Key Concepts. Jie Hu, PhD., RN, FAAN

Transcription

1 Key Concepts Jie Hu, PhD., RN, FAAN

2 Quantitative Research: A formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world.

3 Qualitative Research: A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning (Burns & Grove, 2003)

4 Quantitative Qualitative Data numbers, hard data words, soft data Perspective Outsider Insider Approach Objective, rational, Subjective, intuitive empirical Setting Controlled, lab Naturalistic, fieldwork Methods Measurement Description Analysis Statistical analysis Individual interpretation

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7 A characteristic or attribute that differs among the persons, objects, events, that are being studied Something varies Any quality of a person, group or situation that varies or takes on a different value Trait or characteristic of individuals being studied

8 Independent variables Dependent variables Research variables or concepts Extraneous variables Demographic variables

9 Height, weight Pregnant/not pregnant, male/female, single/married/divorced/widowed Age, blood type, health beliefs or grip strength

10 Variables: weight, nursing diagnosis, blood pressure readings, preoperative anxiety levels, and body temperature Constant: If everyone had black hair and weighed 125 pounds

11 The presumed cause of change in the dependent variable The variable that is being manipulated The variable which influences or has an effect on the dependent variable Its occurrence in time should come before the dependent variable Known as treatment or experimental variable

12 Patients with hypertension who received diet and physical activity intervention and group education would have lower blood pressure in the 12 months following-up.

13 The variable the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining or predicting Cause/Effect (the thing being effected) Example: Smoking (IV) Lung cancer (DV)

14 Research question: What is the effect of the timing of an initial bath on temperature in newborns? Independent variable: Timing of the initial bath (1 hour versus 2 hours after birth). Dependent variable: Axillary temperature.

15 The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied Non-observable Range from concrete to abstract They are the variables in the study Examples of concrete and abstract concepts

16 Caring Pain Patient care Coping Grief

17 The actual values of the variables In quantitative research these take on numerical values. How depressed would you say you have been on a scale from 0-10, 0=not at all, 10=the most possible. Eg. Subject 1: 9 Subject 2: 0 Subject 3: 4

18 Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Phase 3: Empirical Phase Phase 4: Analytic Phase Phase 5: Dissemination Phase

19 Phase 1: Conceptual Phase 1. Formulating the problem 2. Reviewing related literature 3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork 4. Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions 5. Formulating hypotheses

20 Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase 6. Selecting a research design 7. Developing intervention protocols 8. Identifying the population 9. Designing the sample plan

21 Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase (cont d) 10. Specifying methods to measure research variables and collect data 11. Developing methods to protect human/animal rights 12. Finalizing and reviewing the research plan

22 Phase 3: Empirical Phase 13. Collecting data 14. Preparing data for analysis

23 Phase 4: Analytic Phase 15. Analyzing the data 16. Interpreting results

24 Phase 5: Dissemination Phase 17. Communicating the findings 18. Utilizing findings in practice

25 Research Questions Description of the variable Examination of relationships among variables Determination of differences between two or more groups regarding selected variables

26 Does massage decrease anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization? Does mouth care in intubated adult patients decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia? Are maternal-infant bonding behaviors affected by the performance of initial newborn infant physical examination?

27 Examples of Research Questions What is the relationship between the Braden risk-factors scores for skin breakdown and actual skin breakdown among patients in acute settings? What is the relationship between the Braden risk-factor scores for skin breakdown and the strategies chosen for prevention of skin breakdown in patients with diabetes?

28 Example Patient or problem: In radical prostatectomy patients staying in the hospital one day after surgery. Intervention : does customized preoperatve teaching Comparison intervention: compared with standard preoperative teaching Outcomes: lead to better pain control as measured by a visual analog scale?

29 Examples of Research Questions What are the urine flow factors contributing to urinary tract infection in home care clients with an indwelling urinary catheter? What are the beliefs and understanding about tobacco use and cessation among current and former users in rural Appalachia?

30 What percentage of a sample of working African American women has hypertension? What is the relationship of blood pressure status to three stress-related variables, anger, coping resources, and strain? Is there a significant difference in demographic and health-related variables among women with different blood pressure status?

31 Hypothesis A statement of the predicted relationship between independent and dependent variable Must always involve at least 2 variables Must suggest a predicted relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable Must contain terms that indicate a relationship (e.g., more than, different from, associated with)

32 Examples Simple Hypotheses Older patients are more at risk of experiencing a fall than younger patients. (Age of patient, falling behavior) Central venous catheter-related sepsis will be lower in patients who do not have a gauze dressing after the insertion site has healed than in patients who do have gauze dressing (Olson, Rennie, Hanson, Ryan, Gilpin, Falsetti et al., 2004)

33 Higher levels of perceived control would be associated with less emotional distress in spouses of patients recovering from cardiac disease Perceived control could be enhanced in spouses of cardiac patients by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training.

34 Nondirectional hypothesis Relationship exists between variables, but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship Directional hypothesis Nature (positive or negative) of interaction between two or more variables is stated These are developed from theoretical framework, literature, or clinical practice

35 Attitudes of pediatric nurses toward mentally retarded clients are related to number of years in practice

36 Attitudes of pediatric nurses toward mentally retarded clients are more favorable than those of medical surgical nurses

37 Null hypothesis States there is no difference or relationship between variables Is also called statistical hypothesis Research hypothesis States what researcher thinks is true There is a relationship between two or more variables

38 There is no difference in reported pain experienced by cancer patients with chronic pain who listen to music with positive suggestion of pain reduction and those who do not

39 There is a positive relationship between social distance in families and burden of caregiving for chronically ill adults There is no difference between attitudes of men and women toward caring for people with AIDS

40 There will be (is) no difference between men and women in knowledge about HIV transmission routes (sexual, needle sharing, casual). There will be (is ) no difference between men and women in knowledge about the effectiveness of measures to prevent sexual transmission of HIV.

41 Test Yourself: What Types of Hypotheses Are These? Older patients are more at risk of experiencing a fall than younger patients. The older the patient, the greater the risk that she or he will fall. Younger patients tend to be less at risk of a fall than older ones. The risk of falling increases with the age of the patients.

42 Test Yourself: There will be (is) no difference between men and women in knowledge about HIV transmission routes (sexual, needle sharing, casual). There will be (is ) no difference between men and women in knowledge about the effectiveness of measures to prevent sexual transmission of HIV.

43 Test Yourself: 1. Older patients are more at risk of experiencing a fall than younger patients 2. The older the patient, the greater the risk that she or he will fall 3. Younger patients tend to be less at risk of a fall than older ones 4. The risk of falling increases with the age of the patients

44 Test Yourself: Does therapeutic touch affect patients muscle tension levels? The muscle tension levels of patients treated with therapeutic touch will be lower than the muscle tension levels of patients treated with physical touch.