Intergroup Conflict. Effects of Cross- Group Friendship on Intergroup Interaction Elizabeth Page-Gould University of Toronto Scarborough

Transcription

1 Effects of Cross- Group on Intergroup Interaction Elizabeth Page-Gould University of Toronto Scarborough York University Social Brown Bag Series Intergroup Interaction Wrought with anxiety and threat! Intergroup Anxiety (Stephan & Stephan, 1985) But even among high conflict groups Cross-group friendship!"less intergroup anxiety and prejudice (Islam & Hewstone, 1993; Paolini, Hewstone, Cairns, & Voci, 2004; Paolini, Hewstone, Voci, Harwood, & Cairns, 2006) Intergroup Interaction Wrought with anxiety and threat! Intergroup Anxiety (Stephan & Stephan, 1985) Intergroup Conflict But even among high conflict groups Cross-group friendship!"less intergroup anxiety and prejudice (Islam & Hewstone, 1993; Paolini, Hewstone, Cairns, & Voci, 2004; Paolini, Hewstone, Voci, Harwood, & Cairns, 2006)

2 Cross-group Correlates of Crossgroup! Platonic, interpersonal closeness between people from different social groups Less intergroup anxiety (Levin, van Laar, & Sidanius, 2003; Paolini et al., 2004; Wright, Aron, & Tropp, 2002) Reduced prejudice (Pettigrew, 1997; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2000, 2006; Wright et al., 2002) Openness to future interracial ties (de Souza Briggs, 2007; Emerson, Kimbro, & Yancey, 2002) Greater outgroup heterogeneity (Levin et al., 2003; Page-Gould, ndes, & Major, under review; Paolini et al., 2004) Understanding Cross- Group Studies 2-4 Inclusion of Other in Self Which Comes First? Cross-Group Study 1 Intergroup Interactions

3 Study 1: Causality Causality: thods Research Question: Does cross-group friendship reduce intergroup anxiety? Pretesting Participants: 144 Latino & White undergrads (77% female) Procedure: Random Assignment Same-group "Fast Friends" Manipulation 10 Daily Diaries Cross-group Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Cortisol Hypotheses Cortisol Reactivity by IAT Implicit prejudice! Cortisol response to cross-group friend As closeness develops! Attenuation of stress response Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Cortisol Reactivity (! nmol/l) First Second Third eting Same-race Low IAT High IAT Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP

4 Cortisol Reactivity by IAT Diary Hypotheses Cortisol Reactivity (! nmol/l) Cross-race First Second Third eting Same-race Low IAT High IAT Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Diverse Context 97.3% of days reported had a crossethnic social interaction Hypotheses: Implicit prejudice! Avoidance of crossethnic interaction in same-race condition Cross-group friendship! Initiation of cross-ethnic interactions Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Intergroup Approach Study 1 Summary Cross-Ethnic Interactions Initiated Low IAT High IAT Same-Group Cross-Group Condition Page-Gould, ndoza-denton, & Tropp, 2008, JPSP Causal effects of cross-group friendship Reduces intergroup anxiety Increases intergroup approach Most beneficial for the people most likely to avoid it Effects generalized beyond friendship pair

5 Study 2: Finding the Process Why? Research Question: Do people with close cross-group friends associate themselves with social outgroups? thods Participants: 46 undergraduates (85% female) Not Procedure: Closeness of Cross-group s Explicit Ratings on 90 Adjectives Check List "Implicit Personality Test" Explicit Outgroup Identification Personality Trait Social Network Questionnaire Self Ratings Friend Ratings Outgroup identification

6 Not Not Your Trait Honest Not Not Punctual Friend s Unique Trait

7 Not Not Artistic Social Groups Not Not Friend s Ethnicity Latino

8 Hypotheses Self and Outgroup Closeness with cross-group friend! Longer to classify friend s ethnicity as non-descriptive RT to friend s ethnicity! Outgroup identification Closeness of Cross-Group s Closeness of s with One Outgroup Closeness of Cross-Group s r(41) = 0.39, p = 0.02 r(41) = 0.40, p = 0.01 r(40) = 0.11, p = 0.50 Not RT to Cross-group Friend s Ethnicity Not RT to Other Outgroups in Social Network Not to Outgroups NOT in Social Network Outgroup Identification Study 2b: Self Stereotyping Research Question: Not RT to Cross-group Friend s Ethnicity r(41) = 0.37, p = Explicit Outgroup Identification Will people self stereotype according to ethnic stereotypes of a close cross-group friend s ethnicity?

9 Study 2b: Self Stereotyping Study 2b: Self Stereotyping Independent Sample: 36 undergrads, grads, & professors, diverse backgrounds Independent Sample: 36 undergrads, grads, & professors, diverse backgrounds Not Not Loyal Academic Self Stereotyping Hypothesis Self Stereotyping Low Closeness High Closeness Closeness with cross-group friend! Faster to categorize self-descriptive traits if they are stereotypical of friend s ethnicity "" RT to Endorsed Traits Counter-Stereotypical Stereotypical Trait Stereotypicality

10 Study 2 Summary Study 3: Process People associate close friends ethnicities with the self Exhibit group identification with friend s ethnicity Research Question: Will accessibility of cross-group friend improve expectations for novel intergroup interactions? Will this effect be mediated by associations of the Self with outgroup? Process: thods Prime Participants: 37 Asian and White undergrads (69% female) Procedure: Prescreening Prime "Implicit Personality Test" Vignette of Novel Intergroup Interaction Social Network Questionnaire Same-group Cross-group

11 Vignette diational Hypotheses 1. Accessibility of cross-group friend! Better expectations for interaction with novel outgroup member 2. Accessibility of cross-group friend! Longer to classify friend s ethnicity as non-descriptive 3. Time to classify friend s ethnicity will mediate expectations for the interaction diational Model Real Social Interaction! = 0.31** Prime Where: *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001 Sobel's Z = 2.50* Reaction Time to Friend's Ethnicity! = 0.17* (! = 0.35***)! = 0.58*** Expectations for Novel Intergroup Interaction Prescreening Social Network Questionnaire Participants: 49 Chinese- and European-American undergrads Procedure: Hormonal Baseline Prime Samegroup Crossgroup "Implicit Personality Test" 20-min. Intergroup Interaction Hormonal Reactivity

12 Anabolic Balance diational Hypotheses Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) Anabolic stress hormone Protects body from tissue damage of cortisol Predicts recovery from stress response Anabolic Balance = DHEA-S/Cortisol Adaptive response to stress Emphasized in physiological thriving literature Increase Anabolic Balance = Good 1. Accessibility of cross-group friend! Higher anabolic balance 2. Accessibility of cross-group friend! Longer to classify friend s ethnicity as non-descriptive 3. Associations of friend s ethnicity with the self will mediate hormonal responses to novel intergroup interaction (Multilevel) diational Model Taking Stock b = ** SE = Sobel's Z = 2.16* Reaction Time to Friend's Ethnicity b =.00035** SE = Cross-group friendship causally affects intergroup experiences Introduced two experimental methods for testing causality Latter studies Prime Where: *p <.05, **p <.01 b =.07, SE = (b =.14*, SE =.06413)! Anabolic Balance During Novel Intergroup Interaction Intergroup benefits are an emergent property of cognitive aspects of closeness Emphasize that the intergroup benefits occur to the extent that a cross-group friend is in mind Implications for health and physiological thriving

13 Doggy Bag of this Brown Bag! Thank You! " Cross-group friendship improves intergroup experience This occurs through identification with friend s social groups ntors: Wendy Berry ndes Rodolfo ndoza-denton Coauthors and Collaborators: Jan M. Alegre John Oliver Siy Linda R. Tropp Dissertation Committee: Özlem Ayduk Robert W. Levenson Yu-wen Ying Funding: US National Science Foundation Greater Good Science Center Harvard Mind/Brain/Behaviour Initiative Exceptional Research Assistants: Study 1: Sarah Hirsch, Tyler Jenkins, Ria Jose, Jessica Lopez Jiminez, Allison Lee, Trevor Nguyen, Tecsia Ross, lanie Weininger, Rosa Wong Studies 2-4: Nick Candelaria, Rose Cartwright, Jennifer Lee, Glenn San Agustin, Caroline Tietbohl Grad School In Social Psychology What to Expect What to expect Choosing schools Choosing mentors Application process Careers in academia and beyond What will be expected of you Quality of life Financial considerations

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