People make the world go around.. Beatrice Bauer

Transcription

1 People make the world go around.. Beatrice Bauer

2 We heard today that. We were ready to blow up the Bernini bridge in any moment, to avoid flooding the town center of Rome We have 1500 volunteers... We faced terrible tragedies due to nature or to mankind... We fly in difficult conditions, and are trained to manage the instruments blindfolded we have to react in seconds to manage difficult moments 2

3 People The fish who is faster beats the fish who is bigger... (????) We need younger leaders... People are the most important part of this work If you think you are in danger, you put more attention in what you do! 3

4 Personal control In ordinary affairs we usually muddle ahead, doing what is habitual and customary, being slightly puzzled when it sometimes fails to give the intended outcome, but not stopping to worry because there are too many other things still to do. Then the circumstances conspire against us and we find ourselves caught failing where we must succeedwhere we cannot withdraw from the field, or lower our self-imposed standards, or ask for help, or throw a tantrum. Then we may begin to suspect that we face a problem. (Helping People Change, Kanfer) 4

5 Ready, willing and able to face difficult times.. a) importance/conviction b)confidence/self efficacy Keller & Kemp White 1997, Rollnick 1998, Rollnick et al

6 The need for sense... importance/conviction 6

7 confidence/self efficacy Confidence relates to a persons belief that they have the ability to master behavior change. 7

8 Self efficacy is the belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation. Bandura A.,

9 PERSON BEHAVIOR OUTCOME EFFICACY EXPECTATIONS OUTCOME EXPECTATION 9

10 A biopsychosocial model Schematic representation of a biopsychosocial framework for stress-health interactions. 10

11 Perceived self-efficacy is defined as people s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances. It is concerned not with the skills one has but with judgments of what one can do with whatever skills one possesses. 11 Bandura A., 1986

12 People with a high sense of perceived efficacy: Trust their own capacities to master different types of environmental demands Interpret demands and problems more as challenges than as threats or subjectively uncontrollable events Face stressful demands with confidence Feel motivated by physiological arousal Judge positive events as caused by effort, negative events as due primarily to external circumstances 12

13 Stress 13

14 What is Stress? An adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to the person s well-being 14

15 General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 Alarm Reaction The person feels panic and wonders how to cope. The individual gathers strength and begins to resist the negative effects of the stressor. Stage 2 Resistance Prolonged exposure to a stressor Stage 3 Exhaustion Exhaustion 15

16 WORK STRESS INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS REACTION/SYMPTOMs CONSEQUENCE Environment The individual Physical symptoms Hypercompetition Globalization Technology Health Protective skills & attitudes At risk personality Behavioral, cognitive and emotional reactions Illness Organization Org. Ri-structuring Org. Ri-organization Job ambiguity, uncertainty, role overload, role conflict, Work Conditions Interpersonal conflict Home-work interface Career-marriage dualism Life crisis Org. Symptoms Decline in performance Absenteism Turn over Low quality control Organization pathology Neurotic Organization Accidents Low performance Adapted Copyright SDA from Bocconi Cooper

17 Positive and negative psychological characteristics in stressful situations 17

18 Type A Type A are hard-driving, competitive individuals more prone to stress. The Type A Behavior pattern is considered to be a constellation of behaviors which render the individual vulnerable to coronary heart disease. Rather than displaying a particular personality style, the Type A person is identified by particular behavioral traits, including.. 18

19 a sense of time urgency, a chronic struggle to achieve more, polyphasic thoughts and acts, excessive competitive drive, dominance and aggressiveness (hostility) in private and professional situations, impatience and hostility,especially when people don t act as expected, a need to act quickly (for example eating, walking, talking faster), inability to enjoy success of others. 19

20 Type A individuals are often reluctant to change their behaviors, since they attribute their level of personal success to their very hard-driving and competitive nature. Type A behavior is often reinforced by our working organizations and by the show business and in politics. Type A individuals have, in fact, been demonstrated to have increased incidence and prevalence of heart disease and predispose to myocardial infarction. 20

21 Individual Differences and Stress Hardyness People with hardy personalities have an internal locus of control, are strongly committed to the activities in their lives, and view change as an opportunity for advancement and growth. 21

22 Hardyness Commitment Empowerment Challenge 22

23 Stress, Health, and Emotions

24 The new stressors The research literature has identified three factors that universally lead to stress: uncertainty the loss of control the lack of information interpersonalconflict 24

25 The new stressors.. The salient stressor in the lives of most human beings today - at least in the industrialized word - are emotional. The higher the level of economic development, it seems, the more anaesthetized we have become to our emotional realities. The real danger of stress is that we don t react correctly, because we may no longer have the competence to recognize its signals. (Gabor Maté 2004) 25

26 General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 Alarm Reaction Stage 2 Resistance Stage 3 Exhaustion Adrenalin Cortisol 26

27 Cortisol Cortisol acts on almost every tissue in the body one way or another. Chronically high cortisol levels: 1. inhibit the immune system 2. ulcerate the intestine 3. have a powerful bone-thinning action 4. destroy tissues 5. interfere with normal programmed cell death 27

28 Lung Cancers A combination of factors is necessary to cause cancer of the lung Emotional repression works synergistically with carcinogens and tumours promoters ingested via cigarette smoking in the causation of lung cancer The risk of lung cancer is five times higher in men who lack the ability to express emotion effectively (D. M. Kissen, 1962) The single greatest risk factor for death- and expecially for cancer death- was the trait rationality and anti-emotionality (Grossarth-Maticek, 1985) 28

29 In numerous studies of cancer: The most consistently identified risk factor is the inability to express emotions, particularly the feelings associated with anger The repression of anger is a major risk factor because it increases physiological stress on organism (When the body says no. Gabor Matè, Vintage Canada, 2004) 29

30 Optimism & health High optimismlower physical distress (frequency and intensity), an lower anger experience than low optimism. High pessimistic explanatory style - higher physical distress than optimistic explanatory style. 30

31 WRAP-UP Be assertive, open and authentic Help people understand the situation, make sense.. Listen to them, be empathic Empower people, don t dominate them Show them the possibilities they have to react constructively Help them see that they are not alone Create and use success... and don t forget yourself! 31