On the formation of an internal standard in discrimination experiments
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1 Department of Psychology On the formation of an internal standard in discrimination experiments The Internal Reference Model 2012/10/04 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
2 Why do we need an internal reference to explain discrimination performance? Because we don t always perceive/judge/compare/reproduce just what is present in a given trial! 2 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
3 Vierordt effect Reproduction task Over-/ underestimation of short/long durations Bisection task / single stimulus protocol Effects of comparison distribution Sequential effects Time order error ( Type A order effect) and Type B order effect Vierordt (1868) 3 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
4 Vierordt effect Single stimulus protocol / Bisection task Can only be accomplished by retaining an internal representation of the standard Effects of comparison distribution Sequential effects Time order error ( Type A order effect) and Type B order effect At the beginning of the experiment s s s s c During the experiment c c c c Longer or shorter than s? 4 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
5 Vierordt effect Bisection task / single stimulus protocol Effects of comparison distribution Perceived duration depends on the overall distribution of comparisons Sequential effects Time order error ( Type A order effect) and Type B order effect Brown, McCormack, Smith & Stewart, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
6 Vierordt effect Bisection task / single stimulus protocol Effects of comparison distribution Sequential effects Time order error ( Type A order effect) and Type B order effect Gu & Meck, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
7 Vierordt effect Bisection task / single stimulus protocol Effects of comparison distribution Sequential effects Time order error ( Type A order effect) and Type B order effect 7 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
8 Reminder task Which stimulus lasts longer? s c First! s c t? t s c Second! t 8 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
9 The psychometric function 9 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
10 Sensitivity indicated by steepness of psychometric function (DL) 2 * DL 10 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
11 Time Order Error: Comparison (2nd stimulus) perceived as longer than s (PSE < s) PSE 11 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
12 2AFC method Which stimulus lasts longer? s c First! c s t First! t s c? c s t Second! c s? s c Second! t t t 12 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
13 2AFC function passes through (0.5,s) No time order error 13 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
14 But DL in 2AFC task typically larger than in Reminder task (e.g., Lapid, Ulrich, & Rammsayer, 2008) 14 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
15 Possible Sources of DL increase Time order error ( Type A order effect) Typically, to avoid time-order error, response proportions for both stimulus orders, <sc> and <cs>, are averaged But: Averaging leads to overestimation of DL Preferrably: Analyze and report stimulus orders seperately Ulrich & Vorberg, 2009 Ulrich, 2010 Bausenhart, Dyjas, & Vorberg, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
16 Possible Sources of DL increase Time order error ( Type A order effect) Type B order effect Participants are more sensitive in <sc> trials than in <cs> trials 16 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
17 Most of these effects can not be explained on basis of simple difference models, like, e.g. Signal Detection Theory Which one is the longer one? t First! D = X X 1 2 D > c R1 D < c R2 17 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
18 Then how to explain these effects? In discrimination, we resort to some kind of history e.g., the other stimuli that are present in the experimental context Prominent accounts: - Adaptation level theory / Sensory weighting (Helson, 1964; Hellström, 1979) Current stimulus input is weighted with a reference level Judgment is performed on this compound stimulus magnitude - Memory mixing (e.g., Penney, Allan, Meck, & Gibbon, 1998) E.g., in Bisection task: Different standard durations used withing the same temporal context are combined into a single memory distribution (Gu & Meck, 2010). This single distribution is used as a reference for judgment - Range frequency theory (Brown, McCormack, Smith, & Stewart, 2005) The magnitude of a single stimulus is weighted with the range of all stimuli and its ordinal position in the stimulus range 18 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
19 How exactly do you mix memory? Arithmetic / Geometric mean of all the stimuli? Weighted by stimulus range and ordinal position of a stimulus? or By means of a continous updating process: The internal reference model - Geometric moving average Respond R1, else R2 19 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
20 Experiment 1 Which one is the longer one? First! t Two successive white noise bursts, s and c s = 500 ms c = ms Order <sc> and <cs> is varied Order varies within blocks or between blocks Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
21 Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden. IRM The prediction for Sensitivity Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
22 The random order condition Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
23 Results for Sensitivity Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
24 IRM The prediction for Sequential effects on PSE In blocked conditions: c in trial n-1 larger / smaller than s Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
25 Results: Sequential effects Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
26 Experiment 2 Which one is the longer one? First! t Two successive white discs, s and c s = 500 ms c = ms Order <sc> and <cs> is varied Order varies within blocks or between blocks Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
27 Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
28 Results for Sensitivity Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
29 Results: Sequential effects Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
30 Conclusion from Exp. 1 and 2 IRM simulation results closely resemble data pattern IRM can explain Type B effects IRM can explain sequential effects on PSE Dyjas, Bausenhart, & Ulrich, K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
31 Can IRM account for effects of comparison distribution? Right skewed distribution Left skewed distribution 31 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
32 Can IRM account for effects of comparison distribution? 32 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
33 IRM single stimulus version n Respond small, else large - Can account for single stimulus sequential effects - Can account for Vierordt effect 33 Author/Topic/Category/Title etc University of Tuebingen
34 And finally: A direct glimpse at the Internal Reference. Two successive sine tones, s and c s = 800 ms c = ms Order <sc> and <cs> is varied between blocks Visual cue after presentation of s and c - 1 reproduce first stimulus - 2 reproduce second stimulus 1 t 34 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
35 A direct glimpse at the Internal Reference. Standard at second position remembered longer than at first position (Time order error) 35 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich Comparison at first position biased towards standard duration, at second position almost veridically
36 A direct glimpse at the Internal Reference. Sequential effects of reproduction, stronger when the first stimulus has to be reproduced! 36 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
37 Conclusion from Exp. 3 In cued reproduction, both stimuli seem to enter the Internal reference - Both stimuli have to be remembered until cue Internal reference still has more impact on reproduction of the first stimulus than on the second stimulus Sequential effects rule out simple mean stimulus reproduction explanation 37 K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
38 Thank you. Thank you for your attention! Contact: Dekanat Musterstraße Tübingen Germany Phone: Fax: K. M. Bausenhart, O. Dyjas, & R. Ulrich
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