SELF% DIRECTED+LEARNING+GUIDE+

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1 SELF% DIRECTED+LEARNING+GUIDE Your Name: Class Location: Date of Class: Phone Number: Acute Health Publications Po Box 532 Flemington Vic 3031 Phone ACUTE ( ) Designed by Acute Health Publications staff Written by Paul Tempany Acute Health First published 2003 This edition V3.6 November 2012 All rights reserved. Disclaimer: This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, emergency treatment or formal first aid training. You should not use this information to diagnose or develop a long term treatment plan for a health problem or disease. First Aid is the initial care of the sick or injured and as such, after initial management, first aiders should seek qualified medical advice from health care professionals. If you are in a life-threatening or emergency medical situation, summons medical assistance immediately.

2 Self Directed Learning Guide First Aid Congratulations on taking the first step in gaining your first aid qualification. Having the skills to perform first aid in the precious minutes between an emergency situation occurring and the arrival of an ambulance could be the difference between life and death. Ideal for basic first aiders at work, local sporting clubs or for the family, this course covers a broad range of basic first aid topics. A practical interactive course ensures that all participants can handle both the emergency situation and how to manage minor injuries. Important Note All questions and activities within this self-direct learning guide (workbook) MUST be completed prior to your attendance. Should this book not be completed prior to your attendance, you may be refused entry to the course. Read the accompanying reference text prior to completing the selfdirected learning guide. This will provide the underpinning knowledge required when completing. If you are having difficulty with any questions in the reference text, please contact the person you booked this course through. Alternatively, highlight the question you are having difficulty with and ask your trainer at the start of your course. First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 2 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

3 Introduction to First Aid 1. What is first aid? 2. What is medical aid? 3. What is the main aim of first aid? _ 4. Circle the correct answer: Symptoms are defined as sensations experienced by? The First Aider The Patient The Ambulance Officer 5. Having the skills is great, but having the tools as well is even better. What things should be in a first aid kit? 6. List three (3) people from whom can we obtain a history of the situation? _ 7. (Multiple choice) Who should treat the patient? a) The loudest, because they known everything and will be able to save the day b) The person that is the most competent and experienced c) The first person that attends the scene to render assistance d) The person that phones the ambulance 8. (Multiple choice) In a car accident situation, when do you move an injured patient out of the car? a) When they are unconscious, but breathing b) In a life threatening dangerous situation c) When the person is unconscious and not breathing (or not breathing effectively) d) Both B & C answers are correct only First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 3 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

4 9. True or False: The term manual handling applies to any activity which requires the use of force, including lifting and moving sick or injured patients. TRUE or FALSE 10. List two (2) principles that must be applied when lifting and moving safely. 11. True or False: As a first aider, we only have to wash our hands after treating a patient. TRUE or FALSE 12. You come across a person laying on the ground. You approach them and say Are you ok? Do you need help?. The person replies abruptly in a foreign language. In relation to the following items how would you approach them: Culturally aware and sensitive manner Calming and reassuring manner 13. True or False: It is a good idea to debrief after the emergency situation. TRUE or FALSE 14. Sometimes first aid emergencies are difficult. Sometimes people even die. Our aim to avoid that, but the reality is that you may come across situations that are distressing, emotive and difficult to emotionally deal with. What are some strategies that you can adopt to help with the psychological impact of critical incidents? 15. Identify and list six (6) dangers in the following situation? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 4 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

5 Primary Assessment (DRS ABCD) 16. When approaching and assessing an emergency situation you follow the Primary Survey action plan. List the seven main steps in the Primary Survey D R S A B C D 17. Dangers need to be identified and safely removed. What three people do we need to ensure are safe and out of danger? 18. True or False: When checking for a response, the best method to gain a response is to talk to the patient. If there is no response, shake the patient on the shoulders without moving the head and neck. TRUE or FALSE 19. Number from 1 to 4 in order of priority: The following are all completed when performing an Airway assessment (part of the primary survey). Tilt head back Clear foreign objects with fingers in scooping motion Look inside airway Open mouth 20. Which of the following is the position you place an unconscious patient in? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 5 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

6 21. List the two (2) protective reflexes we lose when we are unconscious? 22. When checking for signs of breathing, we are: Looking for Listening for Feeling for 23. In the primary assessment the second D is for defibrillation. What is a defibrillator and what does it do? 24. After completing our Primary Survey (DRS ABCD) we perform a head to toe examination looking for life threatening bleeding or injuries. Why do we do this? 25. When calling for an ambulance on 000 what information will the call taker need to know (list 8): First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 6 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

7 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 26. Fill in the blanks to describe what each link in the Chain of Survival represents? 27. Fill the blanks: The Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR rates for ADULTS is compressions & breaths. The Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR rates for CHILDREN is compressions & breaths. The Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR rates for INFANTS is compressions & breaths. 28. Tick the correct answer: How far do you compress the chest on an adult, child or infant s chest? As hard as you can cm One third ( 1/3 ) depth of their chest 29. List the four (4) situations that you would stop performing CPR? 30. Complete the table: CPR Rates Location of compression How many hands / fingers Depth of compression ADULT CHILD INFANT/BABY First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 7 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

8 External Bleeding 31. What am I? I carry oxygenated blood away from the heart with each heartbeat. I am muscular and elastic, stretching with every contraction of the heart, and carry large volumes of blood. As blood is distributed around the body, it divides into smaller vessels. I am an I carry blood back to the heart after circulating around the body. I carry deoxygenated blood through my vessels, and have thinner walls than an artery because I consist of very little muscle. I am a 32. Why must gloves be worn when treating a patient that is bleeding? 33. Prior to applying direct pressure to a bleed, we must inspect the wound. Why? 34. If bleeding is evident through the first pad and roller bandage, what steps are taken next? 35. When would a tourniquet be used? Never If you had rope as a last resort if direct pressure is unsuccessful 36. Multiple Choice: A blood nose (epistaxis) is best managed by: a. Pinching the hard part of the nose and tilting head back b. Pinching the soft part of the nose and tilting head forward c. Pinching the soft part of the nose and tilting head back d. Pinching the hard part of the nose and tilting the head forward 37. X Marks the spot: Place a cross ( X ) on the limbs where you would apply a constrictive tourniquet for leg and arm bleeds. There are 4 possible locations. First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 8 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

9 Shock Management 38. What is shock and what can cause it? 39. Fill in the table to demonstrate how shock becomes worse, if left untreated: INITIAL / MILD SHOCK SEVERE SHOCK Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State Other Signs & Symptoms Other Signs & Symptoms 40. Which of the following positions is the correct position for a patient going into shock? 41. Why is it important to treat the cause of shock (eg. Stop bleeding)? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 9 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

10 42. Label the following: Types of wounds Wound Management 43. Tick the following items that are used to clean a wound? Betadine Detol Antiseptic Swab Alcohol Swab Saline Chlorohexidine Tap Water Milk 44. Cotton wool is not used to clean wounds. Why? 45. Number from 1 7: In what order do you manage an amputation? Call urgent Ambulance 000 Place airtight container / plastic bag in a container of ice and water Apply direct pressure to the stump Elevate the limb Apply pad and roller bandage to the limb Place severed part in an airtight container or plastic zip-lock bag If bleeding continues, apply direct pressure to a pressure point using a tourniquet 46. Do you remove an embedded object from the patients skin? Yes No First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 10 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

11 Burn Management 47. List five (5): Different types of burn injuries. 48. Fill the gaps: Provide a name for the three Burn Classifications: : : : Damage to the epidermis causing minor reddening and swelling. Minor pain is also experienced. Damage to the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. Skin is pink to dark red with swelling or blistering. Extreme pain is associated. Damage extends past epidermis and dermis layers of the skin, and involves subcutaneous fat, deep fascia and nerves. Looks black/charred or dead white, little or no pain as nerve endings are destroyed. 49. Tick the box: A burn should be cooled under running water for how long? 1 minute 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes 50. When treating a burn what can you cover a burn with and why? 51. List six (6) things that you DO NOT do when managing a burn: Do Not Do Not Do Not Do Not Do Not Do Not 52. Ice is never applied to a burn. Why is this? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 11 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

12 Limb Injuries 53. A soft tissue injury is an injury that occurs when muscles, tendons or ligaments are stretched beyond their normal realm of movement, thus causing a strain or sprain. Define the following terms: Strain Sprain 54. When managing a soft tissue injury, the acronym R.I.C.E.R. is used. Expand the acronym and what actions are taken for each point? R - I - C - E - R Fill the Gaps: When applying ice to the injury, ice is applied for minutes every hours. 56. What is the difference between a fracture and a broken bone? 57. Fractures are grouped into three broad categories. Explain each of the following: Open fracture Closed fracture Complicated fracture 58. List eight (8) signs and symptoms of a fracture? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 12 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

13 59. You come across a patient with a fractured lower leg (tibia / fibula). Medical assistance (ambulance) is imminent (15 minutes away). Which picture represents the best way to treat this patient? 60. What would you do differently with the patient in the previous question if the medical assistance (ambulance) was not imminent (30 minutes away) because you are in a remote location? Which picture represents the best way to treat this patient? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 13 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

14 Head, Neck & Spinal Injuries 61. It is often difficult to make an accurate assessment of the severity of a head injury. Therefore no head injury should be disregarded or treated lightly. Why is this? 62. Bleeding or fluid loss from the ears may indicate 63. List eight (8): Signs and symptoms of patient with a suspected head injury? 64. True or False: You should let a patient with a head injury go to sleep to recover (eg. Sleep it off). TRUE / FALSE 65. List six (6) signs and symptoms of patient with a suspected spinal injury? 66. Maintaining a clear and open airway takes precedent over any other injury including spinal. Why? 67. A patient with a suspected neck or spinal injury should not be moved (unless unconscious). Why is this? 68. In what two (2) situations may you need to move a patient with a suspected spinal injury? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 14 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

15 Chest, Abdo & Pelvic Injuries 69. In what position would you put a patient with a closed chest injury and why? 70. A patient presents to the first aid room with severe abdominal pain following a blow with a baseball bat to the abdomen. In what position would you place the patient in? Why? 71. In what position do we place a patient with a pelvic injury in? Why? (eg. suspected fractured pelvis) 72. A patient sustains an open sucking chest wound. You hear a gurgling noise coming through the chest wound. To treat the wound you apply plastic taped to the chest. Draw the plastic and where you would position the tape on the chest below. First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 15 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

16 Poisoning 73. What four (4) ways can poisons enter the body? 74. List the signs and symptoms for the different types of poisoning. INHALATION INGESTION INJECTION ABSORPTION 75. What is the phone number for the poisons information centre? 76. When calling the poisons information centre, what information is given to the specialist call-taker (list 8)? 77. Think about your work or home. Identify four (4) ways you can better prevent people from being poisoned. First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 16 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

17 Bites & Stings 78. What am I? My bite can be deadly I bite on average around 3,000 people per year, however only about 5 Australians die from my bite. My venom is forced out under pressure through the pared fangs located in the upper jaw. Varieties of me include, tiger, brown, copperhead, red-bellied black, and sea. If I bite you, you may feel headache, abdominal pain, blurred or double vision, drooping eyelids, difficulty speaking swallowing or breathing, limb weakness or paralysis You use a pressure immobilization bandage on my bitten limb. Answer: 79. What am I? I am predominately in dark areas such as wood piles, rubbish, under steps and similar conditions. When I bite you, immediate intense, localised pain occurs You might also experience hot, red and swelling at the bite site, nausea and vomiting, profuse sweating, tremors, increased heart rate, headache or pins and needles in hands or feet My venom travels slowly so serious illness Is unlikely in the first three hours The female variety is recognised with the characteristic red hour-glass markings on the abdomen region. Male varieties are usually without red markings and only live for around 90 days You use an ice compress to treat my bite Answer: 80. What am I? I am predominately in Sydney and Northern NSW, however my less toxic relatives have been found in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. I am the only one of my species that can be an immediate threat to life within 10 minutes When I bite you, you might experience pain at the bite site. Tingling around mouth, profuse sweating, copious secretions of saliva, abdominal pain, confusion, muscular twitching and breathing difficulty. The male is 5 times more toxic than the female and both live for up to 8 years. The body of a female is 35mm where as the male is slightly smaller measuring 25mm in length. You treat my bitten limb with an pressure immobilization bandage. Answer: 81. What am I? I can build my nest in the ground, in walls and under eaves. When you disturb my nest I may become extremely aggressive. Once I have stung you I may sting you multiple times. My sting is quite painful I can sting through clothing Common Australian varieties of me include the Paper, European and English. When I sting you, I usually cause localised pain, swelling and redness. Use ice to treat my bite to reduce pain & swelling Answer: First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 17 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

18 82. What am I? About 10% of the population are allergic to my sting. Once I have stung you I will die. Once I have stung you my stinger usually remains in your skin When I sting you, I usually cause localised pain, swelling and redness. Use ice to treat my bite this reduces pain and swelling Answer: 83. What am I? When I bite you, you wont feel my bite, but one bite has enough venom to paralyse ten people. I am found around all coastal waters of Australia. I have a beak like a parrot and when I am disturbed, vivid blue rings appear on my skin. I grow up to 20cm in size and live in rock pools To treat my bite apply a pressure immobilization bandage and get prepared to resuscitate. Answer: 84. True or False: Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction? TRUE FALSE 85. Why is it essential to continually monitor vital signs (especially airway) of a patient undergoing an anaphylactic reaction? 86. An EpiPen or an AnaPen is used to manage an anaphylactic patient. Number the steps in how you would manage a using their EpiPen self-injecting device after you would have checked the expiry date and colour of the contents. Want to learn more about Anaphylaxis? Free online course First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 18 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

19 Overexposure Heat & Cold 87. Fill in the table: To demonstrate how Hypothermia becomes worse, if left untreated: Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State MILD HYPOTHERMIA Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State MODERATE / SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA Other Signs & Symptoms Other Signs & Symptoms 88. Why do we not do the following when managing mild/moderate or severe hypothermia? Do not give alcohol Do not massage Do not expose to excessive radiant heat 89. Tick the box: How do you manage a heat cramp? Ice Gentle stretching Heat 90. Fill in the table: To demonstrate how Hyperthermia becomes worse, if left untreated: Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State HEAT EXHAUSTION Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State HEAT STROKE Other Signs & Symptoms Other Signs & Symptoms 91. How can we lower the core body temperature for patients suffering heat exhaustion or heat stroke? First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 19 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

20 Medical Emergencies 92. List seven (7) items than can trigger Asthma attacks? 93. During an Asthma attack, what three (3) things happen to an airway? 94. Draw a line: Match the words on the left with the correct statements on the right. Asthma attacks are categorised as mild, moderate or severe episodes. The easiest way to determine the difference is by their speech. MILD ATTACK MODERATE ATTACK SEVERE ATTACK Talks in a few words at a time Talks in full sentences Talks in short sentences 95. Multiple choice: How would you manage a patient that is coughing on a piece of food (partial obstruction)? a) Give five back blows and five chest thrusts repeating until ambulance arrives b) Commence Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation c) Give patient small sips of water in an attempt to dislodge d) Don t give back blows, and encourage patient to cough 96. Multiple choice: How would you manage a patient that is blue while choking on a piece of food (total obstruction)? a) Give five back blows and five chest thrusts repeating until ambulance arrives b) Commence Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation c) Give patient small sips of water in an attempt to dislodge d) Don t give back blows, and encourage patient to cough 97. True or False: The Heimlich manoeuvre is not a procedure used in Australia as it may damage internal organs, especially the liver, spleen and stomach. It may also precipitate regurgitation of stomach contents. TRUE / FALSE 98. True or False: Epilepsy is disturbances to the electrochemical activity in the brain resulting in seizures. TRUE / FALSE First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 20 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

21 99. In what four situations would you call an ambulance for someone that is having a seizure 100. True or false: A stroke (Cerebral Vascular Accident) occurs due to an obstruction of blood supply or burst blood vessel causing bleeding to the brain. TRUE / FALSE 101. In what position would be place a conscious patient that has suffered a stroke? 102. If someone is complaining of chest discomfort/pain, and it is unsure if it is cardiac chest pain, what management would you do? 103. List Six (6): Besides pain in the chest, what other signs and symptoms might be experienced by the patient? 104. Fill in the table to demonstrate the differences in diabetes conditions: HYPOGLYCAEMIA HYPERGLYCAEMIA Onset Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State Other Signs & Symptoms Onset Breathing Pulse Skin Conscious State Other Signs & Symptoms First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 21 Version 3.6 Nov 2012

22 Occupational Health & Safety 105. Circle the correct answer: The Occupational Health and Safety Act applies to: a. Only employees of the employer b. Only the employer c. All people within the workplace 106. Tick the five (5) objectives of the Occupational Health & Safety Act To secure health, safety and welfare within the workplace. To ensure each workplace has a designated Payroll Officer. To protect people at work against risks to health or safety. To assist in securing safe and healthy work environments. To ensure every worker gets paid lunch breaks on Fridays. To eliminate, at the source, risks to health, safety and welfare within the workplace. Provide assistance to employers, employees and associations in the foundation and implementation of health and safety standards Tick Yes or No: Do you need a patient s permission to perform first aid (unless unconscious)? YES NO 108. What four (4) legal aspects need to be proven to establish Negligence? 109. As a workplace first aider, what can you do to contribute to the overall Occupational Health & Safety of your workplace? Had trouble with some of the questions? List the question numbers here, so you don t forget to ask your trainer in your course. First Aid Self Directed Learning Guide 22 Version 3.6 Nov 2012