Brief Contents. Copyrighted material Copyrighted material Introduction Studying Criminology...

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1 vii Brief Contents 1 Introduction Studying Criminology Key Theories and Theorists Criminological Research Key and Emerging Issues in Criminology The Criminal Justice System Careers in Criminology Key Terms, Concepts and Definitions References Index

2 ix Contents 1 Introduction What Is The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion? How to Use This Book Studying Criminology What Is Criminology? What Is Crime?... 6 Why Study Criminology? Studying Criminology How Should I Approach My Criminology Course? Key Theories and Theorists Criminological Theory in Context Exploring Theories of Crime Criminological Research Why Is Research Important in Criminology? Researching Crime Research Ethics Research Design Research Methods Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Evaluating Existing Research Key and Emerging Issues in Criminology Social Aspects in Criminal Justice Victims and the Justice System Types of Crime Emerging Issues The Criminal Justice System The Function of the Criminal Justice System Perspectives on Criminal Justice The Criminal Justice System Process

3 x Contents Sectors Within the Criminal Justice System Juvenile Justice Careers in Criminology Career Pathways How Do I Make Myself Marketable and Competitive? Key Terms, Concepts and Definitions Quick Reference for Terms, Concepts and Definitions References Index

4 1 Introduction What Is The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion? The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion is a reference book for students undertaking undergraduate studies in criminology and/ or criminal justice. It provides a user-friendly and practical introduction to, and overview of, the discipline of criminology which invariably involves the study of criminal justice and the criminal justice system. It includes a wideranging but brief coverage of some of the theories and issues relevant to the study of criminology and the criminal justice system. It is targeted at students who have had no prior exposure to criminology as well as those wanting a handy reference book to refer to at any point in their study journey. This companion presents some of the key criminological theories and some of the key issues that you will encounter while studying your course. It also addresses how to approach studying within the discipline of criminology and the types of careers that you can pursue with a criminology degree. This companion usefully condenses the main theories, topics and issues and provides this information in an accessible and user-friendly format. It also provides summaries, annotations, case studies and questions to help you to apply, synthesise and remember the material you are studying. In addition to introducing some of the key theories in criminology, this book can also be used as a handy reference book to clarify concepts and terms you have trouble in understanding. The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion is particularly useful in that it has an international focus which makes it relevant to students living in diverse jurisdictions. How to Use This Book This book is intended to be a companion to your course materials and text books. It is a quick reference guide that can help you to understand the key terms, definitions and theories presented in criminology. It should be seen as a support to your text book and study materials. It is expected that you will dip in and out of The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion as you need to rather than reading it from cover to cover, although you can utilise it in this way too. You can also use it as a revision tool. The questions posed throughout the book encourage you to think more deeply about what you are reading and its application in the real world. This helps you to synthesise what you are learning. The annotated reading lists at the end of most chapters give you some ideas for further reading if you are interested in a specific topic and want to explore it in more depth. How This Book Is Structured This book is structured to be user friendly and to allow you to go directly to the relevant section as you need to. It is divided into seven further chapters with the information on studying at the beginning and key definitions and terms at the end. The chapters are broken up as follows: Chapter 2 Studying Criminology We commence the book with a discussion of what it is to study and how you go about approaching studying in criminology. This chapter looks at the skills you need to develop to be successful in your studies and the types of criminology courses that

5 2 Chapter 1 Introduction are available around the world. It gives you an introduction to what you can expect from your criminology course and how you should approach your studies. Practical advice is given as to how you can improve your assessment outcomes and prepare for exams. Essays are a fundamental part of the assessment process in most criminology courses so we spend some time discussing how to develop your essay for the best result. Chapter 3 Key Theories and Theorists In Chapter 3 we begin to get into the heart of criminology. This chapter gives you a detailed overview of the main theories relevant to the discipline and how they have evolved. Brief biographies are provided to give you some background about the key theorists themselves. We have attempted to keep the language simple for you to understand and have therefore avoided academic jargon where possible and we have used case studies to illustrate specific points. This chapter is not an exhaustive coverage of all the theories used in criminology but does provide an overview of the main theories criminologists use today. Chapter 4 Criminological Research Chapter 4 is devoted to the discussion of research in criminology. It begins with a presentation of the key types of research that criminologists may undertake. Quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed and compared and a quick reference table is provided to help you decide which would be the best approach for your project. The chapter finishes with a look at how to use existing research and the limitations of this data. Chapter 5 Key and Emerging Issues in Criminology Chapter 5 provides an overview of some of the key issues and topics explored in criminology. It begins with a presentation of variables commonly linked to offending, examines victims of crime and philosophical perspectives influencing criminological research and criminal justice practice. The chapter concludes with discussion of key areas of current and emerging interest in the criminological field. Chapter 6 The Criminal Justice System Chapter 6 provides an introduction to the areas that make up the criminal justice system. It gives you an overview of the functions of this system and the key components that it comprises. Criminal justice systems have similarities and differences across jurisdictions and while we have tried to remain generic we have also pointed to some specific criminal justice examples too. Chapter 7 Careers in Criminology Chapter 7 gives you a sense of what you might go on to do with your degree. It presents an overview of some of the main careers within the criminal justice system that students of criminology may be drawn to. There are a range of choices and you will need to think outside the box to ensure your chosen path matches your interests and taps into the wide variety of career options available to you. The careers presented here are not exhaustive and you are not restricted to just these areas. You will be surprised how versatile your qualification can be once you begin looking. Chapter 8 Key Terms, Concepts and Definitions Chapter 8 summarises some of the key definitions, concepts and terms used in criminology and the criminal justice system. It is not exhaustive but is designed to help you refresh your understanding as you navigate this book, your course and the multitude of reference materials you will come across in your studies. Throughout the book you will find bolded and coloured words or phrases. You will find the definitions of these terms in this chapter.

6 How to Use This Book 3 Summary This chapter has introduced you to the purpose and structure of The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion. A companion book is intended to be a support tool to your textbook and the study materials provided by your lecturer. It does not provide a comprehensive coverage of theory and issues, but rather highlights and gives an overview of these. You have chosen to study an immensely interesting topic and we hope you will find it rewarding and enjoyable. We think you will find this book to be an invaluable companion, assisting you throughout your studies and beyond.

7 231 Index A Aboriginal , 117, 171 Actuarial Justice 203 Adler, Freda 73, 104 Administrative Criminology 203 Agnew, Robert Alcoholism see Substance Abuse American Radicalism Anomie 39 40, 203 Anthropological Criminology 203 Antisocial Behaviour 204 Atavism 204 B Bail 204; see also Community-based Corrections Bandura, Albert 44 45, 125, 128 Beccaria, Cesare 28, Becker, Howard Belknap, Joanne Bentham, Jeremy 28, 30 35, 155, 181, 207, 212 Bernburg, Jon Gunnar 48 Biological Determinant 204 Biological Determinism 37, 72, 104, 111, 204 Biological Positivism 36 39, 74 Black Lives Matter 109 Blumer Herbert Bobo Doll Experiment 45 Braithwaite John 45, 71 72, 156 British Radicalism 58, 61 Broken Windows Theory 65 66, 167 Burden of Proof 204 C Capitalism 204 Carlen, Pat 75 76, 106 Careers Case Management 204 Caspi, Avshalom 39 Cattarello, Anne Chambliss, William 58, 60 Chesney-Lind, Meda 75 Chicago School 205 Child Sexual Abuse 135 Circle Sentencing 162, 205 Clarke, Ronald 70, 71 Classicism Contemporary Classicism 70 Cloward, Richard 50 Cohen, Albert 50, Cohen, Lawrence 67 Cohen, Stanley Collier, Richard 76 77, Comte, Auguste Community-based Corrections 161, Community Order 205 Community Policing see Policing Community Policy 205 Community Safety 205 Conflict Theory Cornish, Derek 70 Corporate Crime see White Collar Crime Correctional Services see Communitybased Corrections, Prisons Corrections 205 Court see Legal System Children s Court 185 Covert Policing see Policing Crime Prevention 205 Preventing Green Crime 151 Situational Crime Prevention 71 Vegetation and Crime Prevention Crime Science Criminal Career 206; see also Developmental Criminology Criminal Justice System Function Perspectives see Punishment, Rehabilitation Process Sectors see Juvenile Justice Policing, Prison, Correctional Services Criminal Profiling 173 Criminal Responsibility Criminalisation 206 Criminogenic 206 Criminological Research 206 Critical Criminology 56 Cultural Criminology Cultural Evolution 206 Cybercrime , 206 D Dahrendorf, Ralf 61 Dalton, Katherine 74 Death Penalty 206 Deaths in Custody 171 Desistance 206 Detention see Prison Detention Centre 207 Determinism 207; see also Biological Determinism Deterrence 207 Developmental Criminology Deviance 7, 39, 40, 42, 46, 54, 58 Antisocial behaviour 204 Deviant Places Theory 68 Double Deviance 75 76, 207 Differential Association Differential Opportunity Theory 207 Distributive Justice 207 Double Deviance 207 Doubled up 208 Domestic Violence Drug Addiction 208; see also Substance Abuse Dualities of Crime 208 Due Process 154 Durkheim, Emile 39, 40 41, 57 E Electronic Monitoring 208 Empirical Evidence 208 Engels, Friedrich 56 Environmental Criminology see Green Criminology 66, 68 Ethics Research ethics Covert Policing Legal and ethical issues

8 232 Index F Ethnicity 208 Evolutionary Psychology 208 Family Group Conferences 163 Family Violence see Domestic Violence Felson, Marcus 67, 70 Feminist Criminology Feminist Victimology Ferrell, Jeff Focus Group 209 Forensic 209 Foster Placements 209 Functionalism G Gender see Feminist Criminology, Masculinities Green Criminology 78 Greening Justice H Hate Crime 209 Hayward, Keith Hegemonic 209 Heidensohn, Frances 75 Herrnstein, Richard Hidden Crime 209 Hume David 30 Human Rights 209 Human Trafficking Humane 209 Hypothesis 210 I Indigenous see Aboriginal Inductive Logic 210 Intelligence-led Policing 210 Intimate Partner Violence see Domestic Violence J Jurisprudence 210 Juvenile Justice K Kitsuse, John 47 Krohn, Marvin 48 Kuo, Frances 69 L Labelling Theory Laub, John 81 Law Enforcement see Policing Learned helplessness 210 Left Realism Legal System Liberation Theory 73 Lombroso, Cesare M Macro, Meso and Minor Factors 210 Managerialism 210 McKay, Henry 55 Marx, Karl Marxist Criminology Masculinities Matthews, Roger 63 Matza, David 48 Mead, George Mennis, Jeremy Mental Illness Violent Crime 127 Merton, Robert 39 40, Messerschmidt, James 76 77, 105 Moffitt, Terrie 80 Moral Panics 210 Murray, Charles 65 N Natural Justice 211 Net Widening 211 Neutralisation Theory 48 Null Hypothesis 211 O Offender Management 211 Ohlin, Lloyd 50 Opportunity Theory 70 Organised Crime 211 P Panopticon 211 Parole 212; see also Communitybased Corrections Parole Board 184 Penology 212 Pettit, Philip Philosophical Naturalism 28 Policing Community Policing 167, 205 Covert Policing Duty of Care Intelligence-led Policing Problem-oriented Policing 168 Political Economy Theory 57 Positivism see Biological Positivism Prison Penal System Privatisation 178 Probation see Community-based Corrections Problem-led Policing 212 Public Shaming 212 Punishment 212; see also Sentencing Q Qualitative Research see Research Quantitative Research see Research Quinney, Richard R Race Over-representation Radical Criminology Radicalisation Radicalism see American Radicalism, British Radicalism Rational Choice Theory 70 Recidivism 157, , 161, 212 Recidivism Redacted Data 213 Rehabilitation , 213 What Works Principles 160 Reintegration 213 Reliable versus Unreliable websites 213

9 Index 233 Republican Criminology Research Data and official statistics Design 88 90, 93, 97 Ethics see Ethics Methods Quantitative approaches Qualitative approaches Principles Responsivity 213 Restitution 213 Restorative Justice Retribution 214 Right Realism Routine Activity Theory S Sampson, Robert 81 Schur Edwin 43 Sentencing see Punishment 139, 157, 166, 177 Sexual assault Shaw, Clifford 55 Simon, Rita 73 Situational Crime Prevention 214 Smart, Carol Social Ecology Theory Social Exclusion 214 Socialisation 214 Social Solidarity 214 Socialist Feminist Perspective 74 Social Learning Theory Spencer Herbert Strain Theory 49 50, 53 Studying 5 25 Critical Thinking 9 11 Group Work 15 Note-taking Planning Revision and exams Time Management 11 Writing Subcultural Theory Substance Abuse Alcoholism 113, 117 Mental illness Violent Crime 128 Young Offenders Sullivan, William 69 Sutherland, Edwin Sykes, Gresham 48 Symbolic Interactionism Synthetic Philosophy 30 T Tannenbaum Frank 46 Terrorism The Good Lives Model 214 Theory of Group Conflict 214 Thornberry E Trafficking see Human Trafficking Turk, Austin Typology of Crime 214 U Utilitarianism 215 V Verdict 215 Victim-Offender Mediation 162 Victim Precipitation 215 Victimology 215 Victims Victim Support 124 Victimisation Violence , 215 Vold, George 59 W Weber, Max What Works see Rehabilitation White Collar Crime Wilson, James Wolfe, Mary Y Young, Jock 62 63, Young Offender 215 Youth Offending see Juvenile Justice Pathways Child Maltreatment Homelessness 117 Gangs 119 Social Exclusion 119 Z Zero Tolerance 215