Do Three Elements of Sense of Coherence Function Adaptively in All Situations?: Toward the Intervention Studies of Sense of Coherence

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1 Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology 2015, Vol. 41, No. 2, Sense of Coherence 3 Sense of Coherence * Do Three Elements of Sense of Coherence Function Adaptively in All Situations?: Toward the Intervention Studies of Sense of Coherence Hiroko FUJISATO* Sense of Coherence (SOC) is of current interest and the development of the intervention method to enhance SOC is receiving increasing attention. In light of a lot of previous studies, the intervention to enhance SOC is thought to be useful on the whole. However, the function of each three element of SOC and the function in different situations is hardly examined until now. Therefore, it is not clear whether it is useful to enhance all the elements of SOC in all situations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the functions of three elements of SOC in various situations by examining the influence of three elements of SOC on well-being and the stress reduction effect of SOC with respect to each level of stress. The results showed that all the elements of SOC do not function in the same direction, to the same extent, and in all situations. Therefore, it is expected that development of the intervention to enhance SOC is advanced taking account of these results in the future. key words: Sense of Coherence, well-being, stressor (Snyder & Lopez, 2002) Sense of Coherence SOC SOC Antonovsky (1987) Antonovsky (1987, p. 19) SOC (comprehensibility) 2 (manageability) * Kanto Junior College, Oyacho 625, Tatebayashi-shi, Gumma , Japan hi.fujisato@gmail.com

2 148 Vol. 41, No. 2 3 (meaningfulness) 3 SOC SOC SOC Darling, McWey, Howard, & Olmstead, 2007; Johnson, 2004; Jorgensen, Frankowski, & Carey, 1999; 2003; Pallant & Lae, 2002; 1999, (Antonovsky & Sagy, 1986; von Bothmer & Fridlund, 2003; Gana, 2001; Schneider, Driesch, Kruse, Wachter, Nehen, & Heuft, 2004), well-being Cohen & Dekel, 2000; Feldt, Kinnunen, & Mauno, 2000; Forsberg-Wärleby, Möller, & Blomstrand, 2002; Keyes, Wissing, Potgieter, Temane, Kruger, & van Rooy, 2008; 2007; Schneider et al., 2004; 2003, SOC Darling et al., 2007; Gana, 2001; van der Halvan Raalte, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans- Kranenburg, 2008; Heiman, 2004; Hogh & Mikkelsen, 2005; Jorgensen et al., 1999; 2005; 2003; Richardson & Ratner, 2005; 1999 SOC SOC (Langeland, Riise, Hanestad, Nortvedt, Kristoffersen, & Wahl, 2006; Langeland, Robinson, Moum, Larsen, Krogstad, & Wahl, 2013; Langeland, Wahl, Kristoffersen, & Hanestad, 2007) SOC 3 SOC 3 1 SOC 2011, 2009 SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC 3 2 SOC 3 SOC SOC 1 SOC 3 well-being 2 SOC 3

3 SOC SOC SOC 3 well-being 2 Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff (2002) well-being well-being SOC 3 well-being SOC SOC SOC Antonovsky (1987) orientation to life questionnaire 11 10, 8 29 e.g., 1: 7: 1: 7: 7 2. well-being Keyes et al. (2002) well-being 2 (a) well-being Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin (1985) the Satisfaction With Life Scale 1994 (1994) 5 7 1: 7: (b) well-being (1992) (1991) : 4: 3. well-being (2000) well-being well-being (Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Keyes et al., 2002) (2000)

4 150 Vol. 41, No : 4: SOC well-being well-being SOC well-being well-being Table 1 SOC well-being (Table 2) SOC 3 well-being SOC well-being SOC well-being well-being SOC 3 r.57, r.57, r.39, SOC 3 well-being well-being SOC well-being well-being 5 χ (p.14), df 29, CFI.99, RMSEA.03 SOC well-being Table 3 well-being well-being well-being well-being well-being Table 1 M (SD) α SOC 3.50 (0.79) (0.84) (1.02).78 well-being 3.95 (1.32) (0.70) (0.72) (0.70) (0.76).87 well-being 3.35 (0.53) (0.70) (0.56) (0.59).76 Table 2 SOC well-being well-being.46**.56**.34**.19**.09.50**.53**.47**.38**.03.59**.46**.62**.47**.00 well-being.12.36**.29**.17**.43**.41**.32**.45**.45**.70**.23**.41** **p.01

5 SOC Table 3 SOC well-being well-being.21**.30**.13*.25**.19**.15*.44**.20**.51**.39** well-being.22**.36**.31**.30**.33**.69**.25** **p.01, *p.05 well-being well-being well-being SOC 3 SOC 3 SOC 3 well-being SOC 3 well-being well-being well-being well-being 2011 well-being well-being well-being SOC SOC 3 well-being SOC well-being 2 SOC

6 152 Vol. 41, No. 2 SOC SOC 1 (1999) SOC29 2. (1997) 3 30 (1997) (1997) : 4: SOC Table 4 SOC Table 4 SOC M (SD) α SOC 3.81 (0.76) (0.82) (0.97).82 Table 5 5 (2.5) (Table 5) SOC SOC SOC (Table 6) M (SD) 2.78 (1.12) 3.37 (0.90) 2.65 (1.04) 2.56 (1.12) 2.68 (1.09) 2.49 (1.08) 2.46 (1.11) 2.40 (1.11) 2.55 (1.08) 2.36 (1.08) 2.35 (1.03) 1.68 (0.95) 2.01 (1.02) 1.43 (0.81) 2.27 (1.06)

7 SOC Table 6 SOC.15.33**.19*.17.32**.16.21*.24**.03 **p.01, *p.05 Table 7 SOC.27**.17* **p.01, *p.05 SOC SOC SOC SOC 3 r.67, r.66, r.35 1 SOC 5 χ (p.24), df 7, CFI.99, RMSEA.05 SOC Table 7 SOC SOC 3 SOC SOC SOC SOC SOC 3 SOC

8 154 Vol. 41, No. 2 SOC SOC SOC SOC 2 SOC SOC SOC 3 SOC Antonovsky, A Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Antonovsky, H., & Sagy, S The development of a sense of coherence and its impact on responses to stress situations. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, Cohen, C., & Dekel, R Sense of coherence, ways of coping, and well being of married and divorced mothers. Contemporary Family Therapy, 22, Darling, C. A., McWey, L. M., Howard, S. N., & Olmstead, S. B College student stress: The influence of interpersonal relationships on sense of coherence. Stress and Health, 23, Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, Feldt, T., Kinnunen, U., & Mauno, S A mediational model of sense of coherence in the work context: A oneyear follow-up study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, Forsberg-Wärleby, G., Möller, A., & Blomstrand, C Spouses of first-ever stroke victims: Sense of coherence in the first phase after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 34, Sense of Coherence , Gana, K Is sense of coherence a mediator between adversity and psychological well-being in adults? Stress and Health, 17, Heiman, T Examination of the salutogenic model, support resources, coping style, and stressors among israeli university students. The Journal of Psychology, 138, Hogh, A., & Mikkelsen, E. G Is sense of coherence a mediator or moderator of relationships between violence at work and stress reactions? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, Johnson, M Approaching the salutogenesis of sense of coherence: The role of active self-esteem and coping. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9, Jorgensen, R. S., Frankowski, J. J., & Carey, M. P Sense of coherence, negative life events and appraisal of physical health among university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, Keyes, C. L. M., Wissing, M., Potgieter, J. P., Temane, M., Kruger, A., & van Rooy, S Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-Speaking South Africans. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, Sense of Coherence (SOC) Langeland,E., Riise, T., Hanestad, B. R., Nortvedt, M. W., Kristoffersen, K., & Wahl, A. K The effect of salutogenic treatment principles on coping with mental health problems: A randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 62, Langeland, E., Robinson, H. S., Moum, T., Larsen, M. H., Krogstad, A. L., & Wahl, A. K Promoting sense of coherence: Salutogenesis among people with psoriasis undergoing patient education in climate therapy. BMC Psyhology, 1, 11.

9 SOC Langeland, E., Wahl, A. K., Kristoffersen, K., & Hanestad, B. R Promoting coping: salutogenesis among people with mental health problems. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28, , well-being 48, well-being sense of coherence 20, Pallant, J. F., & Lae, L Sense of coherence, well-being, coping and personality factors: Further evaluation of sense of coherence scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, Richardson, C. G., & Ratner, P. A Sense of coherence as a moderator of the effects of stressful life events on health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59, Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, Schneider, G., Driesch, G., Kruse, A., Wachter, M., Nehen, H., & Heuft, G What influences self-perception of health in the elderly? The role of objective health condition, subjective well-being and sense of coherence. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 39, , Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J Handbook of Positive Psychology. London: Oxford University Press (the Satisfaction With Life Scale SWLS ) (Sense of Coherence SOC) 46, , well-being Sense of Coherence von Bothmer, M. I. K., & Fridlund, B Self-rated health among university students in relation to sense of coherence and other personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17, van der Hal-van Raalte, E. A. M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J Sense of coherence moderates late effects of early childhood holocaust exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, SOC Quality Nursing, 5, ;

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