electronically published 10 July Financial support: Glaxo-Wellcome (grant ). a Members of the study group are listed after the text. Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Flore Rozenberg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, AP-HP and Faculté Cochin, 82 Avenue Denfert- Rochereau, Paris Cedex 14, France (flore.rozenberg@svp.ap-hop-paris.fr). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002; 35: by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved /2002/ $15.00 neurological impairment was observed in 37.5% and 55.5% of treated patients, respectively) [3, 4]. Second, herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA amplification by PCR analysis of CSF has been the reference standard for early diagnosis of HSE since the early 1990s [5 7], thus greatly improving early therapeutic decisions [8, 9]. Despite this marked progress, recent reports have suggested that CNS sequelae are still frequent [10, 11]. The age of the patient and the level of consciousness at initiation of therapy have been identified as major determinants of prognosis [4]. More recently, the delay between admission of the patient to the hospital and initiation of acyclovir was identified as a main predictor of outcome [12]. However, the rarity of the disease has hampered the design of studies focused on the long-term outcome of survivors of HSE or aimed at identifying early prognostic factors. To further identify parameters independently associated with poor prognosis, we conducted a large, multicenter, retrospective study to assess the outcome of HSE for acyclovir-treated adult patients. 254 CID 2002:35 (1 August) Raschilas et al.
2 METHODS Patients. Patients were traced from records kept by the Virology Department of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Hospital, where CSF samples from patients with infections of the CNS were prospectively assayed by PCR according to a procedure published elsewhere [7]. From January 1991 through June 1998, CSF samples from 241 adult patients tested positive for HSV DNA by PCR (180 with HSV type 1 and 61 with HSV type 2). After the exclusion of patients with HSV type 2 associated meningitis, the study was limited to 98 patients who originated from 2 geographical centers, Paris and Nancy, France. Procedures. Demographic data and information about previous health status, neurological signs, and symptoms at hospital admission were retrieved from medical records. The severity of underlying disease was assessed by the MacCabe [13] and Knaus [14] scores. The following parameters were determined within the first 24 h of admission: the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) [15], the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score [16], and the need for mechanical ventilation. The following biological data were obtained: serum sodium concentration, CSF leukocyte count, CSF glucose and protein levels, and IFN-a dosage. CT scan or MRI profiles were reviewed by a neurologist (T.d.B.). The delay between the onset of symptoms and initiation of treatment, the delay between hospital admission and initiation of acyclovir, the dose and duration of antiviral treatment, and the use of drugs to reduce cerebral edema and/or to control seizures were recorded. Outcome assessments. Neurological impairment and quality of life were assessed at 6 and 12 months by review of patients medical charts and by questioning of the patients, their relatives, or their general practitioners about specific items: the patient s professional activity and ability to drive before and after the onset of HSE; autonomy in daily life, including the ability to wash him or herself, to cook, to clean the home, and to shop; the need for permanent home care; impairment in speaking, fluency, judgment, or memory; the need for antiepileptic treatment and occurrence of seizures after the onset of HSE; and the need for speech, motor, or any other rehabilitation after the onset of HSE. Ten patients were first evaluated by a member of the team to assess the reliability of the evaluation. All other patients were then evaluated either by members of the team or by their general practitioners after detailed information and the objectives of the study had been provided to the general practitioner. Handicap and quality of life were graded according to a 5-grade scale derived from the Glasgow Outcome Scale [17]: I, good recovery, allowing independent life without any neurological impairment; II, mild disability, defined by the presence of minimal cognitive alterations (speech disturbances, memory, or attention impairment) and/or seizures (partially controlled with antiepileptic drugs), without consequences for socioprofessional life; III, moderate disability, defined by criteria identical to those of group II but with consequences for socioprofessional life; IV, severe disability, defined by loss of autonomy requiring institutionalization or constant life aid; and V, death. To identify HSE prognostic factors, the patients were assigned to 1 of 2 categories, according to outcome at 6 months: favorable outcome, for patients with good recovery or mild or moderate disability (grades I III), or poor outcome, for patients with severe disability or who died (grades IV and V). Statistical methods. For quantitative variables, data were given as mean SD; for qualitative variables, data were given as n/n (%). For the analysis of prognostic factors, outcome at 6 months was the main end point and was considered to be binary (favorable outcome vs. poor outcome). Univariate prognostic analyses were calculated using Fisher s exact test (for qualitative variables) and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test (for quantitative variables). Multivariate analysis was then conducted that included the covariates that showed statistical association with the outcome in univariate analysis. A logistic regression model was used in which the covariates were introduced as binary, using, for each continuous covariate, the median value computed in the whole sample as the cutoff point. Estimated odds ratios (with 95% CIs) were computed. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and P.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS version 8.1 software package (SAS, Inc.). RESULTS Study population. Five of the 98 patients enrolled in the study were excluded from the analyses because incomplete data were available. The 93 remaining patients originated from 36 hospitals (34 in the Paris area and 2 in Nancy). HSE was associated with HSV type 1 in 92 patients and with HSV type 2 in 1 patient. Clinical characteristics. The mean patient age was 53.5 years, and there was a slight predominance of male patients. The first clinical evaluation was performed at the emergency department for 32 patients (34%), in an intensive care unit (ICU) for 10 patients (11%), in a neurology department for 10 patients (11%), and in an infectious diseases department for 4 patients (4%). Thirty-seven patients (40%) were admitted to other medical departments. Overall, 66 (71%) of 93 patients were admitted to the ICU, either directly or from the ward after a mean delay of days. At admission, the mean temperature was 38.9 C, but 8 patients (8.5%) were not febrile. The mean GCS score was , although the score was!8 for 9 patients, and the median value was 14. Neurological signs and symptoms at admission mainly consisted of disorientation (71 patients Herpes Simplex Encephalitis CID 2002:35 (1 August) 255
3 [76%]), behavioral changes (38 [41%]), speech disturbances (55 [59%]), and seizures (31 [33%]). The first neurological examination had no abnormal results for 5 (5.5%) of 93 patients. At admission to the ICU, the mean SAPS II was , and the mean GCS score was (table 1). Laboratory findings. Most of the initial CSF samples exhibited monocytic pleocytosis, but polymorphonuclear cells were predominant in samples from 2 (2%) of the 93 patients. The mean protein level was g/l in the initial CSF samples and reached g/l in the second CSF samples, obtained days later. In 3 patients (3%), the leukocyte count in the initial CSF samples, obtained at admission, was normal (!5 cells/mm 3 ); protein levels were normal (!0.50 g/l) in 2 patients and were slightly elevated (0.69 g/l) in 1 patient. The initial CSF samples were not analyzed with HSV PCR, but results of PCR were positive for samples drawn 2 7 ( mean SD, ) days later, and those samples had high protein levels and WBC counts. IFN-a levels were high in the initial CSF sample from 43 patients. The mean level was IU/mL (normal level,!2 IU/mL). Hyponatremia (serum sodium level,!135 mm) was present in 75 (81%) of 93 patients (table 1). Brain imaging findings. The mean delay between hospital admission and the first neuroimaging study was days (range, 0 4 days). A CT scan was performed for 91 patients, and MRI was done for 2 patients (table 2). No abnormalities were seen on the first CT scan in 19 (21%) of 91 patients. No other imaging studies were done for 2 (2%) of these 91 patients. CNS lesions were obvious on a second CT scan obtained days later for all 17 other patients. Brain imaging revealed temporal involvement in 83 (89%) of the 93 patients, and this was associated with frontal involvement in 34 (36%) of 93 patients. In 8 (9%) of 93 patients, radiologic examination showed only occipital or parietal lesions. Therapy. All patients received intravenous acyclovir. The mean delay between hospital admission and the initiation of acyclovir therapy was days. In 82 (88%) of 93 patients, the mean delay between the reported onset of symptoms and initiation of treatment was days. The intervals were as follows: 1 3 ( n p 20), 4 6 ( n p 40), 7 9 ( n p 14), ( n p 5), and days ( n p 3). In 11 patients, this infor- mation could not be obtained. The mean deduced delay between onset of symptoms and admission was therefore 3.5 days. The mean dosage of acyclovir was mg/kg 3 times daily for a mean duration of days. Seventy-three patients took antiepileptic drugs, and 28 received antiedematous therapy, either with corticosteroids ( n p 12) or with hypertonic mannitol ( n p 16). Overall, 66 patients (71%) received care in the ICU, and 42 patients (45%) required mechanical ventilation, for a mean duration of days (range, 1 56 days). Outcomes. Eighty-five (91%) of 93 patients were available for evaluation 6 months after the onset of HSE, and 8 were lost to follow-up. Among these 85 patients, 13 (15%) died, and 8 of those died within the first month of hospitalization. All deaths that occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up were due to HSV disease, either as a direct result (7 patients) or as a consequence of complications (6 patients), mainly nosocomial infections. Only 12 (14%) of 85 patients completely recovered; 19 (23%) of the 85 patients lived with mild disability, 24 (28%) had moderate disability, and 17 (20%) had severe disability. Thus, the outcome at 6 months was favorable for 55 (65%) of 85 patients and poor for 30 (35%) of 85 patients. A relapse of HSE (confirmed by HSV PCR analysis of CSF) occurred in 1 patient 2 months after the end of a first, 24-day course of acyclovir. This patient had a poor recovery. Fiftythree of 83 patients were assessed 1 year after the onset of HSE. Among these, 15 (28%) died, 9 (17%) had complete recovery, 12 (23%) had mild disability, 10 (19%) had moderate disability, and 7 (13%) had severe disability. Two patients living in a longterm care facility died before the end of the first year after the onset of HSE, 1 patient at 8 months after nosocomial infection occurred and the other at 10 months after the onset of neurological sequelae of HSE. Prognostic factors. By univariate analysis, no significant Table 1. Demographic characteristics and baseline clinical and laboratory findings for 93 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Characteristic Value Age, mean years SD (range) (16 88) Male sex, no. (%) of patients 56 (60) MacCabe score, mean SD (range) (0 2) Knaus score, mean SD (range) (1 3) Temperature, mean C SD (range) ( ) SAPS II, mean SD (range) (8 58) GCS score, mean SD (range) (3 15) Serum sodium concentration, mean mm SD (range) ( ) Neurological features, no. (%) of patients Seizures 31 (33) Focal neurological deficit 22 (24) CSF parameters, mean SD (range) Leukocyte count, cells/ml (1 3900) Mononuclear cell proportion, % (13 100) Polymorphonuclear cell proportion, % (0 69) Protein level, g/l ( ) IFN-a level, a IU (2 200) NOTE. GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score. a Data for IFN-a levels in CSF were available for only 43 patients. 256 CID 2002:35 (1 August) Raschilas et al.
4 Table 2. Findings of CT (91 patients) and MRI (2 patients) for 93 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Brain imaging results No. (%) of patients Localization of the lesion Laterality Unilateral involvement 53 (57) Right hemisphere 18 Left hemisphere 35 Bilateral involvement 38 (41) Brain lobe involved Temporal 49 (53) Temporal and frontal 34 (36) Other a 8(9) No abnormal results 2 (2) a Other involved sites were parietal ( n p 6) and occipital ( n p 2). differences between patients with favorable and poor outcome were found for the following factors: age, MacCabe score, focal neurological deficit or seizures, need for mechanical ventilation, serum sodium concentration, and CSF parameters. In contrast, patients who experienced poor outcome had significantly higher Knaus and significantly lower GCS scores at admission. The delay between admission and initiation of acyclovir therapy was!2 days in 41 (75%) of 55 patients with favorable outcome, compared with 9 (30%) of 30 patients with poor outcome ( P p.00008). Nosocomial infection occurred significantly more frequently in the latter group (table 3). On multivariate analysis, 2 factors were found to be independently associated with poor outcome of HSE at 6 months: a delay of 12 days between admission and initiation of acyclovir therapy and a SAPS II 127 (table 4). DISCUSSION Although the prognosis for patients with HSE has been dramatically improved by the availability of specific antiviral therapy, sequelae in surviving patients may include severe neurological deficits, seizures, and/or neuropsychological dysfunctions that greatly impair quality of life [10 12]. Therefore, the identification of early factors that are predictive of outcome might contribute to better management of the disease. Patient age and level of consciousness at onset of therapy have been identified elsewhere as major determinants of prognosis [4]. However, in that study, one-half of the patients were between the ages of 6 months and 20 years. In addition, HSE was diagnosed by cerebral biopsy, which could have slightly modified the evolution of CNS lesions and also delayed the administration of antiviral treatment, as indicated by the duration of disease before therapy. In a more recent study, the delay between hospital admission and the initiation of acyclovir therapy was twice as long for patients with poor outcomes as for those with favorable outcomes [12]. Both studies included pediatric patients, for whom the prognosis might differ from that for adults [18]. Moreover, patients were included starting in 1983, and diagnosis was confirmed by heterogeneous methods. Finally, no multivariate analysis was performed to identify the parameters independently associated with poor outcome. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed 93 adult patients in whom HSE was diagnosed by PCR, which is the reference standard for diagnosis [8], and all patients received acyclovir therapy. To date, this is the largest series of adults with HSE in whom prognoses have been evaluated using a multivariate analysis. The disease of patients in the present study was highly representative of classical adult HSE. The mean age (53.5 years) was similar to that of patients included in other epidemiological studies [19]. Mononuclear pleocytosis and mildly elevated protein level were common findings of analysis of CSF samples, although several CSF samples were acellular or pleocytic, with polymorphonuclear predominance at the onset of the disease. However, no correlation was found between CSF abnormalities and outcome, as reported elsewhere [20]. Neuroimaging showed temporal lobe involvement in most cases. However, less typical lesions, such as occipital or parietal lobe involvement, were observed in 11% of patients. Such localizations of HSE lesions have been recently reported in a detailed radiological study [11]. These previously misdiagnosed cases of HSE are presently better recognized by PCR [21]. Remarkably, the consciousness level of patients at hospital admission differed from that usually reported in association with adult HSE. Indeed, the mean GCS score at admission for our patients was moderately altered, compared with the high percentages of comatose patients reported in 2 large studies elsewhere [3, 4]. However, more recently, the initial GCS score of patients with HSE was found to be 12 in most cases [22]. Several explanations may account for this high GCS score at admission: patients may now be referred more rapidly to the hospital and/or HSE may be suspected earlier, as was suggested by the short delay (3.5 days) observed in our study between onset of symptoms and hospital admission. Early use of PCR may also allow recognition of milder or moderate forms of HSE [21, 23]. However, despite having a high GCS score at admission, most patients in the present study exhibited rapid neurological deterioration, which led to ICU admission in 71% of the patients. Surprisingly, despite the use of rapid diagnostic procedures and effective antiviral therapy, HSE was associated with significant mortality and morbidity in the present series. The 6- month fatality rate was only slightly lower than those for acyclovir-treated patients from 3 studies published elsewhere (19%, Herpes Simplex Encephalitis CID 2002:35 (1 August) 257
5 Table 3. Univariate analysis of factors associated with outcomes at 6 months for 85 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Characteristic Patients with favorable outcome (n p 55) Patients with poor outcome (n p 30) P Age, mean years SD MacCabe score, mean SD Knaus score, mean SD GCS score, mean SD SAPS II, mean SD SAPS II 127, no. (%) of patients 9 (16) 17 (57).0001 Seizures, no. (%) of patients 18 (33) 9 (30).79 Focal neurological deficit, no. (%) of patients 11 (20) 9 (30).3 Serum sodium level, mean mm SD CSF parameters, mean SD Leukocyte count, cells/ml Protein level, g/l Less than 2 days between hospital admission and initiation of acyclovir therapy, no. (%) of patients 41 (75) 9 (30) Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) of patients 23 (42) 18 (60).97 Hospital-acquired infection, no. (%) of patients 17 (31) 20 (67).001 NOTE. GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score. 28%, and 19%), which involved a total of 101 patients [3, 4, 12]. Moreover, the 6-month morbidity assessment revealed that only 37% of our patients returned to conditions of life that were nearly the same as those preceding the illness; 14% completely recovered and 23% had mild impairment. This percentage was even lower at the 1-year follow-up. These figures are comparable to those reported in the first trials of acyclovir treatment, in which the percentages of patients with minor or no neurological impairment among the entire population of treated patients were 37.5% and 55.5% [3, 4]. To identify prognostic factors for HSE, patients were assigned to 1 of 2 categories according to outcome at 6-months (favorable and poor). This categorization was performed before the statistical analysis of the data set, to distinguish a clear-cut and clinically relevant group of patients that included those with very severe neurological disability and those who had died as result of HSE ( poor outcome ). A similar categorization has been used in 2 recent studies that included patients with bacterial meningitis [24, 25]. Two prognostic factors independently associated with a poor 6-month outcome were identified for adult patients with HSE: a SAPS II 127 at admission and a delay of 12 days between admission and initiation of acyclovir therapy. Our observation that a high SAPS II is associated with poor outcome is not unexpected, because this score takes into account many parameters, including age and neurological status, that have been identified elsewhere as prognostic factors [4]. The second prognostic factor identified in this study, that the length of the delay between hospital admission and the initiation of acyclovir therapy affects outcome, was also reported in a retrospective study by McGrath et al. [12] that included 42 patients; the study showed that this delay had been longer for patients with a poor outcome (4 days) than for those with a good outcome (1.8 days). Because of the rarity of HSE, the heterogeneous origin of the patients, and the retrospective design of the study, our results carry some limitations. First, the precise duration of symptoms before admission was not taken into account in the statistical analysis, because it could not be accurately evaluated in all patients. However, both the high GCS score observed at hospital admission in patients included in the present study and the mean delay observed between the onset of symptoms and initiation of treatment suggest that evolution of the disease before admission was shorter than that reported by studies elsewhere [21, 23]. Second, the neurological examination evaluated handicap and quality of life, but neuropsychological Table 4. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with poor outcome at 6 months for 85 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Parameter OR (95% CI) P SAPS II 127 at hospital admission 3.7 ( ).014 More than 2 days between hospital admission and initiation of acyclovir therapy 3.1 ( ).037 NOTE. SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score. 258 CID 2002:35 (1 August) Raschilas et al.
6 status was not precisely assessed. In a study by McGrath et al. [12], all but 1 of 34 surviving patients had neurological symptoms and abnormal results of neurological examination, but nearly one-half of patients were able to perform everyday activities as before HSE. Thus, the handicap and quality-of-life scores defined in our study may have underevaluated the occurrence of neurological sequelae in patients with HSE. In conclusion, although the availability of PCR has greatly facilitated early diagnosis of HSE, a number of patients die or do not recover completely, despite administration of early acyclovir therapy, and have severe sequelae. Our results underline the fact that HSE prognosis is correlated with the delay between hospital admission and initiation of acyclovir. In the future, further reduction of mortality and morbidity due to HSE might be achieved with use of more-effective antiviral agents. However, because the early administration of antiviral therapy is, at present, the only parameter that can be modified to improve the prognosis for patients with HSE, acyclovir treatment should be initiated as soon as HSE is suspected. FRENCH HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS STUDY GROUP MEMBERS Prof. Agid, Dr. Bolgert, Prof. Bricaire, Prof. Lyon-Caen, and Prof. Pierrot-Deseilligny (Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris); Dr. Akrouf and Dr. Meignan (Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris); Prof. Bousser (Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris); Prof. Degos (Fondation- Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris); Prof. Degos (Hôpital Henri Mondor, Paris); Prof. Dhainaut (Hôpital Cochin, Paris); Prof. Offenstadt (Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris); Prof. Roullet (Hôpital Tenon, Paris); Prof. Safar (Hôpital Broussais, Paris); Prof. Valcke (Hôpital Boucicaut, Paris); Prof. Bleichner and Dr. Davous (Hôpital Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil); Dr. Fouet, Dr. Hilpert, and Dr. Lanoe (Hôpital Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-sous- Bois); Dr. Hoang The Duan and Prof. Robineau (Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny); Prof. Jardin (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt); Prof. Chaput and Prof. Galanaud (Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart); Prof. Dreyfuss (Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes); Prof. Lemaire (Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil); Dr. Tenaillon (Hôpital Louise Michel, Evry); Dr. Clair and Prof. Gajdos (Hôpital Raymond Poincarré, Garches); Prof. Nouhaillat (Hôpital Léon Touladjian, Mantes-la-Jolie); Dr. Loriferne (Centre Hospitalier, Montfermeil); Prof. Canton, Prof. Gérard, and Prof. May (Hôpital Brabois, Nancy); and Prof. Weber (Hôpital Central, Nancy); Dr. Cambon and Dr. Ricome (Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Poissy-Saint-Germain-en- Laye); Dr. Trouillet (Hôpital René Dubos, Pontoise); Dr. Fraisse (Hôpital Delafontaine, Saint-Denis); Dr. Graveleau, Dr. Loirat, and Dr. Truelle (Hôpital Foch, Suresnes); Dr. Vuong (Clinique du Vert Galant, Tremblay-en-France); Dr. Blin (Hôpital de Gonesse); Dr. Caen (Hôpital de Corbeil); Dr. Casciani and Dr. Patey (Hôpital de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges); and Dr. Coudray (Centre Hospitalier Général de Longjumeau). Acknowledgment We thank Glaxo-Wellcome for supporting this study. References 1. Whitley RJ. Viral encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: Whitley RJ, Soong SJ, Dolin R, Galasso GJ, Ch ien LT, Alford CA. Adenine arabinoside therapy of biopsy-proved herpes simplex encephalitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases collaborative antiviral study. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: Skoldenberg B, Forsgren M, Alestig K, et al. Acyclovir versus vidarabine in herpes simplex encephalitis: randomised multicentre study in consecutive Swedish patients. Lancet 1984; 2: Whitley RJ, Alford CA, Hirsch MS, et al. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: Powell KF, Anderson NE, Frith RW, Croxson MC. Non-invasive diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Lancet 1990; 335: Aurelius E, Johansson B, Skoldenberg B, Staland A, Forsgren M. Rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by nested polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet 1991; 337: Rozenberg F, Lebon P. Amplification and characterization of herpesvirus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with acute encephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: Cinque P, Cleator GM, Weber T, Monteyne P, Sindic CJ, van Loon AM. The role of laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: a consensus report. The EU Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: Gordon B, Selnes OA, Hart J, Hanley DF, Whitley RJ. Long-term cognitive sequelae of acyclovir-treated herpes simplex encephalitis. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: Kapur N, Barker S, Burrows EH, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis: long term magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological profile. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: McGrath N, Anderson NE, Croxson MC, Powell KF. Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: MacCabe WR, Jackson GG. Gram negative bacteriemia: etiology and ecology. Arch Intern Med 1962; 110: Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Lawrence DE. APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993; 270: Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: Lahat E, Barr J, Barkai G, Paret G, Brand N, Barzilai A. Long term neurological outcome of herpes encephalitis. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80: Koskiniemi M, Piiparinen H, Mannonen L, Rantalaiho T, Vaheri A. Herpes encephalitis is a disease of middle aged and elderly people: polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus in the Herpes Simplex Encephalitis CID 2002:35 (1 August) 259
7 CSF of 516 patients with encephalitis. The Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: Koskiniemi M, Vaheri A, Taskinen E. Cerebrospinal fluid alterations in herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: Domingues RB, Tsanaclis AM, Pannuti CS, Mayo MS, Lakeman FD. Evaluation of the range of clinical presentations of herpes simplex encephalitis by using polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid samples. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: Domingues RB, Fink MC, Tsanaclis AM, et al. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by magnetic resonance imaging and polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci 1998; 157: Fodor PA, Levin MJ, Weinberg A, Sandberg E, Sylman J, Tyler KL. Atypical herpes simplex virus encephalitis diagnosed by PCR amplification of viral DNA from CSF. Neurology 1998; 51: Aronin SI, Peduzzi P, Quagliarello VJ. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: Auburtin M, Porcher R, Bruneel F, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis in the intensive care unit: prognostic factors of clinical outcome in a series of 80 cases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: CID 2002:35 (1 August) Raschilas et al.
H erpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is associated
1544 PAPER Evaluation of combination therapy using aciclovir and corticosteroid in adult patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis S Kamei, T Sekizawa, H Shiota, T Mizutani, Y Itoyama, T Takasu,
More informationImpact of Herpes simplex virus load and red blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid upon herpes simplex meningo-encephalitis outcome
Poissy et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:356 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Impact of Herpes simplex virus load and red blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid upon herpes simplex meningo-encephalitis outcome
More informationAlthough herpes simplex encephalitis is the most
Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: A Decision Analysis Model* Pablo Tebas, MD, Robert F. Nease, PhD, Gregory A. Storch, MD PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility
More informationWhen the drugs don t work- a case of HSV encephalitis.
When the drugs don t work- a case of HSV encephalitis. Nicky Price Consultant Virologist Public Health Wales 67 year old Caucasian Female Presenting complaint 2 day history of: Confusion Shivering Headache
More informationAcyclovir treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis: experience
Postgraduate Medical Journal (1987) 63, 1037-1041 Acyclovir treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis: experience in a district hospital M.C. Gulliford, C.P. Chandrasekera, R.A. Cooper and R.P. Murphy Departments
More informationAlthough both primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and reactivation. Update on Herpes Simplex Encephalitis DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT UPDATE
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT UPDATE Update on Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Kenneth L. Tyler, MD Departments of Neurology, Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center,
More informationPrognostic indicators of childhood acute viral encephalitis
ecommons@aku Community Health Sciences Department of Community Health Sciences December 1999 Prognostic indicators of childhood acute viral encephalitis E Bhutto Aga Khan University M Naim Aga Khan University
More informationA Retrospective Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Acute Encephalitis Syndrome.
Original article 95 A Retrospective Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Acute Encephalitis Syndrome. Songmen S, Panta OB, Maharjan S, Paudel S, Ansari MA, Ghimire RK. Department of Radiology
More informationHerpes Simplex Encephalitis Complicated by Cerebral Hemorrhage during Acyclovir Therapy
CASE REPORT Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Complicated by Cerebral Hemorrhage during Acyclovir Therapy Yukinori Harada and Yuuta Hara Abstract Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) can be complicated by adverse
More informationAJRCCM Articles. Published on February 23, 2012
Fever Control Using External Cooling in Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial Frédérique Schortgen, Karine Clabault, Sandrine Katsahian, Jerome Devaquet, Alain Mercat, Nicolas Deye, Jean Dellamonica,
More informationhigher in CSF samples from patients infected with HSV type 2 (median, cells/l) than in samples from 6
MAJOR ARTICLE Clinical Features of Viral Meningitis in Adults: Significant Differences in Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings among Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus, and Enterovirus Infections Ugo
More informationReactivation of herpesvirus under fingolimod: A case of severe herpes simplex encephalitis
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Reactivation of herpesvirus under fingolimod: A case of severe herpes
More informationThe PariS-TBI study: patterns of post-acute health care utilization after a severe TBI
The PariS-TBI study: patterns of post-acute health care utilization after a severe TBI Philippe Azouvi AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, EA 4047, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, France
More informationTHE CLINICAL course of severe
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Improved Prediction of Outcome in Patients With Severe Acute Pancreatitis by the APACHE II Score at 48 Hours After Hospital Admission Compared With the at Admission Arif A. Khan, MD; Dilip
More informationLong-Term Outcomes and Risk Factors Associated With Acute Encephalitis in Children
Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ORIGINAL ARTICLE Long-Term Outcomes and Risk Factors Associated With Acute Encephalitis in Children Suchitra Rao, 1,2 Benjamin Elkon, 2 Kelly B. Flett,
More informationVIRAL ENCEPHALITIS EASY TO MISS
TAMORISH KOLE MBBS MRCS(EDIN) FRSM(UK) SENIOR CONSULTANT & HEAD, EMERGENCY MEDICINE, MAX HEALTHCARE, NEW DELHI, INDIA ADJUNCT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EMERGENCY MEDICINE, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON
More informationPost-operative Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis after Surgical Resection of Meningioma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Review Article imedpub Journals http://www.imedpub.com/ JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE DOI: 10.21767/2171-6625.100090 Post-operative Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis after Surgical Resection of
More informationAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Réanimation Médicale and 2 Service de Bactériologie, Colombes; 3
MAJOR ARTICLE Levels of Vancomycin in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Adult Patients Receiving Adjunctive Corticosteroids to Treat Pneumococcal Meningitis: A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study Jean-Damien
More informationUnsupervised activity is a major risk factor for traumatic coma and its age-specific
The assessment of patients in coma is a medical emergency. The cause should be identified and, where possible, corrected and the brain provided with appropriate protection to reduce further damage. It
More informationCOPYRIGHT 2012 THE TRANSVERSE MYELITIS ASSOCIATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
The Transverse Myelitis Association...advocating for those with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, optic neuritis and transverse myelitis ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM)
More informationFever in neonates (age 0 to 28 days)
Fever in neonates (age 0 to 28 days) INCLUSION CRITERIA Infant 28 days of life Temperature 38 C (100.4 F) by any route/parental report EXCLUSION CRITERIA Infants with RSV Febrile Infant 28 days old Ill
More informationThe Diagnostic Accuracy of Kernig s Sign, Brudzinski s Sign, and Nuchal Rigidity in Adults with Suspected Meningitis
MAJOR ARTICLE The Diagnostic Accuracy of Kernig s Sign, Brudzinski s Sign, and Nuchal Rigidity in Adults with Suspected Meningitis Karen E. Thomas, 1 Rodrigo Hasbun, 1 James Jekel, 2 and Vincent J. Quagliarello
More informationDilemmas in the Management of Meningitis & Encephalitis HEADACHE AND FEVER. What is the best initial approach for fever, headache, meningisums?
Dilemmas in the Management of Meningitis & Encephalitis Paul D. Holtom, MD Professor of Medicine and Orthopaedics USC Keck School of Medicine HEADACHE AND FEVER What is the best initial approach for fever,
More informationVIRAL ENCEPHALITIS PRESENTING AS CVA (STROKE)
Case Report VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS PRESENTING AS CVA (STROKE) AM.P.Gorkhaly*, A. Poudel**, Rewati Raman Malla*** Abstract Acute viral encephalitis is due to direct invasion of the brain by virus with herpes
More informationKey words: epidemiology; infection; intensive care; organ failure; scoring systems; severe sepsis
Incidence and Impact of Organ Dysfunctions Associated With Sepsis* Bertrand Guidet, MD; Philippe Aegerter, MD, PhD; Remy Gauzit, MD; Patrick Meshaka, MD; and Didier Dreyfuss, MD; on behalf of the CUB-Réa
More informationOpportunistic infections in the era of cart, still a problem in resource-limited settings
Opportunistic infections in the era of cart, still a problem in resource-limited settings Cristiana Oprea Victor Babes Clinical Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania Assessment
More informationSupratentorial cerebral arteriovenous malformations : a clinical analysis
Original article: Supratentorial cerebral arteriovenous malformations : a clinical analysis Dr. Rajneesh Gour 1, Dr. S. N. Ghosh 2, Dr. Sumit Deb 3 1Dept.Of Surgery,Chirayu Medical College & Research Centre,
More informationTitle: Usefulness of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-DNA viral. load in whole blood for the diagnosis and monitoring of KSHV-associated
JCM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 11 April 2018 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.00569-18 Copyright 2018 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 Title: Usefulness of Kaposi
More informationOne-year mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: multicenter evaluation of the ProVent score
Leroy et al. Critical Care 2014, 18:R155 RESEARCH Open Access One-year mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: multicenter evaluation of the ProVent score Guillaume Leroy 1, Patrick
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Laura Kupila, MD; Raija Vainionpää, PhD; Tytti Vuorinen, MD, PhD; Reijo J Marttila, MD, PhD; Pirkko Kotilainen, MD, PhD
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Recurrent Lymphocytic Meningitis The Role of Herpesviruses Laura Kupila, MD; Raija Vainionpää, PhD; Tytti Vuorinen, MD, PhD; Reijo J Marttila, MD, PhD; Pirkko Kotilainen, MD, PhD
More informationNeonatal herpes simplex virus infections: HSV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum
F24 Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;81:F24 F29 Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections: HSV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum G Malm, M Forsgren Department of Paediatrics B68 Huddinge University
More informationT he application of molecular biological techniques to
82 PAPER Factors influencing PCR detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with suspected CNS infections N W S Davies, L J Brown, J Gonde, D Irish*, R O Robinson, A V Swan, J Banatvala, R
More informationNEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN DENGUE PATIENTS
NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN DENGUE PATIENTS Chitsanu Pancharoen and Usa Thisyakorn Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract. To determine the
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Common Misdiagnosis of a Common Neurological Disorder How Are We Misdiagnosing Essential Tremor? Samay Jain, MD; Steven E. Lo, MD; Elan D. Louis, MD, MS Background: As a common neurological
More informationCNS Infections in the Pediatric Age Group
CNS Infections in the Pediatric Age Group Introduction CNS infections are frequently life-threatening In the Philippines, bacterial meningitis is one of the top leading causes of mortality in children
More informationOriginal Article. Emergency Department Evaluation of Ventricular Shunt Malfunction. Is the Shunt Series Really Necessary? Raymond Pitetti, MD, MPH
Original Article Emergency Department Evaluation of Ventricular Shunt Malfunction Is the Shunt Series Really Necessary? Raymond Pitetti, MD, MPH Objective: The malfunction of a ventricular shunt is one
More informationHelpful Information for evaluation of new neurological symptoms in patients receiving TYSABRI
Helpful Information for evaluation of new neurological symptoms in patients receiving TYSABRI This information is provided as an educational resource for healthcare providers and should be considered current
More informationBeyond the Reflex Arc: An Evidence-Based Discussion of the Management of Febrile Infants
Beyond the Reflex Arc: An Evidence-Based Discussion of the Management of Febrile Infants Cole Condra, MD MSc Division of Emergency Medical Services Children s Mercy Hospital October 1, 2011 Disclosure
More informationHuman Herpes Virus-6 Limbic Encephalitis
Case Studies [1] March 19, 2013 Case history: A 32-year-old Caucasian female with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was treated with induction chemotherapy and attained complete remission. She
More informationImpact of humidification and gas warming systems on ventilatorassociated
Online Data Supplement Impact of humidification and gas warming systems on ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Jean-Claude Lacherade, M.D. 1, Marc Auburtin, M.D. 2, Charles Cerf, M.D. 3, Andry Van de Louw,
More informationLong-term outcome of acute encephalitis of unknown aetiology in adults
ORIGINAL ARTICLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES Long-term outcome of acute encephalitis of unknown aetiology in adults A. Schmidt 1,2,R.Bühler 3,K.Mühlemann 1,2, C. W. Hess 3 and M. G. Täuber 1,2 1) Institute for
More informationCase Report. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis presenting as frontal lobe hemorrhage
1 Case Report Herpes simplex virus encephalitis presenting as frontal lobe hemorrhage Authors: Shila, MD, *Jessica Erfan, MPAS, PA-C, Ray Bogitch, MD, Jefferson T. Miley, MD Department of Neurology, Dell
More informationClinical Infectious Diseases MAJOR ARTICLE
Clinical Infectious Diseases MAJOR ARTICLE Cranial Imaging Before Lumbar Puncture in Adults With Community-Acquired Meningitis: Clinical Utility and Adherence to the Infectious Diseases Society of America
More informationBrain disorders mimicking encephalitis, but it s not infectious encephalitis
Brain disorders mimicking encephalitis, but it s not infectious encephalitis Prof. Pierre TATTEVIN Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes 0 Déclaration de liens
More informationClinical malnutrition in severe traumatic brain injury: Factors associated and outcome at 6 months
Original Article Indian Journal of Neurotrauma (IJNT) 35 2007, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 35-39 Clinical malnutrition in severe traumatic brain injury: Factors associated and outcome at 6 months SS Dhandapani
More informationMANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN
MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN OVERVIEW 1980s: dramatically improved by aciclovir HSV encephalitis in adults Delays treatment(> 48h after hospital admission): associated with a
More informationCritical care resources are often provided to the too well and as well as. to the too sick. The former include the patients admitted to an ICU
Literature Review Critical care resources are often provided to the too well and as well as to the too sick. The former include the patients admitted to an ICU following major elective surgery for overnight
More informationLaboratory and Clinical Diagnosis of HCV Infection
Laboratory and Clinical Diagnosis of HCV Infection Jean-Michel Pawlotsky,, MD, PhD Department of Virology (EA 3489) Henri Mondor Hospital University of Paris XII Créteil,, France I Nonspecific Liver Tests
More informationEuropean Network for Collaboration on Encephalitis Investigations & Follow-up (ENCEIF) ENCEIF Protocole 1st July 2017
European Network for Collaboration on Encephalitis Investigations & Follow-up (ENCEIF) ENCEIF Protocole 1st July 2017 Context Significant number of encephalitis with presumed infectious cause have no aetiological
More information1/29/2014. Kimberly Johnson Hatchett, MD PGY-4 11/15/13
Kimberly Johnson Hatchett, MD PGY-4 11/15/13 History of Present Illness 14 month old previously healthy infant boy presented via EMS after being found by his mother to be breathing loudly and non-responsive.
More informationA cross sectional study of prevalance of tuberculous meningitis in Rohilkhand hospital in children
Original article A cross sectional study of prevalance of tuberculous meningitis in Rohilkhand hospital in children Sumit Sachan, Ravi Singh Chauhan, Ajay Kumar Dept of Pediatrics, Rohilkhand Medical College
More informationNeurological Prognosis after Cardiac Arrest Guideline
Neurological Prognosis after Cardiac Arrest Guideline I. Associated Guidelines and Appendices 1. Therapeutic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest 2. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Algorithm II. Rationale
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE IS LUMBAR PUNCTURE ALWAYS NECESSARY IN THE FEBRILE CHILD WITH CONVULSION?
RESEARCH ARTICLE IS LUMBAR PUNCTURE ALWAYS NECESSARY IN THE FEBRILE CHILD WITH CONVULSION? MR. Salehi Omrani MD¹, MR. Edraki MD 2, M. Alizadeh MD 3 Abstract: Objective Febrile convulsion is the most common
More information11/27/2017. Stroke Management in the Neurocritical Care Unit. Conflict of interest. Karel Fuentes MD Medical Director of Neurocritical Care
Stroke Management in the Neurocritical Care Unit Karel Fuentes MD Medical Director of Neurocritical Care Conflict of interest None Introduction Reperfusion therapy remains the mainstay in the treatment
More informationNormocellular CSF in herpes simplex encephalitis
DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-1922-9 BMC Research Notes RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Normocellular CSF in herpes simplex encephalitis Abhinbhen W. Saraya 1*, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee 1, Sininat Petcharat 1,
More informationCLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RADIOLOGY QUIZ QUESTION
Donald L. Renfrew, MD Radiology Associates of the Fox Valley, 333 N. Commercial Street, Suite 100, Neenah, WI 54956 3/12/2011 Radiology Quiz of the Week # 11 Page 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RADIOLOGY
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Scarborough M, Gordon SB, Whitty CJM, et al. Corticosteroids
More informationFever Interval before Diagnosis, Prior Antibiotic Treatment, and Clinical Outcome for Young Children with Bacterial Meningitis
MAJOR ARTICLE Fever Interval before Diagnosis, Prior Antibiotic Treatment, and Clinical Outcome for Young Children with Bacterial Meningitis Bema K. Bonsu 1 and Marvin B. Harper 2 1 Department of Medicine,
More informationAccepted Manuscript. Letter to the Editor. Reply to: From the CUPIC study: Great times are not coming (?)
Accepted Manuscript Letter to the Editor Reply to: From the CUPIC study: Great times are not coming (?) Christophe Hezode, Helene Fontaine, Yoann Barthe, Fabrice Carrat, Jean-Pierre Bronowicki PII: S0-()00-
More informationClinical Information on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection
Clinical Information on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection Introduction In 1999, West Nile Virus (WNV), an Old World flavivirus, producing a spectrum of disease including severe meningoencephalitis, appeared
More informationHerpes Simplex Viruses: Disease Burden. Richard Whitley The University of Alabama at Birmingham Herpes Virus Infection and Immunity June 18-20, 2012
Herpes Simplex Viruses: Disease Burden Richard Whitley The University of Alabama at Birmingham Herpes Virus Infection and Immunity June 18-20, 2012 Mucocutaneous HSV Infections Life-Threatening HSV Diseases
More informationObjectives & Disclosures
Meningitis and Encephalitis: Diagnostic and Management Challenges October 28 th, 2017 Infectious Diseases update 2017 Rodrigo Hasbun, MD MPH FIDSA UT Health Medical School Professor of Medicine Section
More informationTHE DIFFICULTIES IN MAKING A DIAGNOSIS OF CJD
THE DIFFICULTIES IN MAKING A DIAGNOSIS OF CJD Richard Knight National CJD Surveillance Unit University of Edinburgh TALK GENERAL INTRODUCTION WHAT TIME DOES IT TAKE TO DIAGNOSE SPORADIC CJD? COULD THIS
More informationLate diagnosis of influenza in adult patients during a seasonal outbreak
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Intern Med 2018;33:391-396 Late diagnosis of influenza in adult patients during a seasonal outbreak Seong-Ho Choi 1, Jin-Won Chung 1, Tark Kim 2, Ki-Ho Park 3, Mi Suk Lee 3, and
More informationHow France is eliminating HCV and the role of screening strategies
HCV Elimination Mini Policy Summit «Eliminating HCV in Romania» European Parliament, 27 September 2017 How France is eliminating HCV and the role of screening strategies Sylvie Deuffic-Burban, Inserm,
More informationAPACHE II: A Severity of Disease Classification System Standard Operating Procedure for Accurate Calculations
BACKGROUND APACHE II: A Severity of Disease Classification System Standard Operating Procedure for Accurate Calculations The APACHE prognostic scoring system was developed in 1981 at the George Washington
More informationThe prognosis of falls in elderly people living at home
Age and Ageing 1999; 28: 121 125 The prognosis of falls in elderly people living at home IAN P. D ONALD, CHRISTOPHER J. BULPITT 1 Elderly Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road,
More informationTitle. CitationActa Radiologica, 53(10): Issue Date Doc URL. Rights. Type. File Information.
Title 11C-Methionine positron emission tomography may moni Author(s)Hirata, Kenji; Shiga, Tohru; Fujima, Noriyuki; Manab CitationActa Radiologica, 53(10): 1155-1157 Issue Date 2012-12 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52053
More informationElectroencephalography. Role of EEG in NCSE. Continuous EEG in ICU 25/05/59. EEG pattern in status epilepticus
EEG: ICU monitoring & 2 interesting cases Electroencephalography Techniques Paper EEG digital video electroencephalography Dr. Pasiri Sithinamsuwan PMK Hospital Routine EEG long term monitoring Continuous
More informationCNS Infections. Philip Gothard Consultant in Infectious Diseases Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Hammersmith Acute Medicine 2011
CNS Infections Philip Gothard Consultant in Infectious Diseases Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London Hammersmith Acute Medicine 2011 Case 1 HISTORY 27y man Unwell 3 days Fever Headache Photophobia Previously
More informationCritical Review Form Clinical Prediction or Decision Rule
Critical Review Form Clinical Prediction or Decision Rule Development and Validation of a Multivariable Predictive Model to Distinguish Bacterial from Aseptic Meningitis in Children, Pediatrics 2002; 110:
More informationEuropean Guidelines on Management of Tick Borne Encephalitis: a Focus on Intensive Care
European Guidelines on Management of Tick Borne Encephalitis: a Focus on Intensive Care Pille Taba MD, PhD University of Tartu, Estonia Tallinn, 12 September 2014 Why tick borne encephalitis (TBE) guidelines?
More informationRole of MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Original Research Article Role of MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Shashvat Modiya 1*, Jayesh Shah 2, C. Raychaudhuri 3 1 1 st year resident, 2 Associate Professor, 3 HOD and Professor Department
More informationHow Low Should You Go? Management of Blood Pressure in Intracranial Hemorrhage
How Low Should You Go? Management of Blood Pressure in Intracranial Hemorrhage Rachael Scott, Pharm.D. PGY2 Critical Care Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds August 21, 2018 2018 MFMER slide-1 Patient
More informationProfile and predictors of symptomatic seizures following acute Japanese and herpes simplex encephalitis
Neurology Asia 2012; 17(4) : 303 309 Profile and predictors of symptomatic seizures following acute Japanese and herpes simplex encephalitis 1 S Rao, 1 S Sinha, 2 V Ravi, 3 S Nagarathna, 4 RD Bharath Departments
More informationPeriodic and Rhythmic Patterns. Suzette M LaRoche, MD Mission Health Epilepsy Center Asheville, North Carolina
Periodic and Rhythmic Patterns Suzette M LaRoche, MD Mission Health Epilepsy Center Asheville, North Carolina Continuum of EEG Activity Neuronal Injury LRDA GPDs SIRPIDs LPDs + NCS Burst-Suppression LPDs
More informationNeonatal Meningoencephalitis caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
Case Report Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis 2014;21:150-156 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.2014.21.2.150 ISSN 1226-3923 (print) ISSN 2289-0343 (online) Neonatal Meningoencephalitis caused by Herpes
More informationOUTCOME PREDICTION IS IMportant
CARING FOR THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT Serial Evaluation of the SOFA Score to Predict Outcome in Critically Ill Flavio Lopes Ferreira, MD Daliana Peres Bota, MD Annette Bross, MD Christian Mélot, MD, PhD,
More informationManagement of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Guideline for North Bristol Trust Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury This guideline describes the following: Initial assessment and management of the patient with head injury Indications for CT
More informationSurveillance for encephalitis in Bangladesh: preliminary results
Surveillance for encephalitis in Bangladesh: preliminary results In Asia, the epidemiology and aetiology of encephalitis remain largely unknown, particularly in Bangladesh. A prospective, hospital-based
More informationBrain dysfunction in the ICU
High cortisol levels are associated with brain dysfunction but low prolactin cortisol ratio levels are associated with nosocomial infection in severe sepsis Duc Nam Nguyen Luc Huyghens Johan Schiettecatte
More informationMEDIA BACKGROUNDER. Multiple Sclerosis: A serious and unpredictable neurological disease
MEDIA BACKGROUNDER Multiple Sclerosis: A serious and unpredictable neurological disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that still
More informationMoron General Hospital Ciego de Avila Cuba. Department of Neurological Surgery
Moron General Hospital Ciego de Avila Cuba Department of Neurological Surgery Early decompressive craniectomy in severe head injury with intracranial hypertension Angel J. Lacerda MD PhD, Daisy Abreu MD,
More information1. Introduction Algorithm: Infant with Fever 0-28 Days Algorithm: Infant with Fever Days...3
These guidelines are designed to assist clinicians and are not intended to supplant good clinical judgement or to establish a protocol for all patients with this condition. MANAGEMENT OF FEVER 38 C (100.4F)
More informationA Child with Cross Eye. Nia Kurniati
A Child with Cross Eye Nia Kurniati Background When dealing with new case with potential social problem, complication related to ARV treatment may pose difficulties Restricted resource to address potential
More informationCan we abolish skull x-rays for head injury?
ADC Online First, published on April 25, 2005 as 10.1136/adc.2004.053603 Can we abolish skull x-rays for head injury? Matthew J Reed, Jen G Browning, A. Graham Wilkinson & Tom Beattie Corresponding author:
More informationSEIZURE OUTCOME AFTER EPILEPSY SURGERY
SEIZURE OUTCOME AFTER EPILEPSY SURGERY Prakash Kotagal, M.D. Head, Pediatric Epilepsy Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center LEFT TEMPORAL LOBE ASTROCYTOMA SEIZURE OUTCOME 1 YEAR AFTER EPILEPSY SURGERY IN ADULTS
More informationDiagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Disease from Herpesvirus infection in Neonates and Children Cheryl Jones The Children s s Hospital at
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Disease from Herpesvirus infection in Neonates and Children Cheryl Jones The Children s s Hospital at Westmead, NSW University of Sydney Overview Members of herpesvirus
More informationHAL author manuscript
HAL author manuscript Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior 2008;44(2):10 The neural correlates of visual mental imagery: an ongoing debate Paolo Bartolomeo Inserm Unit
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation With Intravenous Immunoglobulin
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation With Intravenous Immunoglobulin A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial Philippe Gajdos, MD; Christine Tranchant, MD; Bernard Clair, MD;
More informationHerpes Simplex Encephalitis: Lack of Clinical Benefit of Long-term Valacyclovir Therapy
MAJOR ARTICLE Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Lack of Clinical Benefit of Long-term Valacyclovir Therapy John W. Gnann Jr, 1,a Birgit Sköldenberg, 2 John Hart, 3 Elisabeth Aurelius, 2 Silvia Schliamser, 4
More informationPneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-infected patients by antiretroviral therapy periods
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00546.x r 2008 British HIV Association HIV Medicine (2008), 9, 203 207 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-infected patients by antiretroviral therapy periods
More informationDoes ICU-acquired paresis lengthen weaning from mechanical ventilation?
Intensive Care Med (2004) 30:1117 1121 DOI 10.1007/s00134-004-2174-z O R I G I N A L Bernard De Jonghe Sylvie Bastuji-Garin Tarek Sharshar HervØ Outin Laurent Brochard Does ICU-acquired paresis lengthen
More informationOutcome Evaluation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Using Glasgow Outcome Score
Outcome Evaluation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Using Glasgow Outcome Score Mehdi Abouzari, Marjan Asadollahi, Hamideh Aleali Amir-Alam Hospital, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Introduction
More informationID Emergencies. BUMC-P Internal Medicine Edwin Yu
ID Emergencies BUMC-P Internal Medicine Edwin Yu Learning Objectives Bacterial meningitis IDSA guidelines: Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1267-84 HSV encephalitis IDSA guidelines: Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:303-27
More informationID Emergencies. BGSMC Internal Medicine Edwin Yu
ID Emergencies BGSMC Internal Medicine Edwin Yu Learning Objectives Bacterial meningitis IDSA guidelines: Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1267-84 HSV encephalitis IDSA guidelines: Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:303-27
More informationPredicting the need for operation in the patient with an occult traumatic intracranial hematoma
J Neurosurg 55:75-81, 1981 Predicting the need for operation in the patient with an occult traumatic intracranial hematoma SAM GALBRAITH, M.D., F.R.C.S., AND GRAHAM TEASDALE, M.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. Department
More informationGlobal Journal of Health Science Vol. 4, No. 3; 2012
Comparison of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (APACHE) II with GCS in Predicting Hospital Mortality of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit Patients Ali Reza Zali 1, Amir Saied Seddighi
More information